Fenugreek - Revision history

2003 LN6: bold species

2024-10-21T01:38:00Z

bold species

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:38, 21 October 2024
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	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; '''''Trigonella foenum-graecum''''') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

Whitestar12: /* Nutritional profile */ Restructured sentence to avoid confusion. Need citation to confirm how 14% was determined.

2024-09-26T13:48:23Z

Nutritional profile: Restructured sentence to avoid confusion. Need citation to confirm how 14% was determined.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:48, 26 September 2024
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	}}		}}

	In a 100 gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide {{convert\|323\|kcal\|kJ\|order=flip}} of [[food energy]] and contain 9% water, 58% [[carbohydrate]]s, 23% [[protein]], and 6% [[fat]], ~~with~~ [[calcium]] at 14% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV, table). Fenugreek seeds (per 100 grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), [[dietary fiber]], [[B vitamins]], and [[Mineral (nutrient)\|dietary minerals]], particularly [[manganese]] (59% DV) and [[iron]] (262% DV) (table).		In a 100 gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide {{convert\|323\|kcal\|kJ\|order=flip}} of [[food energy]] and contain 9% water, 58% [[carbohydrate]]s, 23% [[protein]], and 6% [[fat]]. Fenugreek seeds provide [[calcium]] at 14% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV, table).{{Citation needed\|date=September 2024}} Fenugreek seeds (per 100 grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), [[dietary fiber]], [[B vitamins]], and [[Mineral (nutrient)\|dietary minerals]], particularly [[manganese]] (59% DV) and [[iron]] (262% DV) (table).

	===Dietary supplement===		===Dietary supplement===

2A02:8071:7890:B440:3C3B:5AC:BA2E:7EA0: /* Nutritional profile */

2024-09-26T13:21:44Z

Nutritional profile

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:21, 26 September 2024
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	}}		}}

	In a 100 gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide {{convert\|323\|kcal\|kJ\|order=flip}} of [[food energy]] and contain 9% water, 58% [[carbohydrate]]s, 23% [[protein]], and 6% [[fat]], with [[calcium]] at 40% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV, table). Fenugreek seeds (per 100 grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), [[dietary fiber]], [[B vitamins]], and [[Mineral (nutrient)\|dietary minerals]], particularly [[manganese]] (59% DV) and [[iron]] (262% DV) (table).		In a 100 gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide {{convert\|323\|kcal\|kJ\|order=flip}} of [[food energy]] and contain 9% water, 58% [[carbohydrate]]s, 23% [[protein]], and 6% [[fat]], with [[calcium]] at 14% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV, table). Fenugreek seeds (per 100 grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), [[dietary fiber]], [[B vitamins]], and [[Mineral (nutrient)\|dietary minerals]], particularly [[manganese]] (59% DV) and [[iron]] (262% DV) (table).

	===Dietary supplement===		===Dietary supplement===

Zefr: Reverted 1 edit by 104.129.198.99 (talk): Minor, no WP:RS source

2024-09-06T03:32:53Z

Reverted 1 edit by 104.129.198.99 (talk): Minor, no WP:RS source

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:32, 6 September 2024
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	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], ~~fenugreek seeds also known as 'menthulu' in Telugu is used a supplementary relief for stomach upset;~~ fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

	==History==		==History==

104.129.198.99: Added use cases

2024-09-06T03:29:51Z

Added use cases

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:29, 6 September 2024
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	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek seeds also known as 'menthulu' in Telugu is used a supplementary relief for stomach upset; fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

	==History==		==History==

Kittycataclysm: /* Cooking */ link to cookbook

2024-08-11T00:31:32Z

Cooking: link to cookbook

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:31, 11 August 2024
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	=== Cooking ===		=== Cooking ===
	{{refimprove\|section\|date=July 2018}}		{{Cookbook\|Fenugreek}}{{refimprove\|section\|date=July 2018}}

	Fresh fenugreek leaves are an ingredient in some [[curry\|curries]], such as with potatoes in [[cuisines of the Indian subcontinent]] to make "aloo methi" ("potato fenugreek") curry.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501779/ \|title=Fenugreek \|date=2021-08-16 \|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US) \|language=en \|pmid=30000838 \|access-date=2022-06-07 \|archive-date=2022-05-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521191832/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501779/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Fresh fenugreek leaves are an ingredient in some [[curry\|curries]], such as with potatoes in [[cuisines of the Indian subcontinent]] to make "aloo methi" ("potato fenugreek") curry.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501779/ \|title=Fenugreek \|date=2021-08-16 \|publisher=National Library of Medicine (US) \|language=en \|pmid=30000838 \|access-date=2022-06-07 \|archive-date=2022-05-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521191832/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501779/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

122.173.27.220 at 18:22, 25 June 2024

2024-06-25T18:22:08Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:22, 25 June 2024
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	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

2405:201:5004:97F:DC0:44A5:A32B:10EB at 18:20, 25 June 2024

2024-06-25T18:20:16Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:20, 25 June 2024
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	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its ~~seeds and~~ leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

Zefr: /* Research */ add refs

2024-05-12T00:02:56Z

Research: add refs

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:02, 12 May 2024
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	Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>		Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>

	As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>		As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/><ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>

	Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

Zefr: update refs; ce

2024-05-11T23:50:42Z

update refs; ce

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:50, 11 May 2024
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	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its seeds and leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name=drugs/>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its seeds and leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although ~~sold~~ ~~as a~~ [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine~~\|date=14 April 2020~~\|access-date=14 ~~April~~ ~~2020~~\|~~archive-~~date=13 ~~April~~ 2020~~\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413033803/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|url-status=live~~}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

