Eiffel Tower - Revision history

Hairy Dude: /* Artists' protest */ add transcription and translation of calligram

2024-10-13T22:51:27Z

Artists' protest: add transcription and translation of calligram

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:51, 13 October 2024
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	{{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection{{nbsp}}... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower{{nbsp}}... To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years{{nbsp}}... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 174.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ross \|first1=Greg \|title=Plea \|url=https://www.futilitycloset.com/2021/05/18/plea-3/ \|website=Futility Closet \|date=18 May 2021}}</ref>}}		{{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection{{nbsp}}... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower{{nbsp}}... To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years{{nbsp}}... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 174.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ross \|first1=Greg \|title=Plea \|url=https://www.futilitycloset.com/2021/05/18/plea-3/ \|website=Futility Closet \|date=18 May 2021}}</ref>}}

	[[File:Guillaume Apollinaire Calligramme.JPG\|thumb\|left\|upright\|A 1918 [[calligram]] by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]]]]		[[File:Guillaume Apollinaire Calligramme.JPG\|thumb\|left\|upright\|A 1918 [[calligram]] by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]]: {{lang\|fr\|Salut monde dont je suis la langue éloquente que sa bouche Ô Paris tire et tirera toujours aux allemands}} ("Hello world, of which I am the eloquent tongue which your mouth, O Paris, will forever stick out at the Germans").]]

	Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the [[Egyptian pyramids]]: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"<ref name=Souriau>{{cite book\|author1=Paul Souriau\|author2=Manon Souriau\|title=The Aesthetics of Movement\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CzUTXhzDb8C&pg=PR7\|year=1983\|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press\|isbn=0-87023-412-9\|page=100}}</ref> These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, sardonically saying,<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 99.</ref> "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way.		Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the [[Egyptian pyramids]]: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"<ref name=Souriau>{{cite book\|author1=Paul Souriau\|author2=Manon Souriau\|title=The Aesthetics of Movement\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CzUTXhzDb8C&pg=PR7\|year=1983\|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press\|isbn=0-87023-412-9\|page=100}}</ref> These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, sardonically saying,<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 99.</ref> "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way.

WhyIsNameSoHardOmg- -: Revi.

2024-10-09T16:20:54Z

Revi.

Show changes

Atlanta0315 at 12:32, 14 September 2024

2024-09-14T12:32:10Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:32, 14 September 2024
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	[[File:Vue Lumière No 992 - Panorama pendant l'ascension de la Tour Eiffel (1898).ogv\|thumb\|Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière\|Lumière brothers]], 1898]]		[[File:Vue Lumière No 992 - Panorama pendant l'ascension de la Tour Eiffel (1898).ogv\|thumb\|Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière\|Lumière brothers]], 1898]]

	Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the [[Paris\|City of Paris]]. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for many innovations in the early 20th century, particularly [[radio telegraphy]], it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the [[International Time Service]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Michelin Paris: Tourist Guide \|date=1985 \|publisher=Michelin Tyre Public Limited \|isbn=9782060135427 \|page=52 \|edition=5 }}</ref>		Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the [[Paris\|City of Paris]]. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for many innovations in the early 20th century, particularly [[radio telegraphy]], it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Michelin Paris: Tourist Guide \|date=1985 \|publisher=Michelin Tyre Public Limited \|isbn=9782060135427 \|page=52 \|edition=5 }}</ref>

	For the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)\|1900 ''Exposition Universelle'']], the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.<ref name="vogel_23-4"/> At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.{{citation needed\|date=March 2021}}		For the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)\|1900 ''Exposition Universelle'']], the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.<ref name="vogel_23-4"/> At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.{{citation needed\|date=March 2021}}
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	The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.{{cn\|date=February 2024}}		The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.{{cn\|date=February 2024}}

	[[File:Tour Eiffel Ascenseur Roux, Combaluzier et Lepape.jpg\|thumb\|The Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction.]]		[[File:Tour Eiffel Ascenseur Roux, Combaluzier et Lepape.jpg\|thumb\|The Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction]]

	Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.<ref name=vogel_20>Vogel, pp. 20–21.</ref>		Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.<ref name=vogel_20>Vogel, pp. 20–21.</ref>
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	\|89.0 MHz		\|89.0 MHz
	\|10		\|10
	\|[[RFI Paris]]		\|RFI Paris
	\|-		\|-
	\|89.9 MHz		\|89.9 MHz
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[La Regine transmitter]]		\| La Regine transmitter
	\| {{convert\|330\|m\|abbr=on}}		\| {{convert\|330\|m\|abbr=on}}
	\| 1973		\| 1973

AnomieBOT: Dating maintenance tags: {{Fact}}

2024-09-07T19:10:36Z

Dating maintenance tags: {{Fact}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:10, 7 September 2024
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	==History==		==History==
	===Origin===		===Origin===
	The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to [[Maurice Koechlin]] and [[Émile Nouguier]], two senior engineers working for the [[Gustave Eiffel\|Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel]]. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 Exposition Universelle]], a [[world's fair]] to celebrate the centennial of the [[French Revolution]]. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal [[truss]]es at regular intervals".<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 78.</ref> Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked [[Stephen Sauvestre]], the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.{{fact}}		The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to [[Maurice Koechlin]] and [[Émile Nouguier]], two senior engineers working for the [[Gustave Eiffel\|Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel]]. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 Exposition Universelle]], a [[world's fair]] to celebrate the centennial of the [[French Revolution]]. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal [[truss]]es at regular intervals".<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 78.</ref> Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked [[Stephen Sauvestre]], the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.{{fact\|date=September 2024}}

