Fascism - Revision history

Ybsone: Undid revision 1255737593 by Enzymes (talk)

2024-11-06T11:41:22Z

Undid revision 1255737593 by Enzymes (talk)

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	[[File:Mussolini and Hitler in ~~1940~~.jpg\|~~alt~~=~~Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler during Mussolini's visit in Munich\|thumb~~\|[[Benito Mussolini]], dictator of [[Fascist Italy]] (left), and [[Adolf Hitler]], dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] (right), are examples of fascist leaders.]]		[[File:Mussolini and Hitler 1940 (retouched).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.1\|[[Benito Mussolini]], dictator of [[Fascist Italy]] (left), and [[Adolf Hitler]], dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] (right), are examples of fascist leaders.]]
	'''Fascism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|æ\|ʃ\|ɪ\|z\|əm}} {{respell\|FASH\|iz\|əm}}) is a <!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->[[far-right]]<!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->, [[authoritarian]], and [[ultranationalist]] political ideology and movement,<ref>{{harvp\|Turner\|1975\|p=162\|ps=: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism"}}; {{harvp\|Larsen\|Hagtvet\|Myklebust\|1984\|p=424\|ps=: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"}}; {{harvp\|Paxton\|2004\|pp=32, 45, 173\|ps=: (32) "... antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence", (173) "... overtly violent racism and nationalism. ... its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"}}; {{harvp\|Nolte\|1965\|p=300\|ps=: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{harvp\|Encyclopedia Britannica ''Fascism''\|ps=: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a {{lang\|de\|Volksgemeinschaft}} (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation"}}</ref><ref name="m-w" /> characterized by a [[dictator]]ial leader, centralized [[autocracy]], [[militarism]], forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural [[social hierarchy]], subordination of [[Individualism\|individual interests]] for the perceived good of the [[nation]] or [[Race (human categorization)\|race]], and strong regimentation of society and the economy.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="m-w">{{cite encyclopedia\|title=fascism \|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster Online]] \|access-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822084905/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposed to [[anarchism]], [[democracy]], [[Pluralism (political philosophy)\|pluralism]], [[egalitarianism]], [[liberalism]], [[socialism]], and [[Marxism]],{{sfnp\|International Encyclopedia of Political Science\|loc=Fascism\|p=889}}<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web \|title=Fascism \|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/fascism-1 \|access-date=7 August 2022 \|website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] \|language=en}}</ref> fascism is placed on the far right-wing within the traditional [[left–right spectrum]].<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion"/><ref name="USHMM"/><ref name="University-Aristotle-Hartley-Wilhelm-Hawkesworth">{{harvp\|Griffin\|1995\|pp=8, 307}}; {{harvp\|Kallis\|2003b\|p=71}}; {{harvp\|Hartley\|2004\|p=187}}; {{harvp\|Reich\|1970}}; {{harvp\|Hawkesworth\|Kogan\|1992}}; {{harvp\|Copsey\|2008}}; {{harvp\|Goodwin\|2011}}; {{harvp\|Woodley\|2010}}; {{harvp\|Blamires\|2006}}; {{harvp\|Richardson\|2017}}; {{harvp\|Eley\|2013}}; {{harvp\|Wistrich\|1976}}; {{harvp\|Staudenmaier\|2004}}</ref>		'''Fascism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|æ\|ʃ\|ɪ\|z\|əm}} {{respell\|FASH\|iz\|əm}}) is a <!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->[[far-right]]<!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->, [[authoritarian]], and [[ultranationalist]] political ideology and movement,<ref>{{harvp\|Turner\|1975\|p=162\|ps=: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism"}}; {{harvp\|Larsen\|Hagtvet\|Myklebust\|1984\|p=424\|ps=: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"}}; {{harvp\|Paxton\|2004\|pp=32, 45, 173\|ps=: (32) "... antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence", (173) "... overtly violent racism and nationalism. ... its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"}}; {{harvp\|Nolte\|1965\|p=300\|ps=: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{harvp\|Encyclopedia Britannica ''Fascism''\|ps=: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a {{lang\|de\|Volksgemeinschaft}} (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation"}}</ref><ref name="m-w" /> characterized by a [[dictator]]ial leader, centralized [[autocracy]], [[militarism]], forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural [[social hierarchy]], subordination of [[Individualism\|individual interests]] for the perceived good of the [[nation]] or [[Race (human categorization)\|race]], and strong regimentation of society and the economy.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="m-w">{{cite encyclopedia\|title=fascism \|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster Online]] \|access-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822084905/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposed to [[anarchism]], [[democracy]], [[Pluralism (political philosophy)\|pluralism]], [[egalitarianism]], [[liberalism]], [[socialism]], and [[Marxism]],{{sfnp\|International Encyclopedia of Political Science\|loc=Fascism\|p=889}}<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web \|title=Fascism \|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/fascism-1 \|access-date=7 August 2022 \|website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] \|language=en}}</ref> fascism is placed on the far right-wing within the traditional [[left–right spectrum]].<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion"/><ref name="USHMM"/><ref name="University-Aristotle-Hartley-Wilhelm-Hawkesworth">{{harvp\|Griffin\|1995\|pp=8, 307}}; {{harvp\|Kallis\|2003b\|p=71}}; {{harvp\|Hartley\|2004\|p=187}}; {{harvp\|Reich\|1970}}; {{harvp\|Hawkesworth\|Kogan\|1992}}; {{harvp\|Copsey\|2008}}; {{harvp\|Goodwin\|2011}}; {{harvp\|Woodley\|2010}}; {{harvp\|Blamires\|2006}}; {{harvp\|Richardson\|2017}}; {{harvp\|Eley\|2013}}; {{harvp\|Wistrich\|1976}}; {{harvp\|Staudenmaier\|2004}}</ref>

Enzymes at 11:36, 6 November 2024

2024-11-06T11:36:16Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:36, 6 November 2024
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	[[File:Mussolini and Hitler ~~1940~~ ~~(retouched)~~.jpg\|~~thumb\|upright~~=~~1.1~~\|[[Benito Mussolini]], dictator of [[Fascist Italy]] (left), and [[Adolf Hitler]], dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] (right), are examples of fascist leaders.]]		[[File:Mussolini and Hitler in 1940.jpg\|alt=Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler during Mussolini's visit in Munich\|thumb\|[[Benito Mussolini]], dictator of [[Fascist Italy]] (left), and [[Adolf Hitler]], dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] (right), are examples of fascist leaders.]]
	'''Fascism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|æ\|ʃ\|ɪ\|z\|əm}} {{respell\|FASH\|iz\|əm}}) is a <!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->[[far-right]]<!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->, [[authoritarian]], and [[ultranationalist]] political ideology and movement,<ref>{{harvp\|Turner\|1975\|p=162\|ps=: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism"}}; {{harvp\|Larsen\|Hagtvet\|Myklebust\|1984\|p=424\|ps=: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"}}; {{harvp\|Paxton\|2004\|pp=32, 45, 173\|ps=: (32) "... antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence", (173) "... overtly violent racism and nationalism. ... its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"}}; {{harvp\|Nolte\|1965\|p=300\|ps=: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{harvp\|Encyclopedia Britannica ''Fascism''\|ps=: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a {{lang\|de\|Volksgemeinschaft}} (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation"}}</ref><ref name="m-w" /> characterized by a [[dictator]]ial leader, centralized [[autocracy]], [[militarism]], forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural [[social hierarchy]], subordination of [[Individualism\|individual interests]] for the perceived good of the [[nation]] or [[Race (human categorization)\|race]], and strong regimentation of society and the economy.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="m-w">{{cite encyclopedia\|title=fascism \|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster Online]] \|access-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822084905/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposed to [[anarchism]], [[democracy]], [[Pluralism (political philosophy)\|pluralism]], [[egalitarianism]], [[liberalism]], [[socialism]], and [[Marxism]],{{sfnp\|International Encyclopedia of Political Science\|loc=Fascism\|p=889}}<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web \|title=Fascism \|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/fascism-1 \|access-date=7 August 2022 \|website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] \|language=en}}</ref> fascism is placed on the far right-wing within the traditional [[left–right spectrum]].<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion"/><ref name="USHMM"/><ref name="University-Aristotle-Hartley-Wilhelm-Hawkesworth">{{harvp\|Griffin\|1995\|pp=8, 307}}; {{harvp\|Kallis\|2003b\|p=71}}; {{harvp\|Hartley\|2004\|p=187}}; {{harvp\|Reich\|1970}}; {{harvp\|Hawkesworth\|Kogan\|1992}}; {{harvp\|Copsey\|2008}}; {{harvp\|Goodwin\|2011}}; {{harvp\|Woodley\|2010}}; {{harvp\|Blamires\|2006}}; {{harvp\|Richardson\|2017}}; {{harvp\|Eley\|2013}}; {{harvp\|Wistrich\|1976}}; {{harvp\|Staudenmaier\|2004}}</ref>		'''Fascism''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|æ\|ʃ\|ɪ\|z\|əm}} {{respell\|FASH\|iz\|əm}}) is a <!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->[[far-right]]<!-- DO NOT REMOVE THIS TERM, SEE TALK PAGE -->, [[authoritarian]], and [[ultranationalist]] political ideology and movement,<ref>{{harvp\|Turner\|1975\|p=162\|ps=: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism"}}; {{harvp\|Larsen\|Hagtvet\|Myklebust\|1984\|p=424\|ps=: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"}}; {{harvp\|Paxton\|2004\|pp=32, 45, 173\|ps=: (32) "... antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence", (173) "... overtly violent racism and nationalism. ... its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"}}; {{harvp\|Nolte\|1965\|p=300\|ps=: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{harvp\|Encyclopedia Britannica ''Fascism''\|ps=: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a {{lang\|de\|Volksgemeinschaft}} (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation"}}</ref><ref name="m-w" /> characterized by a [[dictator]]ial leader, centralized [[autocracy]], [[militarism]], forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural [[social hierarchy]], subordination of [[Individualism\|individual interests]] for the perceived good of the [[nation]] or [[Race (human categorization)\|race]], and strong regimentation of society and the economy.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="m-w">{{cite encyclopedia\|title=fascism \|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster Online]] \|access-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-date=22 August 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822084905/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism \|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposed to [[anarchism]], [[democracy]], [[Pluralism (political philosophy)\|pluralism]], [[egalitarianism]], [[liberalism]], [[socialism]], and [[Marxism]],{{sfnp\|International Encyclopedia of Political Science\|loc=Fascism\|p=889}}<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web \|title=Fascism \|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/fascism-1 \|access-date=7 August 2022 \|website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] \|language=en}}</ref> fascism is placed on the far right-wing within the traditional [[left–right spectrum]].<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion"/><ref name="USHMM"/><ref name="University-Aristotle-Hartley-Wilhelm-Hawkesworth">{{harvp\|Griffin\|1995\|pp=8, 307}}; {{harvp\|Kallis\|2003b\|p=71}}; {{harvp\|Hartley\|2004\|p=187}}; {{harvp\|Reich\|1970}}; {{harvp\|Hawkesworth\|Kogan\|1992}}; {{harvp\|Copsey\|2008}}; {{harvp\|Goodwin\|2011}}; {{harvp\|Woodley\|2010}}; {{harvp\|Blamires\|2006}}; {{harvp\|Richardson\|2017}}; {{harvp\|Eley\|2013}}; {{harvp\|Wistrich\|1976}}; {{harvp\|Staudenmaier\|2004}}</ref>