	==History==		==History==
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	===Food additive===		===Food additive===
	Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain the molecule [[sotolone]], which imparts the [[odor\|aroma]] of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and [[maple syrup]] or [[caramel]] in lower concentrations.<ref name="drugs~~">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https:~~//www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=25 September 2021 \|date=20 December 2020 \|archive-date=12 August 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812145952/https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web\|title=3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one; CID=62835\|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine\|date=3 March 2019\|access-date=17 March 2019\|archive-date=15 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615210917/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|url-status=live}}</ref> Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a [[dietary supplement]].<ref name=nccih/>		Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain the molecule [[sotolone]], which imparts the [[odor\|aroma]] of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and [[maple syrup]] or [[caramel]] in lower concentrations.<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web\|title=3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one; CID=62835\|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine\|date=3 March 2019\|access-date=17 March 2019\|archive-date=15 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615210917/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|url-status=live}}</ref> Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a [[dietary supplement]].<ref name=nccih/>

	==Research==		==Research==
	Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>		Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>

	As of ~~2020~~, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>		As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>

	Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:38, 21 October 2024
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	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; '''''Trigonella foenum-graecum''''') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:22, 25 June 2024
Line 9:		Line 9:
	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:20, 25 June 2024
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	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its ~~seeds and~~ leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:02, 12 May 2024
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	Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>		Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>

	As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>		As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/><ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>

	Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:50, 11 May 2024
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	[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]		[[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg\|thumb\|Fenugreek greens]]

	'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its seeds and leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name=drugs/>		'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|f\|ɛ\|nj\|ʊ\|ɡ\|r\|iː\|k}}; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family [[Fabaceae]], with leaves consisting of three small [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes\|obovate to oblong]] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its seeds and leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the [[Indian subcontinent]], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs \|date=2009 \|isbn=9781604691344 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|access-date=10 May 2021 \|last1=Debaggio \|first1=Thomas \|last2=Tucker \|first2=Arthur O. \|publisher=Timber Press \|archive-date=2 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=11 May 2024 \|date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

	Although ~~sold~~ ~~as a~~ [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine~~\|date=14 April 2020~~\|access-date=14 ~~April~~ ~~2020~~\|~~archive-~~date=13 ~~April~~ 2020~~\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413033803/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|url-status=live~~}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Although a common [[dietary supplement]],<ref name=nccih/> there is no [[evidence-based medicine\|significant clinical evidence]] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek\|title=Fenugreek\|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine\|access-date=11 May 2024\|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in [[traditional medicine]], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious [[adverse effect]]s, including [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

	==History==		==History==
Line 90:		Line 90:

	===Food additive===		===Food additive===
	Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain the molecule [[sotolone]], which imparts the [[odor\|aroma]] of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and [[maple syrup]] or [[caramel]] in lower concentrations.<ref name="drugs~~">{{cite web \|title=Fenugreek \|url=https:~~//www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|publisher=Drugs.com \|access-date=25 September 2021 \|date=20 December 2020 \|archive-date=12 August 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812145952/https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web\|title=3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one; CID=62835\|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine\|date=3 March 2019\|access-date=17 March 2019\|archive-date=15 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615210917/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|url-status=live}}</ref> Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a [[dietary supplement]].<ref name=nccih/>		Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain the molecule [[sotolone]], which imparts the [[odor\|aroma]] of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and [[maple syrup]] or [[caramel]] in lower concentrations.<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web\|title=3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one; CID=62835\|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine\|date=3 March 2019\|access-date=17 March 2019\|archive-date=15 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615210917/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone\|url-status=live}}</ref> Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a [[dietary supplement]].<ref name=nccih/>

	==Research==		==Research==
	Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>		Constituents of fenugreek seeds include [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[vitamin]]s, and [[saponin]]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is [[trigonelline]] and coumarins include [[cinnamic acid]] and [[scopoletin]].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal\|last1=Ouzir\|first1=M\|last2=El Bairi\|first2=K\|last3=Amzazi\|first3=S\|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)\|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology\|year= 2016\|volume=96\|pages=145–54\|pmid=27498339\|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces [[biomarkers]] in people with [[diabetes]] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gong\|first1=J\|last2=Fang\|first2=K\|last3=Dong\|first3=H\|last4=Wang\|first4=D\|last5=Hu\|first5=M\|last6=Lu\|first6=F\|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=194\|pages=260–268\|date=2 August 2016\|pmid=27496582\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>

	As of ~~2020~~, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>		As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving [[dysmenorrhea]]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal\|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2\|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea\|year=2016\|volume=2016\|page=CD002124\|pmid=27000311\|last1=Pattanittum\|first1=Porjai\|last2=Kunyanone\|first2=Naowarat\|last3=Brown\|first3=Julie\|last4=Sangkomkamhang\|first4=Ussanee S\|last5=Barnes\|first5=Joanne\|last6=Seyfoddin\|first6=Vahid\|last7=Marjoribanks\|first7=Jane\|issue=3\|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving [[lactation]] during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal \| last1=Foong \| first1=Siew Cheng \| last2=Tan \| first2=May Loong \| last3=Foong \| first3=Wai Cheng \| last4=Marasco \| first4=Lisa A \| last5=Ho \| first5=Jacqueline J \| last6=Ong \| first6=Joo Howe \| title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants \| journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews \| volume=2020 \| issue=5 \| date=2020-05-18 \| pages=CD011505 \| issn=1465-1858 \| pmid=32421208 \| pmc=7388198 \| doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor [[experimental design]] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of [[adverse effect]]s.<ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>

	Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>		Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no [[evidence-based medicine\|high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect]], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>