	[[File:Maurice koechlin pylone.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Île aux Cygnes#Statue of Liberty replica\|Statue of Liberty]], and the [[Vendôme Column]]]]		[[File:Maurice koechlin pylone.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Île aux Cygnes#Statue of Liberty replica\|Statue of Liberty]], and the [[Vendôme Column]]]]
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	The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nouguier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the {{lang\|fr\|Société des Ingénieurs Civils}}; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise {{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|text=[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.<ref name=loyrette116>Loyrette, p. 116.</ref>}}		The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nouguier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the {{lang\|fr\|Société des Ingénieurs Civils}}; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise {{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|text=[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.<ref name=loyrette116>Loyrette, p. 116.</ref>}}

	Little progress was made until 1886, when [[Jules Grévy]] was re-elected as president of France and [[Édouard Lockroy]] was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.<ref name=loyrette116/> (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort.) On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.{{fact}}		Little progress was made until 1886, when [[Jules Grévy]] was re-elected as president of France and [[Édouard Lockroy]] was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.<ref name=loyrette116/> (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort.) On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.{{fact\|date=September 2024}}

	After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 121.</ref>		After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 121.</ref>

Dl2000: need ref; tidy

2024-09-07T18:49:22Z

need ref; tidy

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:49, 7 September 2024
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	--> \| coordinates = {{coord\|48\|51\|29.6\|N\|2\|17\|40.2\|E\|region:FR-75\|display=inline,title}}		--> \| coordinates = {{coord\|48\|51\|29.6\|N\|2\|17\|40.2\|E\|region:FR-75\|display=inline,title}}
	\| mapframe-zoom = 16		\| mapframe-zoom = 16
	\| start_date = {{Start date and age\|28 January 1887}}		\| start_date = {{Start date and age\|df=yes\|28 January 1887}}
	\| completion_date = {{Start date and age\|31 March 1889}}<ref name=Bachman>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eGEDwAAQBAJ \|last=Bachman \|first=Leonard R. \|title=Constructing the Architect: An Introduction to Design, Research, Planning, and Education \|year=2019 \|isbn=9781351665421 \|page=80\|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>		\| completion_date = {{Start date and age\|df=yes\|31 March 1889}}<ref name=Bachman>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eGEDwAAQBAJ \|last=Bachman \|first=Leonard R. \|title=Constructing the Architect: An Introduction to Design, Research, Planning, and Education \|year=2019 \|isbn=9781351665421 \|page=80\|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
	\| opening = {{Start date and age\|15 May 1889}}<ref name=Bachman />		\| opening = {{Start date and age\|df=yes\|15 May 1889}}<ref name=Bachman />
	\| building_type = Observation tower<br />Broadcasting tower		\| building_type = Observation tower<br />Broadcasting tower
	\| architectural = {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name=CTBUH>{{ctbuh\|id=9410\|title=Eiffel Tower}}</ref>		\| architectural = {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name=CTBUH>{{ctbuh\|id=9410\|title=Eiffel Tower}}</ref>
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	The '''Eiffel Tower''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|aɪ\|f\|əl\|audio=En-us-Eiffel.oga}} {{respell\|EYE\|fəl}}; {{lang-fr\|links=yes\|Tour Eiffel}} {{IPA\|fr\|tuʁ ɛfɛl\|\|Tour Eiffel Pronunciation.ogg}})<!--Note: French does not have tonic accents, so do not add stress marks to this pronunciation--> is a [[wrought-iron]] [[lattice tower]] on the [[Champ de Mars]] in [[Paris]], France. It is named after the engineer [[Gustave Eiffel]], whose company designed and built the tower from 1887 to 1889.		The '''Eiffel Tower''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|aɪ\|f\|əl\|audio=En-us-Eiffel.oga}} {{respell\|EYE\|fəl}}; {{lang-fr\|links=yes\|Tour Eiffel}} {{IPA\|fr\|tuʁ ɛfɛl\|\|Tour Eiffel Pronunciation.ogg}})<!--Note: French does not have tonic accents, so do not add stress marks to this pronunciation--> is a [[wrought-iron]] [[lattice tower]] on the [[Champ de Mars]] in [[Paris]], France. It is named after the engineer [[Gustave Eiffel]], whose company designed and built the tower from 1887 to 1889.

	Locally nicknamed "''La dame de fer''" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed as the centerpiece of the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 World's Fair]], and to crown the centennial anniversary of the [[French Revolution]]. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global [[cultural icon]] of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.<ref name=Key_figures>{{cite web \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|title=The Eiffel Tower at a glance \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=15 April 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414130600/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref> The tower received 5,889,000 visitors in 2022.<ref>Tourism Statistics, "Visit Paris Region" site of the Paris Ile de France Visitors Bureau, retrieved ~~March~~ 22, 2022.</ref> The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world:<ref name=":0" /> 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a {{Lang\|fr\|[[monument historique]]}} in 1964, and was named part of a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Clayson\|first=S. Hollis\|title=Eiffel Tower\|date=2020-02-26\|url=https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190922467/obo-9780190922467-0014.xml\|work=Architecture, Planning, and Preservation\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/obo/9780190922467-0014\|isbn=978-0-19-092246-7\|access-date=2021-11-14}}</ref><!-- All cited within article body -->		Locally nicknamed "''La dame de fer''" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed as the centerpiece of the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 World's Fair]], and to crown the centennial anniversary of the [[French Revolution]]. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global [[cultural icon]] of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.<ref name=Key_figures>{{cite web \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|title=The Eiffel Tower at a glance \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=15 April 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414130600/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref> The tower received 5,889,000 visitors in 2022.<ref>Tourism Statistics, "Visit Paris Region" site of the Paris Ile de France Visitors Bureau, retrieved 22 March 2022.</ref> The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world:<ref name=":0" /> 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a {{Lang\|fr\|[[monument historique]]}} in 1964, and was named part of a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Clayson\|first=S. Hollis\|title=Eiffel Tower\|date=2020-02-26\|url=https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190922467/obo-9780190922467-0014.xml\|work=Architecture, Planning, and Preservation\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/obo/9780190922467-0014\|isbn=978-0-19-092246-7\|access-date=2021-11-14}}</ref><!-- All cited within article body -->