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2024-11-05T23:39:41Z

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RafaelTLS: /* Further reading */ updating urls, expanding

2024-11-05T23:34:52Z

Further reading: updating urls, expanding

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:34, 5 November 2024
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	===Further reading===		===Further reading===
	{{refbegin\|30em}}		{{refbegin\|30em}}
	* Ahmed, Saladdin. "Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory~~." ''Critical Sociology'' 49.4–5 (2023): 669–687.~~ [https://www.researchgate.net~~/profile/Saladdin-Ahmed~~/publication/362039222_Fascism_as_an_Ideological_Form_A_Critical_Theory~~/links/6367d7ab54eb5f547cac12ee/Fascism-as-an-Ideological-Form-A-~~Critical-~~Theory.pdf~~ ~~online]~~.		* {{Cite journal \|last=Ahmed \|first=Saladdin \|date=July 2023 \|title=Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362039222_Fascism_as_an_Ideological_Form_A_Critical_Theory \|journal=Critical Sociology \|language=en \|volume=49 \|issue=4-5 \|pages=669–687 \|doi=10.1177/08969205221109869 \|issn=0896-9205}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|last=Albright \|first=Madeleine \|author-link=Madeleine Albright \|title=Fascism: A ~~Warning~~ \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|location=~~New~~ ~~York~~}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Albright \|first=Madeleine \|author-link=Madeleine Albright \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzs2DwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism: a warning \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|isbn=978-0-00-828227-1 \|location=London \|oclc=1031976003}}
	* {{~~cite~~ journal \|last=Alcalde \|first=Ángel \|title=The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research \|journal=[[Contemporary European History]] ~~\|year=2020~~ \|volume=29 \|~~number~~=2 \|pages=~~1–10~~ \|doi=10.1017/S0960777320000089 \|s2cid=213889043}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Alcalde \|first=Ángel \|date=May 2020 \|title=The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research \|journal=[[Contemporary European History]] \|volume=29 \|issue=2 \|pages=243–252 \|doi=10.1017/S0960777320000089 \|issn=0960-7773 \|s2cid=213889043}}
			* {{Cite journal \|last=Berezin \|first=Mabel \|date=30 July 2019 \|title=Fascism and Populism: Are They Useful Categories for Comparative Sociological Analysis? \|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351 \|journal=Annual Review of Sociology \|language=en \|volume=45 \|issue=1 \|pages=345–361 \|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351 \|issn=0360-0572 \|doi-access=free}}
	* Berezin, Mabel. "Fascism and populism: Are they useful categories for comparative sociological analysis?." ''Annual Review of Sociology'' 45 (2019): 345–361. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:mujjsenJ7q4J:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&as_ylo=2019&scillfp=8620327711621867617&oi=lle online].
	* Churchwell, Sarah. "American ~~fascism~~: It ~~has~~ ~~happened~~ ~~here."~~ ~~''The New York Review of Books'', p. 22 (2020). [~~http://termushistory.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/140610243/Fascism%20in%20America%20today%20-%20New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books.pdf ~~online~~].		* {{Cite magazine \|last=Churchwell \|first=Sarah \|date=22 June 2020 \|title=American Fascism: It Has Happened Here \|url=http://termushistory.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/140610243/Fascism%20in%20America%20today%20-%20New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books.pdf \|magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] \|page=22 \|issn=0028-7504}}
	* {{~~cite~~ journal \|last=Esposito \|first=Fernando \|~~url~~=~~http://docupedia.de/zg/Esposito_fascism_v1_en_2017~~ \|title=Fascism – Concepts and Theories, ~~version 1~~ \|journal=Docupedia Zeitgeschichte \|volume=31 \|~~date~~=~~August~~ ~~2017~~}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Esposito \|first=Fernando \|last2=Zentrum Für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam \|date=August 2017 \|title=Fascism – Concepts and Theories \|url=https://docupedia.de/zg/Esposito_fascism_v1_en_2017 \|journal=Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte \|language=en \|volume=31 \|doi=10.14765/ZZF.DOK.2.1111.V1 \|doi-access=free}}
	* Finchelstein, Federico. ''From ~~fascism~~ to populism in history'' (U of California Press, ~~2019)~~ ~~[https://books.google.com/books?id~~=~~h4qdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Fascism&pg=PR9~~ ~~online].~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Finchelstein \|first=Federico \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4qdDwAAQBAJ \|title=From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[University of California Press]] \|isbn=978-0-520-30935-7 \|location=Oakland, California}}
	* ~~García, Hugo,~~ et al. ~~(eds~~.) ~~(2016) ''~~Rethinking ~~Antifascism~~: ~~History~~, ~~Memory~~ and ~~Politics~~, 1922 to the ~~Present''~~ (Berghahn Books)		* {{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoFTCgAAQBAJ \|title=Rethinking antifascism: history, memory and political uses, 1922 to the present \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] \|isbn=978-1-78533-138-1 \|location=New York (N.Y.)}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|last=Hayes \|first=Paul M. \|author-link=Paul Hayes (historian) \|~~title~~=~~Fascism \|date=1973 \|publisher=Allen & Unwin \|location=London \|isbn=9780043200896}} [~~https://books.google.com/books?id=CoXxDwAAQBAJ~~&dq~~=Fascism~~&pg~~=~~PT7~~ ~~online~~]		* {{Cite book \|last=Hayes \|first=Paul M. \|author-link=Paul Hayes (historian) \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoXxDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-1-138-93837-3 \|series=Routledge library editions Racism and fascism \|location=London}}
	* {{~~cite~~ web \|last=Illing \|first=Sean \|~~website~~=~~[[Vox~~ ~~(website)\|Vox]]~~ \|title=How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump ~~\|date=19 September 2018~~ \|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley}}		* {{Cite web \|last=Illing \|first=Sean \|date=19 September 2018 \|title=How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump \|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley \|website=[[Vox (website)\|Vox]]}}
	* Joes, Anthony J. ''Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence'' ~~(Routledge,~~ 2019) [~~https://books.google.com/books?id~~=~~GKubDwAAQBAJ&dq~~=~~Fascism&pg=PT8~~ ~~online].~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Joes \|first=Anthony James \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKubDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence \|last2=Gregor \|first2=A. James \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-01749-1 \|location=London ; New York}}
	* Kagan, Robert. "This is how fascism comes to America." in ~~''Ideals~~ ~~and Ideologies'~~' ~~(Routledge,~~ ~~2019)~~ ~~369–371. [~~https://www.salidalibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/How-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf ~~online]~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Kagan \|first=Robert \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es6gDwAAQBAJ \|title=Ideals and ideologies: a reader \|date=2020 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-23504-8 \|editor-last=Ball \|editor-first=Terence \|edition=11th \|location=New York \|pages=369–371 \|chapter=This is how fascism comes to America \|editor-last2=Dagger \|editor-first2=Richard \|editor-last3=O'Neill \|editor-first3=Daniel L \|chapter-url=https://www.salidalibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/How-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf}}
	* Kuklick, Bruce. '' Fascism ~~Comes~~ to America: A ~~Century~~ of ~~Obsession~~ in ~~Politics~~ and ~~Culture~~ '' (U Chicago Press ~~2022)~~ ~~online~~ ~~book~~ ~~review]~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Kuklick \|first=Bruce \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwGWEAAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism comes to America: a century of obsession in politics and culture \|date=2022 \|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] \|isbn=978-0-226-82146-7 \|location=Chicago ; London}}
	* {{~~cite~~ journal \|last=McGaughey \|first=Ewan \|~~year~~=2018 \|title=Fascism-lite in America (or ~~the~~ ~~social~~ ~~ideal~~ of Donald Trump) \|journal=[[British Journal of American Legal Studies]] \|volume=72 \|~~number~~=2 \|pages=291–315 \|doi=10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|~~ssrn~~=~~2773217~~ \|s2cid=195842347 \|doi-access=free}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=McGaughey \|first=Ewan \|date=30 December 2018 \|title=Fascism-lite in America (or The Social Ideal of Donald Trump) \|url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|journal=[[British Journal of American Legal Studies]] \|volume=7 \|issue=2 \|pages=291–315 \|doi=10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|issn=2049-4092 \|s2cid=195842347 \|ssrn=2773217 \|doi-access=free}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|last=Riley \|first=Dylan \|author-link=Dylan John Riley ~~\|year=2010~~ \|url=https://~~jhupbooks~~.~~press~~.~~jhu.edu~~/~~title/civic-foundations-fascism-europe~~ \|title=The ~~Civic~~ ~~Foundations~~ of ~~Fascism~~ in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania ~~1870–1945~~ \|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|isbn=~~9780801894275~~}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Riley \|first=Dylan J. \|author-link=Dylan John Riley \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_KTSUOQPkC \|title=The civic foundations of fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870-1945 \|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-0-8018-9427-5 \|location=Baltimore \|oclc=370387631}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|title=Erasing ~~History~~: ~~How~~ ~~Fascists~~ ~~Rewrite~~ the ~~Past~~ to ~~Control~~ the ~~Future~~ \|~~year~~=2024 ~~\|first=Jason \|last=Stanley~~ \|publisher=~~Atria/~~One Signal Publishers \|isbn=978-~~1668056912~~}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Stanley \|first=Jason \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYsPEQAAQBAJ \|title=Erasing history: how fascists rewrite the past to control the future \|date=2024 \|publisher=One Signal Publishers \|year=2024 \|isbn=978-1-6680-5691-2 \|location=New York \|oclc=on1450005012}}
	* {{~~cite~~ magazine \|last=Wiskemann \|first=Elizabeth \|author-link=Elizabeth Wiskemann \|date=December 1967 \|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-fascism ~~\|title=The Origins of Fascism~~ \|magazine=[[History Today]] \|~~volume~~=17 \|~~number~~=12 \|~~pages~~=~~812–818~~}}		* {{Cite magazine \|last=Wiskemann \|first=Elizabeth \|author-link=Elizabeth Wiskemann \|date=December 1967 \|title=The Origins of Fascism \|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-fascism \|magazine=[[History Today]] \|pages=812–818 \|volume=17 \|issue=12}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