	The tower is {{convert\|330\|m\|ft\|0}} tall,<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2022-03-15 \|title=Eiffel Tower grows six metres after new antenna attached \|language=en \|work=Reuters \|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eiffel-tower-grows-six-metres-after-new-antenna-attached-2022-03-15/ \|access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> about the same height as an 81-{{Not a typo\|storey}}<!-- This is the British English spelling. --> building, and the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region\|tallest structure in Paris]]. Its base is square, measuring {{convert\|125\|m\|ft\|0}} on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the [[Washington Monument]] to become the [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world#Timeline of world's tallest freestanding structures\|tallest human-made structure]] in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the [[Chrysler Building]] in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting [[Aerial (radio)\|aerial]] at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by {{convert\|17\|ft\|m\|order=flip}}. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the [[List of tallest structures in France\|second tallest free-standing structure in France]] after the [[Millau Viaduct]].		The tower is {{convert\|330\|m\|ft\|0}} tall,<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2022-03-15 \|title=Eiffel Tower grows six metres after new antenna attached \|language=en \|work=Reuters \|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eiffel-tower-grows-six-metres-after-new-antenna-attached-2022-03-15/ \|access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> about the same height as an 81-{{Not a typo\|storey}}<!-- This is the British English spelling. --> building, and the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region\|tallest structure in Paris]]. Its base is square, measuring {{convert\|125\|m\|ft\|0}} on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the [[Washington Monument]] to become the [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world#Timeline of world's tallest freestanding structures\|tallest human-made structure]] in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the [[Chrysler Building]] in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting [[Aerial (radio)\|aerial]] at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by {{convert\|17\|ft\|m\|order=flip}}. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the [[List of tallest structures in France\|second tallest free-standing structure in France]] after the [[Millau Viaduct]].
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	==History==		==History==
	===Origin===		===Origin===
	The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to [[Maurice Koechlin]] and [[Émile Nouguier]], two senior engineers working for the [[Gustave Eiffel\|Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel]]. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 Exposition Universelle]], a [[world's fair]] to celebrate the centennial of the [[French Revolution]]. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal [[truss]]es at regular intervals".<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 78.</ref> Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked [[Stephen Sauvestre]], the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.		The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to [[Maurice Koechlin]] and [[Émile Nouguier]], two senior engineers working for the [[Gustave Eiffel\|Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel]]. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 Exposition Universelle]], a [[world's fair]] to celebrate the centennial of the [[French Revolution]]. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal [[truss]]es at regular intervals".<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 78.</ref> Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked [[Stephen Sauvestre]], the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.{{fact}}

	[[File:Maurice koechlin pylone.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Île aux Cygnes#Statue of Liberty replica\|Statue of Liberty]], and the [[Vendôme Column]]]]		[[File:Maurice koechlin pylone.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Île aux Cygnes#Statue of Liberty replica\|Statue of Liberty]], and the [[Vendôme Column]]]]
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	The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nouguier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the {{lang\|fr\|Société des Ingénieurs Civils}}; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise {{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|text=[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.<ref name=loyrette116>Loyrette, p. 116.</ref>}}		The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nouguier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the {{lang\|fr\|Société des Ingénieurs Civils}}; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise {{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|text=[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.<ref name=loyrette116>Loyrette, p. 116.</ref>}}

	Little progress was made until 1886, when [[Jules Grévy]] was re-elected as president of France and [[Édouard Lockroy]] was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.<ref name=loyrette116/> (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort.) On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.		Little progress was made until 1886, when [[Jules Grévy]] was re-elected as president of France and [[Édouard Lockroy]] was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.<ref name=loyrette116/> (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort.) On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.{{fact}}

	After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 121.</ref>		After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 121.</ref>

Mooonswimmer: /* Aesthetics */ Olympic rings

2024-09-06T21:57:24Z

Aesthetics: Olympic rings

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:57, 6 September 2024
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	[[File:Eiffel Tower plans 21.jpg\|thumb\|Some original architectural details]]		[[File:Eiffel Tower plans 21.jpg\|thumb\|Some original architectural details]]
	The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky.<ref name=paintingcolor>{{cite web\|title=The Eiffel Tower gets beautified\|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|author=SETE\|website=Official Eiffel Tower website\|access-date=8 November 2015\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121090936/http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".<ref name=painting>{{cite web \|title=Painting the Eiffel Tower \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=25 January 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161026114502/http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|archive-date=26 October 2016 }}</ref> In what is expected to be a temporary change, the tower was painted [[Olympic gold medal\|gold]] in commemoration of the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Oliver \|first=Huw \|title=The Eiffel Tower is being painted gold for the 2024 Olympics \|url=https://www.timeout.com/news/the-eiffel-tower-is-getting-a-golden-makeover-ahead-of-the-2024-olympics-020821 \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=Time Out Worldwide \|date=8 February 2021 \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-02-03 \|title=Eiffel Tower receives €50m makeover to make it look more golden for the Olympics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eiffel-tower-olympics-makeover-2024-paris-b1796893.html \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=The Independent \|language=en}}</ref>		The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky.<ref name=paintingcolor>{{cite web\|title=The Eiffel Tower gets beautified\|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|author=SETE\|website=Official Eiffel Tower website\|access-date=8 November 2015\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121090936/http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".<ref name=painting>{{cite web \|title=Painting the Eiffel Tower \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=25 January 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161026114502/http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|archive-date=26 October 2016 }}</ref> In what is expected to be a temporary change, the tower was painted [[Olympic gold medal\|gold]] in commemoration of the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Oliver \|first=Huw \|title=The Eiffel Tower is being painted gold for the 2024 Olympics \|url=https://www.timeout.com/news/the-eiffel-tower-is-getting-a-golden-makeover-ahead-of-the-2024-olympics-020821 \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=Time Out Worldwide \|date=8 February 2021 \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-02-03 \|title=Eiffel Tower receives €50m makeover to make it look more golden for the Olympics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eiffel-tower-olympics-makeover-2024-paris-b1796893.html \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=The Independent \|language=en}}</ref>

			Following the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] held in Paris, Mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]] proposed keeping the [[Olympic symbols\|Olympic rings]] on the tower permanently. The rings, which measure {{Convert\|95\|ft\|m}} wide and {{Convert\|43\|ft\|m}} high, were initially installed for the Games and were scheduled for removal after the [[2024 Summer Paralympics\|Paralympics]]. Hidalgo's decision faced criticism from the Eiffel family and some residents concerned about altering the protected monument. The original 30-ton rings would be replaced with lighter versions for long-term display.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Vandoorne \|first=Niamh Kennedy, Christian Edwards, Saskya \|date=2024-09-04 \|title=Paris mayor plans to keep Olympic rings on the Eiffel Tower. But not everyone is happy \|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/04/travel/paris-mayor-olympic-rings-eiffel-tower-scli-intl/index.html \|access-date=2024-09-06 \|website=CNN \|language=en}}</ref>

	The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|title=History: Development of clear span buildings – Exhibition buildings \|work=Architectural Teaching Resource \|publisher=Tata Steel Europe, Ltd \|access-date=4 January 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005073648/http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>		The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|title=History: Development of clear span buildings – Exhibition buildings \|work=Architectural Teaching Resource \|publisher=Tata Steel Europe, Ltd \|access-date=4 January 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005073648/http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

Citation bot: Add: title, date. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Grimes2 | #UCB_webform 249/924

2024-09-02T19:45:37Z

Add: title, date. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Grimes2 | #UCB_webform 249/924

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:45, 2 September 2024
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	In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref>		In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref>

	During [[World War I]], the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of [[Mata Hari]], the famous spy accused of working for Germany. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY \|url=https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower \|access-date=2024-08-28 \|website=History.com}}</ref>		During [[World War I]], the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of [[Mata Hari]], the famous spy accused of working for Germany. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY \|url=https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower \|access-date=2024-08-28 \|website=History.com\|date=August 2023 }}</ref>

	From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>		From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>
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	[[File:Paris hotel (Las Vegas)1.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Replica at the [[Paris Las Vegas]] Hotel, Nevada, United States]]		[[File:Paris hotel (Las Vegas)1.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Replica at the [[Paris Las Vegas]] Hotel, Nevada, United States]]

	As one of the most famous landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is [[Blackpool Tower]] in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town.<!--Blackpool is not a city.--> It opened in 1894 and is {{convert\|158.1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} tall.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Blackpool Tower\|url=http://www.historyextra.com/blackpool\|publisher=History Extra\|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> [[Tokyo Tower]] in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.klm.com/destinations/pl/pl/article/the-red-and-white-eiffel-tower-of-tokyo\|title=The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo\|publisher=KLM\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Well known is the [[Petřín Lookout Tower]] in [[Prague]] too. <ref>https://english.radio.cz/petrin-tower-open-visitors-again-8060021 ~~{{Bare~~ ~~URL~~ ~~inline~~\|date=~~August~~ ~~2024~~}}</ref>		As one of the most famous landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is [[Blackpool Tower]] in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town.<!--Blackpool is not a city.--> It opened in 1894 and is {{convert\|158.1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} tall.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Blackpool Tower\|url=http://www.historyextra.com/blackpool\|publisher=History Extra\|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> [[Tokyo Tower]] in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.klm.com/destinations/pl/pl/article/the-red-and-white-eiffel-tower-of-tokyo\|title=The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo\|publisher=KLM\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Well known is the [[Petřín Lookout Tower]] in [[Prague]] too. <ref>{{cite web \| url=https://english.radio.cz/petrin-tower-open-visitors-again-8060021 \| title=Petrin tower open for visitors again \| date=25 March 2002 }}</ref>

	There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the [[Paris Las Vegas]], Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at [[Kings Island]], located in [[Mason, Ohio]], and [[Kings Dominion]], [[Virginia]], amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in [[Durango, Durango\|Durango, Mexico]] that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/replicas-eiffel-tower_n_3721294.html\|title=The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you didn't know existed\|date=19 August 2013\|publisher=Huffpost Travel\|author=Todd van Luling\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>		There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the [[Paris Las Vegas]], Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at [[Kings Island]], located in [[Mason, Ohio]], and [[Kings Dominion]], [[Virginia]], amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in [[Durango, Durango\|Durango, Mexico]] that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/replicas-eiffel-tower_n_3721294.html\|title=The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you didn't know existed\|date=19 August 2013\|publisher=Huffpost Travel\|author=Todd van Luling\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>

Francisco288: /* Subsequent events */ Added a historical fact

2024-08-28T18:07:08Z

Subsequent events: Added a historical fact

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:07, 28 August 2024
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	On 19 October 1901, [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], flying his [[Santos-Dumont number 6\|No.6]] [[airship]], won a 100,000-franc prize offered by [[Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe]] for the first person to make a flight from [[Saint-Cloud\|St. Cloud]] to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times \|title= M. Santos Dumont's Balloon \|date=21 October 1901 \|page=4 \|issue=36591 \|column=A \|department=News}}</ref>		On 19 October 1901, [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], flying his [[Santos-Dumont number 6\|No.6]] [[airship]], won a 100,000-franc prize offered by [[Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe]] for the first person to make a flight from [[Saint-Cloud\|St. Cloud]] to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times \|title= M. Santos Dumont's Balloon \|date=21 October 1901 \|page=4 \|issue=36591 \|column=A \|department=News}}</ref>

	In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref> From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>		In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref>

			During [[World War I]], the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of [[Mata Hari]], the famous spy accused of working for Germany. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY \|url=https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower \|access-date=2024-08-28 \|website=History.com}}</ref>