Generalrelative: Undid revision 1255551414 by Sunrise (talk) Rm newly added WP:EDITORIALIZING content. I don't agree with Trakking's historical analysis (the content in question is broadly correct) but that is beside the point. This content is not encyclopedic in WP:TONE.

2024-11-05T14:42:50Z

Undid revision 1255551414 by Sunrise (talk) Rm newly added WP:EDITORIALIZING content. I don't agree with Trakking's historical analysis (the content in question is broadly correct) but that is beside the point. This content is not encyclopedic in WP:TONE.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:42, 5 November 2024
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	Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people. [[Federico Finchelstein]] wrote that fascism {{blockquote\|...encompassed [[totalitarianism]], [[state terrorism]], [[imperialism]], [[racism]] and, in the German case, the most radical genocide of the last century: the [[Holocaust]]. Fascism, in its many forms, did not hesitate to kill its own citizens as well as its colonial subjects in its search for ideological and political closure. Millions of civilians perished on a global scale during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond.<ref name="Finchelstein2008">{{cite journal \| last=Finchelstein \| first=Federico \| title=On Fascist Ideology \| journal=Constellations \| publisher=Wiley \| volume=15 \| issue=3 \| date=20 August 2008 \| issn=1351-0487 \| doi=10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00494.x \| pages=320–331}}</ref>}}		Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people. [[Federico Finchelstein]] wrote that fascism {{blockquote\|...encompassed [[totalitarianism]], [[state terrorism]], [[imperialism]], [[racism]] and, in the German case, the most radical genocide of the last century: the [[Holocaust]]. Fascism, in its many forms, did not hesitate to kill its own citizens as well as its colonial subjects in its search for ideological and political closure. Millions of civilians perished on a global scale during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond.<ref name="Finchelstein2008">{{cite journal \| last=Finchelstein \| first=Federico \| title=On Fascist Ideology \| journal=Constellations \| publisher=Wiley \| volume=15 \| issue=3 \| date=20 August 2008 \| issn=1351-0487 \| doi=10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00494.x \| pages=320–331}}</ref>}}

	===Poor record in war===
	Effectiveness in war is a central principle that fascism uses to justify itself. However, the record of fascism in war is poor, meaning that the ideology does badly even if it is evaluated under its own criteria.<ref name="Morgan2004">{{cite book \| last=Morgan \| first=Philip \| title=Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 \| chapter=Fascist Italy at War, 1940–43 \| publisher=Macmillan Education UK \| publication-place=London \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-0-333-94998-6 \| doi=10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_8\| quote=War should have been the apotheosis of Fascism. In fact it was its nemesis. Fascism failed the test that it had set for itself, indeed the only standard by which it wanted to be measured...}}</ref><ref name="Devereaux2023"/> [[Umberto Eco]] wrote that fascist failure in war is inevitable because fascist rhetoric identifies enemies that are a powerful and existential danger which can nevertheless be easily overwhelmed. The result is that: {{blockquote\|...by a continuous shifting of rhetorical focus, the enemies are at the same time too strong and too weak. Fascist governments are condemned to lose wars because they are constitutionally incapable of objectively evaluating the force of the enemy.<ref name="Eco1995">{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/ \|title=Umberto Eco: Eternal Fascism \|magazine=The New York Review of Books \|date=22 June 1995}}</ref>}}

	Historian Bret Devereaux wrote that of the two unambiguously fascist historical regimes, both were destroyed in wars they started, with Nazi Germany losing its war "as thoroughly and completely as it is possible to lose".<ref name="Devereaux2023"/> The only military successes of Fascist Italy, before its destruction, were colonial wars that it won only at great cost and with severe repercussions for Italy’s international standing.<ref name="Devereaux2023">{{Cite web\| title=On the Military Failures of Fascism\| author=Devereaux B\| date=23 February 2023\| access-date=5 November 2024\| url=https://acoup.blog/2024/02/23/fireside-friday-february-23-2024-on-the-military-failures-of-fascism/}}</ref> During their wars, both nations displayed major strategic failures that have since been extensively studied.<ref name="Devereaux2023"/><ref>Additional examples include:
	*{{cite book \| last=Albanese \| first=G. \| title=Rethinking the History of Italian Fascism \| chapter=The Military Failure of the Regime\| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| series=Routledge Studies in Modern European History \| year=2022 \| isbn=978-1-000-55453-3 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYFZEAAAQBAJ \| access-date=5 November 2024}}
	*{{cite journal \|author=Konstantopoulos SG \|date=2018 \|title=Blind Sabotage: How the Nazi mythology created a culture of cognitive errors, collapsed the Third Reich, and cautions today’s intelligence community \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26566575 \|journal=American Intelligence Journal \|volume=35 \|issue=2 \|pages=144-150 \|access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> The evidence that Italy was losing in WWII, meaning that fascism was failing under its own standards, was a major factor in the collapse in support for the regime.<ref name="Morgan2004"/><ref name="Morgan2004b">{{cite book \| last=Morgan \| first=Philip \| title=Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 \| chapter=Fascist Italy at War, 1940–43 \| publisher=Macmillan Education UK \| publication-place=London \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-0-333-94998-6 \| doi=10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_8\| quote=The loss of confidence in the regime and Mussolini’s leadership was almost general as a result of the impact of the war and the near-certainty of Axis defeat.}}</ref>