			From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>

	[[File:Delaunay - Tour Eiffel.jpeg\|thumb\|upright=0.78\|The Eiffel Tower has been a subject of art, as in this [[Cubism\|cubist]] painting by [[Robert Delaunay]] (1911)]]		[[File:Delaunay - Tour Eiffel.jpeg\|thumb\|upright=0.78\|The Eiffel Tower has been a subject of art, as in this [[Cubism\|cubist]] painting by [[Robert Delaunay]] (1911)]]

JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France to :Category:Michelin-starred restaurants in France per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

2024-08-26T21:42:20Z

Moving Category:Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France to Category:Michelin-starred restaurants in France per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:42, 26 August 2024
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	[[Category:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks]]		[[Category:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks]]
	[[Category:Landmarks in France]]		[[Category:Landmarks in France]]
	[[Category:Michelin ~~Guide~~ starred restaurants in France]]		[[Category:Michelin-starred restaurants in France]]
	[[Category:Observation towers in France]]		[[Category:Observation towers in France]]
	[[Category:Restaurant towers]]		[[Category:Restaurant towers]]

GreenC bot: Reformat 2 archive links. Wayback Medic 2.5 per citations per WP:USURPURL and WP:JUDI

2024-08-26T20:04:39Z

Reformat 2 archive links. Wayback Medic 2.5 per citations per WP:USURPURL and WP:JUDI

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:04, 26 August 2024
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	\| top_floor = {{convert\|276\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name=CTBUH />		\| top_floor = {{convert\|276\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name=CTBUH />
	\| floor_count = 4 (3 accessible, 1 residual)<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Intermediate-floor.php \| title=Intermediate floor of the Eiffel tower }}</ref>		\| floor_count = 4 (3 accessible, 1 residual)<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Intermediate-floor.php \| title=Intermediate floor of the Eiffel tower }}</ref>
	\| elevator_count = 8<ref name=Emporis>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422170104/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|url-status=~~dead~~ \|archive-date=22 April 2016 \|title=Eiffel Tower \|work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref>		\| elevator_count = 8<ref name=Emporis>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422170104/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=22 April 2016 \|title=Eiffel Tower \|work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref>
	\| cost =		\| cost =
	\| floor_area =		\| floor_area =
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	\| management = {{lang\|fr\|Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel}} (SETE)		\| management = {{lang\|fr\|Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel}} (SETE)
	\| website = {{URL\|toureiffel.paris/en}}		\| website = {{URL\|toureiffel.paris/en}}
	\| references = I. {{note\|talleststatus}}{{Cite web \|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422170104/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|url-status=~~dead~~ \|archive-date=22 April 2016 \|title=Eiffel Tower \|work=[[Emporis]]}}		\| references = I. {{note\|talleststatus}}{{Cite web \|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422170104/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/110508 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=22 April 2016 \|title=Eiffel Tower \|work=[[Emporis]]}}
	{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site		{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
	\|Part_of = [[Paris, Banks of the Seine]]		\|Part_of = [[Paris, Banks of the Seine]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:51, 13 October 2024
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	{{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection{{nbsp}}... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower{{nbsp}}... To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years{{nbsp}}... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 174.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ross \|first1=Greg \|title=Plea \|url=https://www.futilitycloset.com/2021/05/18/plea-3/ \|website=Futility Closet \|date=18 May 2021}}</ref>}}		{{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection{{nbsp}}... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower{{nbsp}}... To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years{{nbsp}}... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 174.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ross \|first1=Greg \|title=Plea \|url=https://www.futilitycloset.com/2021/05/18/plea-3/ \|website=Futility Closet \|date=18 May 2021}}</ref>}}

	[[File:Guillaume Apollinaire Calligramme.JPG\|thumb\|left\|upright\|A 1918 [[calligram]] by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]]]]		[[File:Guillaume Apollinaire Calligramme.JPG\|thumb\|left\|upright\|A 1918 [[calligram]] by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]]: {{lang\|fr\|Salut monde dont je suis la langue éloquente que sa bouche Ô Paris tire et tirera toujours aux allemands}} ("Hello world, of which I am the eloquent tongue which your mouth, O Paris, will forever stick out at the Germans").]]

	Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the [[Egyptian pyramids]]: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"<ref name=Souriau>{{cite book\|author1=Paul Souriau\|author2=Manon Souriau\|title=The Aesthetics of Movement\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CzUTXhzDb8C&pg=PR7\|year=1983\|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press\|isbn=0-87023-412-9\|page=100}}</ref> These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, sardonically saying,<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 99.</ref> "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way.		Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the [[Egyptian pyramids]]: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"<ref name=Souriau>{{cite book\|author1=Paul Souriau\|author2=Manon Souriau\|title=The Aesthetics of Movement\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CzUTXhzDb8C&pg=PR7\|year=1983\|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press\|isbn=0-87023-412-9\|page=100}}</ref> These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, sardonically saying,<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 99.</ref> "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:49, 7 September 2024
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	--> \| coordinates = {{coord\|48\|51\|29.6\|N\|2\|17\|40.2\|E\|region:FR-75\|display=inline,title}}		--> \| coordinates = {{coord\|48\|51\|29.6\|N\|2\|17\|40.2\|E\|region:FR-75\|display=inline,title}}
	\| mapframe-zoom = 16		\| mapframe-zoom = 16
	\| start_date = {{Start date and age\|28 January 1887}}		\| start_date = {{Start date and age\|df=yes\|28 January 1887}}
	\| completion_date = {{Start date and age\|31 March 1889}}<ref name=Bachman>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eGEDwAAQBAJ \|last=Bachman \|first=Leonard R. \|title=Constructing the Architect: An Introduction to Design, Research, Planning, and Education \|year=2019 \|isbn=9781351665421 \|page=80\|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>		\| completion_date = {{Start date and age\|df=yes\|31 March 1889}}<ref name=Bachman>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eGEDwAAQBAJ \|last=Bachman \|first=Leonard R. \|title=Constructing the Architect: An Introduction to Design, Research, Planning, and Education \|year=2019 \|isbn=9781351665421 \|page=80\|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
	\| opening = {{Start date and age\|15 May 1889}}<ref name=Bachman />		\| opening = {{Start date and age\|df=yes\|15 May 1889}}<ref name=Bachman />
	\| building_type = Observation tower<br />Broadcasting tower		\| building_type = Observation tower<br />Broadcasting tower
	\| architectural = {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name=CTBUH>{{ctbuh\|id=9410\|title=Eiffel Tower}}</ref>		\| architectural = {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}<ref name=CTBUH>{{ctbuh\|id=9410\|title=Eiffel Tower}}</ref>
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	The '''Eiffel Tower''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|aɪ\|f\|əl\|audio=En-us-Eiffel.oga}} {{respell\|EYE\|fəl}}; {{lang-fr\|links=yes\|Tour Eiffel}} {{IPA\|fr\|tuʁ ɛfɛl\|\|Tour Eiffel Pronunciation.ogg}})<!--Note: French does not have tonic accents, so do not add stress marks to this pronunciation--> is a [[wrought-iron]] [[lattice tower]] on the [[Champ de Mars]] in [[Paris]], France. It is named after the engineer [[Gustave Eiffel]], whose company designed and built the tower from 1887 to 1889.		The '''Eiffel Tower''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|aɪ\|f\|əl\|audio=En-us-Eiffel.oga}} {{respell\|EYE\|fəl}}; {{lang-fr\|links=yes\|Tour Eiffel}} {{IPA\|fr\|tuʁ ɛfɛl\|\|Tour Eiffel Pronunciation.ogg}})<!--Note: French does not have tonic accents, so do not add stress marks to this pronunciation--> is a [[wrought-iron]] [[lattice tower]] on the [[Champ de Mars]] in [[Paris]], France. It is named after the engineer [[Gustave Eiffel]], whose company designed and built the tower from 1887 to 1889.

	Locally nicknamed "''La dame de fer''" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed as the centerpiece of the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 World's Fair]], and to crown the centennial anniversary of the [[French Revolution]]. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global [[cultural icon]] of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.<ref name=Key_figures>{{cite web \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|title=The Eiffel Tower at a glance \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=15 April 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414130600/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref> The tower received 5,889,000 visitors in 2022.<ref>Tourism Statistics, "Visit Paris Region" site of the Paris Ile de France Visitors Bureau, retrieved ~~March~~ 22, 2022.</ref> The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world:<ref name=":0" /> 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a {{Lang\|fr\|[[monument historique]]}} in 1964, and was named part of a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Clayson\|first=S. Hollis\|title=Eiffel Tower\|date=2020-02-26\|url=https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190922467/obo-9780190922467-0014.xml\|work=Architecture, Planning, and Preservation\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/obo/9780190922467-0014\|isbn=978-0-19-092246-7\|access-date=2021-11-14}}</ref><!-- All cited within article body -->		Locally nicknamed "''La dame de fer''" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed as the centerpiece of the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 World's Fair]], and to crown the centennial anniversary of the [[French Revolution]]. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global [[cultural icon]] of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.<ref name=Key_figures>{{cite web \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|title=The Eiffel Tower at a glance \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=15 April 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414130600/http://www.toureiffel.paris/en/everything-about-the-tower/the-eiffel-tower-at-a-glance.html \|archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref> The tower received 5,889,000 visitors in 2022.<ref>Tourism Statistics, "Visit Paris Region" site of the Paris Ile de France Visitors Bureau, retrieved 22 March 2022.</ref> The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world:<ref name=":0" /> 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a {{Lang\|fr\|[[monument historique]]}} in 1964, and was named part of a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Clayson\|first=S. Hollis\|title=Eiffel Tower\|date=2020-02-26\|url=https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190922467/obo-9780190922467-0014.xml\|work=Architecture, Planning, and Preservation\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/obo/9780190922467-0014\|isbn=978-0-19-092246-7\|access-date=2021-11-14}}</ref><!-- All cited within article body -->

	The tower is {{convert\|330\|m\|ft\|0}} tall,<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2022-03-15 \|title=Eiffel Tower grows six metres after new antenna attached \|language=en \|work=Reuters \|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eiffel-tower-grows-six-metres-after-new-antenna-attached-2022-03-15/ \|access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> about the same height as an 81-{{Not a typo\|storey}}<!-- This is the British English spelling. --> building, and the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region\|tallest structure in Paris]]. Its base is square, measuring {{convert\|125\|m\|ft\|0}} on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the [[Washington Monument]] to become the [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world#Timeline of world's tallest freestanding structures\|tallest human-made structure]] in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the [[Chrysler Building]] in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting [[Aerial (radio)\|aerial]] at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by {{convert\|17\|ft\|m\|order=flip}}. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the [[List of tallest structures in France\|second tallest free-standing structure in France]] after the [[Millau Viaduct]].		The tower is {{convert\|330\|m\|ft\|0}} tall,<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2022-03-15 \|title=Eiffel Tower grows six metres after new antenna attached \|language=en \|work=Reuters \|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eiffel-tower-grows-six-metres-after-new-antenna-attached-2022-03-15/ \|access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> about the same height as an 81-{{Not a typo\|storey}}<!-- This is the British English spelling. --> building, and the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region\|tallest structure in Paris]]. Its base is square, measuring {{convert\|125\|m\|ft\|0}} on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the [[Washington Monument]] to become the [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world#Timeline of world's tallest freestanding structures\|tallest human-made structure]] in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the [[Chrysler Building]] in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting [[Aerial (radio)\|aerial]] at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by {{convert\|17\|ft\|m\|order=flip}}. Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the [[List of tallest structures in France\|second tallest free-standing structure in France]] after the [[Millau Viaduct]].
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	==History==		==History==
	===Origin===		===Origin===
	The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to [[Maurice Koechlin]] and [[Émile Nouguier]], two senior engineers working for the [[Gustave Eiffel\|Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel]]. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 Exposition Universelle]], a [[world's fair]] to celebrate the centennial of the [[French Revolution]]. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal [[truss]]es at regular intervals".<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 78.</ref> Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked [[Stephen Sauvestre]], the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.		The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to [[Maurice Koechlin]] and [[Émile Nouguier]], two senior engineers working for the [[Gustave Eiffel\|Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel]]. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed [[Exposition Universelle (1889)\|1889 Exposition Universelle]], a [[world's fair]] to celebrate the centennial of the [[French Revolution]]. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal [[truss]]es at regular intervals".<ref>Harvie, 2006 p. 78.</ref> Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked [[Stephen Sauvestre]], the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.{{fact}}