	In general, non-democracies are less likely to win wars than democracies.<ref name="Choi2004">Ajin Choi, (2004). "Democratic Synergy and Victory in War, 1816–1992". ''International Studies Quarterly'', Volume 48, Number 3, September 2004, pp. 663–82 (20). {{doi\|10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00319.x}}</ref><ref name="Reiter2002">{{Cite book \|first1=Reiter \|last1=Dan \|last2=Stam \|first2=Allan C. \|year=2002 \|title=Democracies at War \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=0691089485 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democraciesatwar00danr/page/64 64–70] \|url=https://archive.org/details/democraciesatwar00danr/page/64 }}</ref> This has been attributed to factors such as poor use of resources when compared to democracies, less effective cooperation with allies, and reduced initiative and inferior leadership in the military.<ref name="Choi2004"/><ref name="Reiter2002"/>

	===Unprincipled opportunism===		===Unprincipled opportunism===

Sunrise: restore sourced content; see talk

2024-11-05T14:31:58Z

restore sourced content; see talk

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:31, 5 November 2024
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	Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people. [[Federico Finchelstein]] wrote that fascism {{blockquote\|...encompassed [[totalitarianism]], [[state terrorism]], [[imperialism]], [[racism]] and, in the German case, the most radical genocide of the last century: the [[Holocaust]]. Fascism, in its many forms, did not hesitate to kill its own citizens as well as its colonial subjects in its search for ideological and political closure. Millions of civilians perished on a global scale during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond.<ref name="Finchelstein2008">{{cite journal \| last=Finchelstein \| first=Federico \| title=On Fascist Ideology \| journal=Constellations \| publisher=Wiley \| volume=15 \| issue=3 \| date=20 August 2008 \| issn=1351-0487 \| doi=10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00494.x \| pages=320–331}}</ref>}}		Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people. [[Federico Finchelstein]] wrote that fascism {{blockquote\|...encompassed [[totalitarianism]], [[state terrorism]], [[imperialism]], [[racism]] and, in the German case, the most radical genocide of the last century: the [[Holocaust]]. Fascism, in its many forms, did not hesitate to kill its own citizens as well as its colonial subjects in its search for ideological and political closure. Millions of civilians perished on a global scale during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond.<ref name="Finchelstein2008">{{cite journal \| last=Finchelstein \| first=Federico \| title=On Fascist Ideology \| journal=Constellations \| publisher=Wiley \| volume=15 \| issue=3 \| date=20 August 2008 \| issn=1351-0487 \| doi=10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00494.x \| pages=320–331}}</ref>}}

			===Poor record in war===
			Effectiveness in war is a central principle that fascism uses to justify itself. However, the record of fascism in war is poor, meaning that the ideology does badly even if it is evaluated under its own criteria.<ref name="Morgan2004">{{cite book \| last=Morgan \| first=Philip \| title=Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 \| chapter=Fascist Italy at War, 1940–43 \| publisher=Macmillan Education UK \| publication-place=London \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-0-333-94998-6 \| doi=10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_8\| quote=War should have been the apotheosis of Fascism. In fact it was its nemesis. Fascism failed the test that it had set for itself, indeed the only standard by which it wanted to be measured...}}</ref><ref name="Devereaux2023"/> [[Umberto Eco]] wrote that fascist failure in war is inevitable because fascist rhetoric identifies enemies that are a powerful and existential danger which can nevertheless be easily overwhelmed. The result is that: {{blockquote\|...by a continuous shifting of rhetorical focus, the enemies are at the same time too strong and too weak. Fascist governments are condemned to lose wars because they are constitutionally incapable of objectively evaluating the force of the enemy.<ref name="Eco1995">{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/ \|title=Umberto Eco: Eternal Fascism \|magazine=The New York Review of Books \|date=22 June 1995}}</ref>}}

			Historian Bret Devereaux wrote that of the two unambiguously fascist historical regimes, both were destroyed in wars they started, with Nazi Germany losing its war "as thoroughly and completely as it is possible to lose".<ref name="Devereaux2023"/> The only military successes of Fascist Italy, before its destruction, were colonial wars that it won only at great cost and with severe repercussions for Italy’s international standing.<ref name="Devereaux2023">{{Cite web\| title=On the Military Failures of Fascism\| author=Devereaux B\| date=23 February 2023\| access-date=5 November 2024\| url=https://acoup.blog/2024/02/23/fireside-friday-february-23-2024-on-the-military-failures-of-fascism/}}</ref> During their wars, both nations displayed major strategic failures that have since been extensively studied.<ref name="Devereaux2023"/><ref>Additional examples include:
			*{{cite book \| last=Albanese \| first=G. \| title=Rethinking the History of Italian Fascism \| chapter=The Military Failure of the Regime\| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| series=Routledge Studies in Modern European History \| year=2022 \| isbn=978-1-000-55453-3 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYFZEAAAQBAJ \| access-date=5 November 2024}}
			*{{cite journal \|author=Konstantopoulos SG \|date=2018 \|title=Blind Sabotage: How the Nazi mythology created a culture of cognitive errors, collapsed the Third Reich, and cautions today’s intelligence community \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26566575 \|journal=American Intelligence Journal \|volume=35 \|issue=2 \|pages=144-150 \|access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> The evidence that Italy was losing in WWII, meaning that fascism was failing under its own standards, was a major factor in the collapse in support for the regime.<ref name="Morgan2004"/><ref name="Morgan2004b">{{cite book \| last=Morgan \| first=Philip \| title=Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 \| chapter=Fascist Italy at War, 1940–43 \| publisher=Macmillan Education UK \| publication-place=London \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-0-333-94998-6 \| doi=10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_8\| quote=The loss of confidence in the regime and Mussolini’s leadership was almost general as a result of the impact of the war and the near-certainty of Axis defeat.}}</ref>

			In general, non-democracies are less likely to win wars than democracies.<ref name="Choi2004">Ajin Choi, (2004). "Democratic Synergy and Victory in War, 1816–1992". ''International Studies Quarterly'', Volume 48, Number 3, September 2004, pp. 663–82 (20). {{doi\|10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00319.x}}</ref><ref name="Reiter2002">{{Cite book \|first1=Reiter \|last1=Dan \|last2=Stam \|first2=Allan C. \|year=2002 \|title=Democracies at War \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=0691089485 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democraciesatwar00danr/page/64 64–70] \|url=https://archive.org/details/democraciesatwar00danr/page/64 }}</ref> This has been attributed to factors such as poor use of resources when compared to democracies, less effective cooperation with allies, and reduced initiative and inferior leadership in the military.<ref name="Choi2004"/><ref name="Reiter2002"/>

	===Unprincipled opportunism===		===Unprincipled opportunism===

Trakking: as per WP:SCAREQUOTES

2024-11-05T12:02:11Z

as per WP:SCAREQUOTES

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:02, 5 November 2024
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	Fascism rejects the view that violence is inherently negative or pointless but rather views [[imperialism]], [[political violence]], and war as means to national rejuvenation.{{sfnmp\|Grčić\|2000\|1p=120 \|2a1=Griffin\|2a2=Feldman\|2y=2004c\|2p=185 \|Spielvogel\|2012\|3p=935 \|Payne\|1995\|4p=106}}{{sfnp\|Rietbergen\|2000\|pp=160–161}} Fascists often advocate for the establishment of a totalitarian [[one-party state]],{{sfnp\|Griffin\|2013\|pp=1–6}}{{sfnp\|Mussolini\|2002\|p=40}} and for a [[dirigiste]] economy (a market economy in which the state plays a strong directive role through [[economic interventionist]] policies), with the principal goal of achieving [[autarky]] (national economic self-sufficiency).<ref>{{harvnb\|Davies\|Lynch\|2002\|p=275\|ps=: "Detailed and intrusive state direction of the economy and/or society. Dirigisme was central to both fascism and Communist systems. However, in the case of fascism, there was no requirement for outright state ownership of the means of production, as long as the economy could be harnessed to serve what fascists deemed to be the 'national interest'."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Berend \|first=Iván T. \|author-link=Iván T. Berend \|title=An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|year=2016 \|pages=93}}</ref> Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people.		Fascism rejects the view that violence is inherently negative or pointless but rather views [[imperialism]], [[political violence]], and war as means to national rejuvenation.{{sfnmp\|Grčić\|2000\|1p=120 \|2a1=Griffin\|2a2=Feldman\|2y=2004c\|2p=185 \|Spielvogel\|2012\|3p=935 \|Payne\|1995\|4p=106}}{{sfnp\|Rietbergen\|2000\|pp=160–161}} Fascists often advocate for the establishment of a totalitarian [[one-party state]],{{sfnp\|Griffin\|2013\|pp=1–6}}{{sfnp\|Mussolini\|2002\|p=40}} and for a [[dirigiste]] economy (a market economy in which the state plays a strong directive role through [[economic interventionist]] policies), with the principal goal of achieving [[autarky]] (national economic self-sufficiency).<ref>{{harvnb\|Davies\|Lynch\|2002\|p=275\|ps=: "Detailed and intrusive state direction of the economy and/or society. Dirigisme was central to both fascism and Communist systems. However, in the case of fascism, there was no requirement for outright state ownership of the means of production, as long as the economy could be harnessed to serve what fascists deemed to be the 'national interest'."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Berend \|first=Iván T. \|author-link=Iván T. Berend \|title=An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|year=2016 \|pages=93}}</ref> Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people.