	[[File:Maurice koechlin pylone.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Île aux Cygnes#Statue of Liberty replica\|Statue of Liberty]], and the [[Vendôme Column]]]]		[[File:Maurice koechlin pylone.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as [[Notre Dame de Paris]], the [[Île aux Cygnes#Statue of Liberty replica\|Statue of Liberty]], and the [[Vendôme Column]]]]
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	The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nouguier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the {{lang\|fr\|Société des Ingénieurs Civils}}; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise {{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|text=[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.<ref name=loyrette116>Loyrette, p. 116.</ref>}}		The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nouguier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the {{lang\|fr\|Société des Ingénieurs Civils}}; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise {{blockquote\|style=text-align:justify\|text=[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.<ref name=loyrette116>Loyrette, p. 116.</ref>}}

	Little progress was made until 1886, when [[Jules Grévy]] was re-elected as president of France and [[Édouard Lockroy]] was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.<ref name=loyrette116/> (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort.) On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.		Little progress was made until 1886, when [[Jules Grévy]] was re-elected as president of France and [[Édouard Lockroy]] was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a {{convert\|300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.<ref name=loyrette116/> (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort.) On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.{{fact}}

	After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 121.</ref>		After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.<ref>Loyrette, 1985 p. 121.</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:57, 6 September 2024
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	[[File:Eiffel Tower plans 21.jpg\|thumb\|Some original architectural details]]		[[File:Eiffel Tower plans 21.jpg\|thumb\|Some original architectural details]]
	The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky.<ref name=paintingcolor>{{cite web\|title=The Eiffel Tower gets beautified\|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|author=SETE\|website=Official Eiffel Tower website\|access-date=8 November 2015\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121090936/http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".<ref name=painting>{{cite web \|title=Painting the Eiffel Tower \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=25 January 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161026114502/http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|archive-date=26 October 2016 }}</ref> In what is expected to be a temporary change, the tower was painted [[Olympic gold medal\|gold]] in commemoration of the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Oliver \|first=Huw \|title=The Eiffel Tower is being painted gold for the 2024 Olympics \|url=https://www.timeout.com/news/the-eiffel-tower-is-getting-a-golden-makeover-ahead-of-the-2024-olympics-020821 \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=Time Out Worldwide \|date=8 February 2021 \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-02-03 \|title=Eiffel Tower receives €50m makeover to make it look more golden for the Olympics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eiffel-tower-olympics-makeover-2024-paris-b1796893.html \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=The Independent \|language=en}}</ref>		The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky.<ref name=paintingcolor>{{cite web\|title=The Eiffel Tower gets beautified\|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|author=SETE\|website=Official Eiffel Tower website\|access-date=8 November 2015\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121090936/http://www.toureiffel.paris/images/actualites/PDF/how_the_eiffel_tower_gets_beautified.pdf\|archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".<ref name=painting>{{cite web \|title=Painting the Eiffel Tower \|url=http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|author=SETE \|website=Official Eiffel Tower website \|access-date=25 January 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161026114502/http://www.toureiffel.paris/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/97 \|archive-date=26 October 2016 }}</ref> In what is expected to be a temporary change, the tower was painted [[Olympic gold medal\|gold]] in commemoration of the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Oliver \|first=Huw \|title=The Eiffel Tower is being painted gold for the 2024 Olympics \|url=https://www.timeout.com/news/the-eiffel-tower-is-getting-a-golden-makeover-ahead-of-the-2024-olympics-020821 \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=Time Out Worldwide \|date=8 February 2021 \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-02-03 \|title=Eiffel Tower receives €50m makeover to make it look more golden for the Olympics \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eiffel-tower-olympics-makeover-2024-paris-b1796893.html \|access-date=2022-11-30 \|website=The Independent \|language=en}}</ref>

			Following the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] held in Paris, Mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]] proposed keeping the [[Olympic symbols\|Olympic rings]] on the tower permanently. The rings, which measure {{Convert\|95\|ft\|m}} wide and {{Convert\|43\|ft\|m}} high, were initially installed for the Games and were scheduled for removal after the [[2024 Summer Paralympics\|Paralympics]]. Hidalgo's decision faced criticism from the Eiffel family and some residents concerned about altering the protected monument. The original 30-ton rings would be replaced with lighter versions for long-term display.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Vandoorne \|first=Niamh Kennedy, Christian Edwards, Saskya \|date=2024-09-04 \|title=Paris mayor plans to keep Olympic rings on the Eiffel Tower. But not everyone is happy \|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/04/travel/paris-mayor-olympic-rings-eiffel-tower-scli-intl/index.html \|access-date=2024-09-06 \|website=CNN \|language=en}}</ref>

	The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|title=History: Development of clear span buildings – Exhibition buildings \|work=Architectural Teaching Resource \|publisher=Tata Steel Europe, Ltd \|access-date=4 January 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005073648/http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>		The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|title=History: Development of clear span buildings – Exhibition buildings \|work=Architectural Teaching Resource \|publisher=Tata Steel Europe, Ltd \|access-date=4 January 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005073648/http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/history/development_of_the_clear_span_building/exhibition_buildings/ \|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:45, 2 September 2024
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	In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref>		In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref>

	During [[World War I]], the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of [[Mata Hari]], the famous spy accused of working for Germany. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY \|url=https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower \|access-date=2024-08-28 \|website=History.com}}</ref>		During [[World War I]], the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of [[Mata Hari]], the famous spy accused of working for Germany. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY \|url=https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower \|access-date=2024-08-28 \|website=History.com\|date=August 2023 }}</ref>

	From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>		From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>
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	[[File:Paris hotel (Las Vegas)1.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Replica at the [[Paris Las Vegas]] Hotel, Nevada, United States]]		[[File:Paris hotel (Las Vegas)1.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Replica at the [[Paris Las Vegas]] Hotel, Nevada, United States]]

	As one of the most famous landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is [[Blackpool Tower]] in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town.<!--Blackpool is not a city.--> It opened in 1894 and is {{convert\|158.1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} tall.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Blackpool Tower\|url=http://www.historyextra.com/blackpool\|publisher=History Extra\|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> [[Tokyo Tower]] in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.klm.com/destinations/pl/pl/article/the-red-and-white-eiffel-tower-of-tokyo\|title=The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo\|publisher=KLM\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Well known is the [[Petřín Lookout Tower]] in [[Prague]] too. <ref>https://english.radio.cz/petrin-tower-open-visitors-again-8060021 ~~{{Bare~~ ~~URL~~ ~~inline~~\|date=~~August~~ ~~2024~~}}</ref>		As one of the most famous landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is [[Blackpool Tower]] in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town.<!--Blackpool is not a city.--> It opened in 1894 and is {{convert\|158.1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} tall.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Blackpool Tower\|url=http://www.historyextra.com/blackpool\|publisher=History Extra\|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> [[Tokyo Tower]] in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.klm.com/destinations/pl/pl/article/the-red-and-white-eiffel-tower-of-tokyo\|title=The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo\|publisher=KLM\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Well known is the [[Petřín Lookout Tower]] in [[Prague]] too. <ref>{{cite web \| url=https://english.radio.cz/petrin-tower-open-visitors-again-8060021 \| title=Petrin tower open for visitors again \| date=25 March 2002 }}</ref>

	There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the [[Paris Las Vegas]], Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at [[Kings Island]], located in [[Mason, Ohio]], and [[Kings Dominion]], [[Virginia]], amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in [[Durango, Durango\|Durango, Mexico]] that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/replicas-eiffel-tower_n_3721294.html\|title=The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you didn't know existed\|date=19 August 2013\|publisher=Huffpost Travel\|author=Todd van Luling\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>		There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the [[Paris Las Vegas]], Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at [[Kings Island]], located in [[Mason, Ohio]], and [[Kings Dominion]], [[Virginia]], amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in [[Durango, Durango\|Durango, Mexico]] that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/replicas-eiffel-tower_n_3721294.html\|title=The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you didn't know existed\|date=19 August 2013\|publisher=Huffpost Travel\|author=Todd van Luling\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:07, 28 August 2024
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	On 19 October 1901, [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], flying his [[Santos-Dumont number 6\|No.6]] [[airship]], won a 100,000-franc prize offered by [[Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe]] for the first person to make a flight from [[Saint-Cloud\|St. Cloud]] to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times \|title= M. Santos Dumont's Balloon \|date=21 October 1901 \|page=4 \|issue=36591 \|column=A \|department=News}}</ref>		On 19 October 1901, [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], flying his [[Santos-Dumont number 6\|No.6]] [[airship]], won a 100,000-franc prize offered by [[Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe]] for the first person to make a flight from [[Saint-Cloud\|St. Cloud]] to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times \|title= M. Santos Dumont's Balloon \|date=21 October 1901 \|page=4 \|issue=36591 \|column=A \|department=News}}</ref>

	In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref> From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>		In 1910, [[Priest\|Father]] [[Theodor Wulf]] measured [[radiant energy]] at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name=Wulf>Theodor Wulf. ''Physikalische Zeitschrift''. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.</ref> Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his [[parachute]] design.<ref>{{cite news\| title =L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol \| work =Le Petit Parisien \| date =5 February 1912 \| url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k564237v.r=.langfr \| page = 1\| language = fr \|access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref> In 1914, at the outbreak of [[World War I]], a radio transmitter located in the tower [[radio jamming\|jammed]] German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]].<ref name="Tuchman1994">{{cite book\|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman\|title=August 1914\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU9sQgAACAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=Papermac\|isbn=978-0-333-30516-4\|page=236}}</ref>

			During [[World War I]], the Eiffel Tower's wireless station played a crucial role in intercepting enemy communications from Berlin. In 1914, French forces successfully launched a counter-attack during the Battle of the Marne after gaining critical intelligence on the German Army's movements. In 1917, the station intercepted a coded message between Germany and Spain that referenced 'Operative H-21.' This information contributed to the arrest, conviction, and execution of [[Mata Hari]], the famous spy accused of working for Germany. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=10 Things You May Not Know About the Eiffel Tower - HISTORY \|url=https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-eiffel-tower \|access-date=2024-08-28 \|website=History.com}}</ref>

			From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for [[Citroën]] adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Oliver \|title=40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ \|access-date=14 November 2019 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=31 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}, (free trial)</ref> In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a [[shortwave]] transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.<ref name="Herbert2004">{{cite book\|author=Stephen Herbert\|title=A History of Early Television\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZF20ggFhsC&pg=PA40\|volume=2\|year=2004\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-32667-4\|page=40}}</ref>

	[[File:Delaunay - Tour Eiffel.jpeg\|thumb\|upright=0.78\|The Eiffel Tower has been a subject of art, as in this [[Cubism\|cubist]] painting by [[Robert Delaunay]] (1911)]]		[[File:Delaunay - Tour Eiffel.jpeg\|thumb\|upright=0.78\|The Eiffel Tower has been a subject of art, as in this [[Cubism\|cubist]] painting by [[Robert Delaunay]] (1911)]]