	Since the end of World War II in 1945, fascism has been largely disgraced, and few parties have openly described themselves as ''fascist''; the term is often used [[Fascist (insult)\|pejoratively]] by political opponents. The descriptions ''[[neo-fascist]]'' or ''post-fascist'' are sometimes applied to contemporary parties with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th-century fascist movements.<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion"/>{{sfnp\|Enciclopedia Italiana ''Neofascismo''}} Some opposition groups have adopted the label "[[anti-fascist]]" (often shortened to "[[Post–World War II anti-fascism\|antifa]]") to signify their stance.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Bogel-Burroughs \|first1=Nicholas \|last2=Garcia \|first2=Sandra E. \|date=28 September 2020 \|title=What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group? \|language=en-US \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-antifa-trump.html \|access-date=7 September 2022 \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>		Since the end of World War II in 1945, fascism has been largely disgraced, and few parties have openly described themselves as ''fascist''; the term is often used [[Fascist (insult)\|pejoratively]] by political opponents. The descriptions ''[[neo-fascist]]'' or ''post-fascist'' are sometimes applied to contemporary parties with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th-century fascist movements.<ref name="RoutledgeCompanion"/>{{sfnp\|Enciclopedia Italiana ''Neofascismo''}} Some opposition groups have adopted the label [[anti-fascist]] (often shortened to [[Post–World War II anti-fascism\|antifa]]) to signify their stance.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Bogel-Burroughs \|first1=Nicholas \|last2=Garcia \|first2=Sandra E. \|date=28 September 2020 \|title=What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group? \|language=en-US \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-antifa-trump.html \|access-date=7 September 2022 \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==

Sunrise: +wl

2024-11-05T11:59:53Z

+wl

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:59, 5 November 2024
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	Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically [[fascist]] type of [[economic policy]] can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.<ref>Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" ''New Political Economy'' '''11''' (2): 227–250. {{doi\|10.1080/13563460600655581}}.</ref> [[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne]], [[Robert Paxton\|Paxton]], [[Zeev Sternhell\|Sternhell]] ''et al.'' argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.<ref>Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology''. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN\|9780691044866}}.</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism, 1914–1945''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN\|9780299148744}}.</ref><ref>[[Robert Paxton\|Paxton, Robert O.]] (2004). ''[[The Anatomy of Fascism]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN\|9781400040940}}.</ref> [[Gerald Feldman]] and [[Timothy Mason]] argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework.<ref>Woodley, Daniel (2009). ''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology''. London: Routledge. p. 161. {{ISBN\|9781135248802}}.</ref>		Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically [[fascist]] type of [[economic policy]] can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.<ref>Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" ''New Political Economy'' '''11''' (2): 227–250. {{doi\|10.1080/13563460600655581}}.</ref> [[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne]], [[Robert Paxton\|Paxton]], [[Zeev Sternhell\|Sternhell]] ''et al.'' argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.<ref>Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology''. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN\|9780691044866}}.</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism, 1914–1945''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN\|9780299148744}}.</ref><ref>[[Robert Paxton\|Paxton, Robert O.]] (2004). ''[[The Anatomy of Fascism]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN\|9781400040940}}.</ref> [[Gerald Feldman]] and [[Timothy Mason]] argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework.<ref>Woodley, Daniel (2009). ''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology''. London: Routledge. p. 161. {{ISBN\|9781135248802}}.</ref>

	Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascism had a complex relationship with [[capitalism]], both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}		Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascism had a complex relationship with [[capitalism]], both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as [[autarky]], was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}

	Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.		Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.

Trakking: /* Poor record in war */ - removal of a newly added ”criticism”, which is weak; Nazi Germany conquered entire Europe, while Fascist Japan conquered entire East Asia; the primary reason they lost is that their enemy was more populous [Soviet Union] and wealthier [United States]; those two nations would obliterate anyone else, yet it was a fair fight with the fascists

2024-11-05T11:58:51Z

Poor record in war: - removal of a newly added ”criticism”, which is weak; Nazi Germany conquered entire Europe, while Fascist Japan conquered entire East Asia; the primary reason they lost is that their enemy was more populous [Soviet Union] and wealthier [United States]; those two nations would obliterate anyone else, yet it was a fair fight with the fascists

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	Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people. [[Federico Finchelstein]] wrote that fascism {{blockquote\|...encompassed [[totalitarianism]], [[state terrorism]], [[imperialism]], [[racism]] and, in the German case, the most radical genocide of the last century: the [[Holocaust]]. Fascism, in its many forms, did not hesitate to kill its own citizens as well as its colonial subjects in its search for ideological and political closure. Millions of civilians perished on a global scale during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond.<ref name="Finchelstein2008">{{cite journal \| last=Finchelstein \| first=Federico \| title=On Fascist Ideology \| journal=Constellations \| publisher=Wiley \| volume=15 \| issue=3 \| date=20 August 2008 \| issn=1351-0487 \| doi=10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00494.x \| pages=320–331}}</ref>}}		Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in [[racial purity]] or a [[master race]], usually blended with some variant of [[racism]] or [[discrimination]] against a demonized "[[Other (philosophy)\|Other]]", such as [[Jews]], [[homosexuals]], [[transgender people]], [[ethnic minorities]], or [[immigrants]]. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit [[massacre]]s, [[forced sterilizations]], [[deportation]]s, and [[genocide]]s.{{sfnmp\|1a1=Kallis\|1y=2011\|2a1=Paxton\|2y=1998\|3a1=Lancaster\|3y=2011}} During [[World War II]], the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist [[Axis powers]] resulted in the murder of millions of people. [[Federico Finchelstein]] wrote that fascism {{blockquote\|...encompassed [[totalitarianism]], [[state terrorism]], [[imperialism]], [[racism]] and, in the German case, the most radical genocide of the last century: the [[Holocaust]]. Fascism, in its many forms, did not hesitate to kill its own citizens as well as its colonial subjects in its search for ideological and political closure. Millions of civilians perished on a global scale during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond.<ref name="Finchelstein2008">{{cite journal \| last=Finchelstein \| first=Federico \| title=On Fascist Ideology \| journal=Constellations \| publisher=Wiley \| volume=15 \| issue=3 \| date=20 August 2008 \| issn=1351-0487 \| doi=10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00494.x \| pages=320–331}}</ref>}}

	===Poor record in war===

	Effectiveness in war is a central principle that fascism uses to justify itself. However, the record of fascism in war is poor, meaning that the ideology does badly even if it is evaluated under its own criteria.<ref name="Morgan2004">{{cite book \| last=Morgan \| first=Philip \| title=Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 \| chapter=Fascist Italy at War, 1940–43 \| publisher=Macmillan Education UK \| publication-place=London \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-0-333-94998-6 \| doi=10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_8\| quote=War should have been the apotheosis of Fascism. In fact it was its nemesis. Fascism failed the test that it had set for itself, indeed the only standard by which it wanted to be measured...}}</ref><ref name="Devereaux2023"/> [[Umberto Eco]] wrote that fascist failure in war is inevitable because fascist rhetoric identifies enemies that are a powerful and existential danger which can nevertheless be easily overwhelmed. The result is that: {{blockquote\|...by a continuous shifting of rhetorical focus, the enemies are at the same time too strong and too weak. Fascist governments are condemned to lose wars because they are constitutionally incapable of objectively evaluating the force of the enemy.<ref name="Eco1995">{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/ \|title=Umberto Eco: Eternal Fascism \|magazine=The New York Review of Books \|date=22 June 1995}}</ref>}}

	Historian Bret Devereaux wrote that of the two unambiguously fascist historical regimes, both were destroyed in wars they started, with Nazi Germany losing its war "as thoroughly and completely as it is possible to lose".<ref name="Devereaux2023"/> The only military successes of Fascist Italy, before its destruction, were colonial wars that it won only at great cost and with severe repercussions for Italy’s international standing.<ref name="Devereaux2023">{{Cite web\| title=On the Military Failures of Fascism\| author=Devereaux B\| date=23 February 2023\| access-date=5 November 2024\| url=https://acoup.blog/2024/02/23/fireside-friday-february-23-2024-on-the-military-failures-of-fascism/}}</ref> During their wars, both nations displayed major strategic failures that have since been extensively studied.<ref name="Devereaux2023"/><ref>Additional examples include:
	*{{cite book \| last=Albanese \| first=G. \| title=Rethinking the History of Italian Fascism \| chapter=The Military Failure of the Regime\| publisher=Taylor & Francis \| series=Routledge Studies in Modern European History \| year=2022 \| isbn=978-1-000-55453-3 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYFZEAAAQBAJ \| access-date=5 November 2024}}
	*{{cite journal \|author=Konstantopoulos SG \|date=2018 \|title=Blind Sabotage: How the Nazi mythology created a culture of cognitive errors, collapsed the Third Reich, and cautions today’s intelligence community \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26566575 \|journal=American Intelligence Journal \|volume=35 \|issue=2 \|pages=144-150 \|access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> The evidence that Italy was losing in WWII, meaning that fascism was failing under its own standards, was a major factor in the collapse in support for the regime.<ref name="Morgan2004"/><ref name="Morgan2004b">{{cite book \| last=Morgan \| first=Philip \| title=Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 \| chapter=Fascist Italy at War, 1940–43 \| publisher=Macmillan Education UK \| publication-place=London \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-0-333-94998-6 \| doi=10.1007/978-0-230-80267-4_8\| quote=The loss of confidence in the regime and Mussolini’s leadership was almost general as a result of the impact of the war and the near-certainty of Axis defeat.}}</ref>

	In general, non-democracies are less likely to win wars than democracies.<ref name="Choi2004">Ajin Choi, (2004). "Democratic Synergy and Victory in War, 1816–1992". ''International Studies Quarterly'', Volume 48, Number 3, September 2004, pp. 663–82 (20). {{doi\|10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00319.x}}</ref><ref name="Reiter2002">{{Cite book \|first1=Reiter \|last1=Dan \|last2=Stam \|first2=Allan C. \|year=2002 \|title=Democracies at War \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=0691089485 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democraciesatwar00danr/page/64 64–70] \|url=https://archive.org/details/democraciesatwar00danr/page/64 }}</ref> This has been attributed to factors such as poor use of resources when compared to democracies, less effective cooperation with allies, and reduced initiative and inferior leadership in the military.<ref name="Choi2004"/><ref name="Reiter2002"/>

	===Unprincipled opportunism===		===Unprincipled opportunism===

Sunrise: expand from Economics of fascism

2024-11-05T11:58:17Z

expand from Economics of fascism

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	{{Main\|Economics of fascism}}		{{Main\|Economics of fascism}}

			Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically [[fascist]] type of [[economic policy]] can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.<ref>Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" ''New Political Economy'' '''11''' (2): 227–250. {{doi\|10.1080/13563460600655581}}.</ref> [[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne]], [[Robert Paxton\|Paxton]], [[Zeev Sternhell\|Sternhell]] ''et al.'' argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.<ref>Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology''. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN\|9780691044866}}.</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism, 1914–1945''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN\|9780299148744}}.</ref><ref>[[Robert Paxton\|Paxton, Robert O.]] (2004). ''[[The Anatomy of Fascism]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN\|9781400040940}}.</ref> [[Gerald Feldman]] and [[Timothy Mason]] argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework.<ref>Woodley, Daniel (2009). ''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology''. London: Routledge. p. 161. {{ISBN\|9781135248802}}.</ref>
⚫	Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}

		⚫	Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascism had a complex relationship with [[capitalism]], both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}

	Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.		Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.

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	===Further reading===		===Further reading===
	{{refbegin\|30em}}		{{refbegin\|30em}}
	* Ahmed, Saladdin. "Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory~~." ''Critical Sociology'' 49.4–5 (2023): 669–687.~~ [https://www.researchgate.net~~/profile/Saladdin-Ahmed~~/publication/362039222_Fascism_as_an_Ideological_Form_A_Critical_Theory~~/links/6367d7ab54eb5f547cac12ee/Fascism-as-an-Ideological-Form-A-~~Critical-~~Theory.pdf~~ ~~online]~~.		* {{Cite journal \|last=Ahmed \|first=Saladdin \|date=July 2023 \|title=Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362039222_Fascism_as_an_Ideological_Form_A_Critical_Theory \|journal=Critical Sociology \|language=en \|volume=49 \|issue=4-5 \|pages=669–687 \|doi=10.1177/08969205221109869 \|issn=0896-9205}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|last=Albright \|first=Madeleine \|author-link=Madeleine Albright \|title=Fascism: A ~~Warning~~ \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|location=~~New~~ ~~York~~}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Albright \|first=Madeleine \|author-link=Madeleine Albright \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzs2DwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism: a warning \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|isbn=978-0-00-828227-1 \|location=London \|oclc=1031976003}}
	* {{~~cite~~ journal \|last=Alcalde \|first=Ángel \|title=The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research \|journal=[[Contemporary European History]] ~~\|year=2020~~ \|volume=29 \|~~number~~=2 \|pages=~~1–10~~ \|doi=10.1017/S0960777320000089 \|s2cid=213889043}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Alcalde \|first=Ángel \|date=May 2020 \|title=The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research \|journal=[[Contemporary European History]] \|volume=29 \|issue=2 \|pages=243–252 \|doi=10.1017/S0960777320000089 \|issn=0960-7773 \|s2cid=213889043}}
			* {{Cite journal \|last=Berezin \|first=Mabel \|date=30 July 2019 \|title=Fascism and Populism: Are They Useful Categories for Comparative Sociological Analysis? \|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351 \|journal=Annual Review of Sociology \|language=en \|volume=45 \|issue=1 \|pages=345–361 \|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351 \|issn=0360-0572 \|doi-access=free}}
	* Berezin, Mabel. "Fascism and populism: Are they useful categories for comparative sociological analysis?." ''Annual Review of Sociology'' 45 (2019): 345–361. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:mujjsenJ7q4J:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&as_ylo=2019&scillfp=8620327711621867617&oi=lle online].
	* Churchwell, Sarah. "American ~~fascism~~: It ~~has~~ ~~happened~~ ~~here."~~ ~~''The New York Review of Books'', p. 22 (2020). [~~http://termushistory.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/140610243/Fascism%20in%20America%20today%20-%20New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books.pdf ~~online~~].		* {{Cite magazine \|last=Churchwell \|first=Sarah \|date=22 June 2020 \|title=American Fascism: It Has Happened Here \|url=http://termushistory.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/140610243/Fascism%20in%20America%20today%20-%20New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books.pdf \|magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] \|page=22 \|issn=0028-7504}}
	* {{~~cite~~ journal \|last=Esposito \|first=Fernando \|~~url~~=~~http://docupedia.de/zg/Esposito_fascism_v1_en_2017~~ \|title=Fascism – Concepts and Theories, ~~version 1~~ \|journal=Docupedia Zeitgeschichte \|volume=31 \|~~date~~=~~August~~ ~~2017~~}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Esposito \|first=Fernando \|last2=Zentrum Für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam \|date=August 2017 \|title=Fascism – Concepts and Theories \|url=https://docupedia.de/zg/Esposito_fascism_v1_en_2017 \|journal=Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte \|language=en \|volume=31 \|doi=10.14765/ZZF.DOK.2.1111.V1 \|doi-access=free}}
	* Finchelstein, Federico. ''From ~~fascism~~ to populism in history'' (U of California Press, ~~2019)~~ ~~[https://books.google.com/books?id~~=~~h4qdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Fascism&pg=PR9~~ ~~online].~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Finchelstein \|first=Federico \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4qdDwAAQBAJ \|title=From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[University of California Press]] \|isbn=978-0-520-30935-7 \|location=Oakland, California}}
	* ~~García, Hugo,~~ et al. ~~(eds~~.) ~~(2016) ''~~Rethinking ~~Antifascism~~: ~~History~~, ~~Memory~~ and ~~Politics~~, 1922 to the ~~Present''~~ (Berghahn Books)		* {{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoFTCgAAQBAJ \|title=Rethinking antifascism: history, memory and political uses, 1922 to the present \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] \|isbn=978-1-78533-138-1 \|location=New York (N.Y.)}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|last=Hayes \|first=Paul M. \|author-link=Paul Hayes (historian) \|~~title~~=~~Fascism \|date=1973 \|publisher=Allen & Unwin \|location=London \|isbn=9780043200896}} [~~https://books.google.com/books?id=CoXxDwAAQBAJ~~&dq~~=Fascism~~&pg~~=~~PT7~~ ~~online~~]		* {{Cite book \|last=Hayes \|first=Paul M. \|author-link=Paul Hayes (historian) \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoXxDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-1-138-93837-3 \|series=Routledge library editions Racism and fascism \|location=London}}
	* {{~~cite~~ web \|last=Illing \|first=Sean \|~~website~~=~~[[Vox~~ ~~(website)\|Vox]]~~ \|title=How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump ~~\|date=19 September 2018~~ \|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley}}		* {{Cite web \|last=Illing \|first=Sean \|date=19 September 2018 \|title=How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump \|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley \|website=[[Vox (website)\|Vox]]}}
	* Joes, Anthony J. ''Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence'' ~~(Routledge,~~ 2019) [~~https://books.google.com/books?id~~=~~GKubDwAAQBAJ&dq~~=~~Fascism&pg=PT8~~ ~~online].~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Joes \|first=Anthony James \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKubDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence \|last2=Gregor \|first2=A. James \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-01749-1 \|location=London ; New York}}
	* Kagan, Robert. "This is how fascism comes to America." in ~~''Ideals~~ ~~and Ideologies'~~' ~~(Routledge,~~ ~~2019)~~ ~~369–371. [~~https://www.salidalibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/How-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf ~~online]~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Kagan \|first=Robert \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es6gDwAAQBAJ \|title=Ideals and ideologies: a reader \|date=2020 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-23504-8 \|editor-last=Ball \|editor-first=Terence \|edition=11th \|location=New York \|pages=369–371 \|chapter=This is how fascism comes to America \|editor-last2=Dagger \|editor-first2=Richard \|editor-last3=O'Neill \|editor-first3=Daniel L \|chapter-url=https://www.salidalibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/How-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf}}
	* Kuklick, Bruce. '' Fascism ~~Comes~~ to America: A ~~Century~~ of ~~Obsession~~ in ~~Politics~~ and ~~Culture~~ '' (U Chicago Press ~~2022)~~ ~~online~~ ~~book~~ ~~review]~~		* {{Cite book \|last=Kuklick \|first=Bruce \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwGWEAAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism comes to America: a century of obsession in politics and culture \|date=2022 \|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] \|isbn=978-0-226-82146-7 \|location=Chicago ; London}}
	* {{~~cite~~ journal \|last=McGaughey \|first=Ewan \|~~year~~=2018 \|title=Fascism-lite in America (or ~~the~~ ~~social~~ ~~ideal~~ of Donald Trump) \|journal=[[British Journal of American Legal Studies]] \|volume=72 \|~~number~~=2 \|pages=291–315 \|doi=10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|~~ssrn~~=~~2773217~~ \|s2cid=195842347 \|doi-access=free}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=McGaughey \|first=Ewan \|date=30 December 2018 \|title=Fascism-lite in America (or The Social Ideal of Donald Trump) \|url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|journal=[[British Journal of American Legal Studies]] \|volume=7 \|issue=2 \|pages=291–315 \|doi=10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|issn=2049-4092 \|s2cid=195842347 \|ssrn=2773217 \|doi-access=free}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|last=Riley \|first=Dylan \|author-link=Dylan John Riley ~~\|year=2010~~ \|url=https://~~jhupbooks~~.~~press~~.~~jhu.edu~~/~~title/civic-foundations-fascism-europe~~ \|title=The ~~Civic~~ ~~Foundations~~ of ~~Fascism~~ in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania ~~1870–1945~~ \|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|isbn=~~9780801894275~~}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Riley \|first=Dylan J. \|author-link=Dylan John Riley \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_KTSUOQPkC \|title=The civic foundations of fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870-1945 \|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-0-8018-9427-5 \|location=Baltimore \|oclc=370387631}}
	* {{~~cite~~ book \|title=Erasing ~~History~~: ~~How~~ ~~Fascists~~ ~~Rewrite~~ the ~~Past~~ to ~~Control~~ the ~~Future~~ \|~~year~~=2024 ~~\|first=Jason \|last=Stanley~~ \|publisher=~~Atria/~~One Signal Publishers \|isbn=978-~~1668056912~~}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Stanley \|first=Jason \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYsPEQAAQBAJ \|title=Erasing history: how fascists rewrite the past to control the future \|date=2024 \|publisher=One Signal Publishers \|year=2024 \|isbn=978-1-6680-5691-2 \|location=New York \|oclc=on1450005012}}
	* {{~~cite~~ magazine \|last=Wiskemann \|first=Elizabeth \|author-link=Elizabeth Wiskemann \|date=December 1967 \|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-fascism ~~\|title=The Origins of Fascism~~ \|magazine=[[History Today]] \|~~volume~~=17 \|~~number~~=12 \|~~pages~~=~~812–818~~}}		* {{Cite magazine \|last=Wiskemann \|first=Elizabeth \|author-link=Elizabeth Wiskemann \|date=December 1967 \|title=The Origins of Fascism \|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-fascism \|magazine=[[History Today]] \|pages=812–818 \|volume=17 \|issue=12}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

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	Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically [[fascist]] type of [[economic policy]] can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.<ref>Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" ''New Political Economy'' '''11''' (2): 227–250. {{doi\|10.1080/13563460600655581}}.</ref> [[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne]], [[Robert Paxton\|Paxton]], [[Zeev Sternhell\|Sternhell]] ''et al.'' argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.<ref>Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology''. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN\|9780691044866}}.</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism, 1914–1945''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN\|9780299148744}}.</ref><ref>[[Robert Paxton\|Paxton, Robert O.]] (2004). ''[[The Anatomy of Fascism]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN\|9781400040940}}.</ref> [[Gerald Feldman]] and [[Timothy Mason]] argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework.<ref>Woodley, Daniel (2009). ''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology''. London: Routledge. p. 161. {{ISBN\|9781135248802}}.</ref>		Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically [[fascist]] type of [[economic policy]] can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.<ref>Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" ''New Political Economy'' '''11''' (2): 227–250. {{doi\|10.1080/13563460600655581}}.</ref> [[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne]], [[Robert Paxton\|Paxton]], [[Zeev Sternhell\|Sternhell]] ''et al.'' argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.<ref>Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology''. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN\|9780691044866}}.</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism, 1914–1945''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN\|9780299148744}}.</ref><ref>[[Robert Paxton\|Paxton, Robert O.]] (2004). ''[[The Anatomy of Fascism]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN\|9781400040940}}.</ref> [[Gerald Feldman]] and [[Timothy Mason]] argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework.<ref>Woodley, Daniel (2009). ''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology''. London: Routledge. p. 161. {{ISBN\|9781135248802}}.</ref>

	Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascism had a complex relationship with [[capitalism]], both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}		Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascism had a complex relationship with [[capitalism]], both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as [[autarky]], was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}

	Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.		Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.

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	{{Main\|Economics of fascism}}		{{Main\|Economics of fascism}}

			Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically [[fascist]] type of [[economic policy]] can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.<ref>Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" ''New Political Economy'' '''11''' (2): 227–250. {{doi\|10.1080/13563460600655581}}.</ref> [[Stanley G. Payne\|Payne]], [[Robert Paxton\|Paxton]], [[Zeev Sternhell\|Sternhell]] ''et al.'' argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.<ref>Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. ''The Birth of Fascist Ideology''. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN\|9780691044866}}.</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley G. (1995). ''A History of Fascism, 1914–1945''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN\|9780299148744}}.</ref><ref>[[Robert Paxton\|Paxton, Robert O.]] (2004). ''[[The Anatomy of Fascism]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN\|9781400040940}}.</ref> [[Gerald Feldman]] and [[Timothy Mason]] argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework.<ref>Woodley, Daniel (2009). ''Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology''. London: Routledge. p. 161. {{ISBN\|9781135248802}}.</ref>
⚫	Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}

		⚫	Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international [[socialism]] and [[free-market capitalism]].{{sfnp\|Bastow\|Martin\|2003\|p=36}} While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to [[nationalism]], describing it as national [[solidarity]] and unity.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|title=Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). \|access-date=28 July 2016 \|archive-date=31 July 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=610}} Fascism had a complex relationship with [[capitalism]], both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter (1978). ''Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography''. University of California Press. p. 357. {{ISBN\|978-0-520-03642-0}}</ref><ref>Overy, Richard (1994). ''War and Economy in the Third Reich''. Oxford University Press. p. 1. {{ISBN\|978-0-19-820290-5}}</ref> Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.{{sfnp\|De Grand\|1995\|pp=60–61}}

	Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.		Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic [[class conflict]] within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.{{sfnp\|Griffin\|1991\|pp=222–223}} This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of [[Classical liberalism\|classical liberal]]-inspired capitalists).{{sfnp\|Hoover\|1935\|pp=13–20}} While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in international conflict between [[proletarian nations]] and [[bourgeois nations]].{{sfnp\|Neocleous\|1997\|pp=21–22}} Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism.{{sfnp\|Blamires\|2006\|p=102}} In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a [[Productivism\|productivist]] perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.

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	===Further reading===		===Further reading===
	{{refbegin\|30em}}		{{refbegin\|30em}}
	* {{Cite journal \|last=Ahmed \|first=Saladdin \|date=July 2023 \|title=Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/~~362039222_Fascism_as_an_Ideological_Form_A_Critical_Theory~~ \|journal=Critical Sociology \|language=en \|volume=49 \|issue=~~4-5~~ \|pages=669–687 \|doi=10.1177/08969205221109869 \|issn=0896-9205}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Ahmed \|first=Saladdin \|date=July 2023 \|title=Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362039222 \|journal=Critical Sociology \|language=en \|volume=49 \|issue=4–5 \|pages=669–687 \|doi=10.1177/08969205221109869 \|issn=0896-9205}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Albright \|first=Madeleine \|author-link=Madeleine Albright \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzs2DwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism: a warning \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|isbn=978-0-00-828227-1 \|location=London \|oclc=1031976003}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Albright \|first=Madeleine \|author-link=Madeleine Albright \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzs2DwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism: a warning \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|isbn=978-0-00-828227-1 \|location=London \|oclc=1031976003}}
	* {{Cite journal \|last=Alcalde \|first=Ángel \|date=May 2020 \|title=The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research \|journal=[[Contemporary European History]] \|volume=29 \|issue=2 \|pages=243–252 \|doi=10.1017/S0960777320000089 \|issn=0960-7773 \|s2cid=213889043}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Alcalde \|first=Ángel \|date=May 2020 \|title=The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research \|journal=[[Contemporary European History]] \|volume=29 \|issue=2 \|pages=243–252 \|doi=10.1017/S0960777320000089 \|issn=0960-7773 \|s2cid=213889043}}
	* {{Cite journal \|last=Berezin \|first=Mabel \|date=30 July 2019 \|title=Fascism and Populism: Are They Useful Categories for Comparative Sociological Analysis? ~~\|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351~~ \|journal=Annual Review of Sociology \|language=en \|volume=45 \|issue=1 \|pages=345–361 \|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351 \|issn=0360-0572 \|doi-access=free}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Berezin \|first=Mabel \|date=30 July 2019 \|title=Fascism and Populism: Are They Useful Categories for Comparative Sociological Analysis? \|journal=Annual Review of Sociology \|language=en \|volume=45 \|issue=1 \|pages=345–361 \|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351 \|issn=0360-0572 \|doi-access=free}}
	* {{Cite magazine \|last=Churchwell \|first=Sarah \|date=22 June 2020 \|title=American Fascism: It Has Happened Here \|url=http://termushistory.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/140610243/Fascism%20in%20America%20today%20-%20New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books.pdf \|magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] \|page=22 \|issn=0028-7504}}		* {{Cite magazine \|last=Churchwell \|first=Sarah \|date=22 June 2020 \|title=American Fascism: It Has Happened Here \|url=http://termushistory.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/140610243/Fascism%20in%20America%20today%20-%20New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books.pdf \|magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] \|page=22 \|issn=0028-7504}}
	* {{Cite journal \|~~last~~=Esposito \|~~first~~=Fernando \|last2=Zentrum Für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam \|date=August 2017 \|title=Fascism – Concepts and Theories \|url=https://docupedia.de/zg/Esposito_fascism_v1_en_2017 \|journal=Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte \|language=en \|volume=31 \|doi=10.14765/ZZF.DOK.2.1111.V1 \|doi-access=free}}		* {{Cite journal \|last1=Esposito \|first1=Fernando \|last2=Zentrum Für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam \|date=August 2017 \|title=Fascism – Concepts and Theories \|url=https://docupedia.de/zg/Esposito_fascism_v1_en_2017 \|journal=Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte \|language=en \|volume=31 \|doi=10.14765/ZZF.DOK.2.1111.V1 \|doi-access=free}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Finchelstein \|first=Federico \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4qdDwAAQBAJ \|title=From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[University of California Press]] \|isbn=978-0-520-30935-7 \|location=Oakland, California}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Finchelstein \|first=Federico \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4qdDwAAQBAJ \|title=From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[University of California Press]] \|isbn=978-0-520-30935-7 \|location=Oakland, California}}
	* {{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoFTCgAAQBAJ \|title=Rethinking antifascism: history, memory and political uses, 1922 to the present \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] \|isbn=978-1-78533-138-1 \|location=New York (N.Y.)}}		* {{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoFTCgAAQBAJ \|title=Rethinking antifascism: history, memory and political uses, 1922 to the present \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] \|isbn=978-1-78533-138-1 \|location=New York (N.Y.)}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Hayes \|first=Paul M. \|author-link=Paul Hayes (historian) \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoXxDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-1-138-93837-3 \|series=Routledge library editions Racism and fascism \|location=London}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Hayes \|first=Paul M. \|author-link=Paul Hayes (historian) \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoXxDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism \|date=2016 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-1-138-93837-3 \|series=Routledge library editions Racism and fascism \|location=London}}
	* {{Cite web \|last=Illing \|first=Sean \|date=19 September 2018 \|title=How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump \|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley \|website=[[Vox (website)\|Vox]]}}		* {{Cite web \|last=Illing \|first=Sean \|date=19 September 2018 \|title=How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump \|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley \|website=[[Vox (website)\|Vox]]}}
	* {{Cite book \|~~last~~=Joes \|~~first~~=Anthony James \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKubDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence \|last2=Gregor \|first2=A. James \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-01749-1 \|location=London ; New York}}		* {{Cite book \|last1=Joes \|first1=Anthony James \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKubDwAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence \|last2=Gregor \|first2=A. James \|date=2019 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-01749-1 \|location=London ; New York}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Kagan \|first=Robert \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es6gDwAAQBAJ \|title=Ideals and ideologies: a reader \|date=2020 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-23504-8 \|editor-last=Ball \|editor-first=Terence \|edition=11th \|location=New York \|pages=369–371 \|chapter=This is how fascism comes to America \|editor-last2=Dagger \|editor-first2=Richard \|editor-last3=O'Neill \|editor-first3=Daniel L \|chapter-url=https://www.salidalibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/How-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Kagan \|first=Robert \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es6gDwAAQBAJ \|title=Ideals and ideologies: a reader \|date=2020 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=978-0-367-23504-8 \|editor-last=Ball \|editor-first=Terence \|edition=11th \|location=New York \|pages=369–371 \|chapter=This is how fascism comes to America \|editor-last2=Dagger \|editor-first2=Richard \|editor-last3=O'Neill \|editor-first3=Daniel L \|chapter-url=https://www.salidalibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/How-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Kuklick \|first=Bruce \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwGWEAAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism comes to America: a century of obsession in politics and culture \|date=2022 \|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] \|isbn=978-0-226-82146-7 \|location=Chicago ; London}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Kuklick \|first=Bruce \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwGWEAAAQBAJ \|title=Fascism comes to America: a century of obsession in politics and culture \|date=2022 \|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] \|isbn=978-0-226-82146-7 \|location=Chicago ; London}}
	* {{Cite journal \|last=McGaughey \|first=Ewan \|date=30 December 2018 \|title=Fascism-lite in America (or The Social Ideal of Donald Trump) ~~\|url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjals-2018-0012~~ \|journal=[[British Journal of American Legal Studies]] \|volume=7 \|issue=2 \|pages=291–315 \|doi=10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|issn=2049-4092 \|s2cid=195842347 \|ssrn=2773217 \|doi-access=free}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=McGaughey \|first=Ewan \|date=30 December 2018 \|title=Fascism-lite in America (or The Social Ideal of Donald Trump) \|journal=[[British Journal of American Legal Studies]] \|volume=7 \|issue=2 \|pages=291–315 \|doi=10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 \|issn=2049-4092 \|s2cid=195842347 \|ssrn=2773217 \|doi-access=free}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Riley \|first=Dylan J. \|author-link=Dylan John Riley \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_KTSUOQPkC \|title=The civic foundations of fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870-1945 \|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-0-8018-9427-5 \|location=Baltimore \|oclc=370387631}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Riley \|first=Dylan J. \|author-link=Dylan John Riley \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_KTSUOQPkC \|title=The civic foundations of fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870-1945 \|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-0-8018-9427-5 \|location=Baltimore \|oclc=370387631}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Stanley \|first=Jason \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYsPEQAAQBAJ \|title=Erasing history: how fascists rewrite the past to control the future \|date=2024 \|publisher=One Signal Publishers ~~\|year=2024~~ \|isbn=978-1-6680-5691-2 \|location=New York \|oclc=on1450005012}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Stanley \|first=Jason \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYsPEQAAQBAJ \|title=Erasing history: how fascists rewrite the past to control the future \|date=2024 \|publisher=One Signal Publishers \|isbn=978-1-6680-5691-2 \|location=New York \|oclc=on1450005012}}
	* {{Cite magazine \|last=Wiskemann \|first=Elizabeth \|author-link=Elizabeth Wiskemann \|date=December 1967 \|title=The Origins of Fascism \|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-fascism \|magazine=[[History Today]] \|pages=812–818 \|volume=17 \|issue=12}}		* {{Cite magazine \|last=Wiskemann \|first=Elizabeth \|author-link=Elizabeth Wiskemann \|date=December 1967 \|title=The Origins of Fascism \|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-fascism \|magazine=[[History Today]] \|pages=812–818 \|volume=17 \|issue=12}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}