Gediminas - Revision history

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:27, 21 October 2024
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	\|place of burial = [[Veliuona]], [[Lithuania]]		\|place of burial = [[Veliuona]], [[Lithuania]]
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	'''Gediminas''' ({{~~lang-~~la\|Gedeminne}},<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Lübeck, 1323.VII.18]</ref> {{lang\|la\|Gedeminnus}};<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Riga, 1326.III.2]</ref> {{circa\|1275}} – December 1341) was [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] from 1315 or 1316<ref name="plakans">{{harvnb\|Plakans\|2011\|p=51}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Christiansen\|1980\|p=154}}</ref> until his death in 1341.<ref name="BritannicaGediminas">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] \|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="GediminasVle">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>		'''Gediminas''' ({{langx\|la\|Gedeminne}},<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Lübeck, 1323.VII.18]</ref> {{lang\|la\|Gedeminnus}};<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Riga, 1326.III.2]</ref> {{circa\|1275}} – December 1341) was [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] from 1315 or 1316<ref name="plakans">{{harvnb\|Plakans\|2011\|p=51}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Christiansen\|1980\|p=154}}</ref> until his death in 1341.<ref name="BritannicaGediminas">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] \|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="GediminasVle">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>

	He is considered the founder of [[Lithuania]]'s capital [[Vilnius]] (see: [[Iron Wolf (character)\|Iron Wolf legend]]).<ref name="GediminasVle"/> During his reign, he brought under his rule lands from the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Pelenski\|1998\|p=}}</ref><ref name="bugajski">{{harvnb\|Bugajski\|2002\|p=125}}</ref> The [[Gediminids]] dynasty he founded and which is named after him came to rule over [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)\|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Hungary\|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia\|Bohemia]].<ref name="BritannicaGediminas" /><ref name="GediminasVle"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gediminaičiai \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminaiciai/ \|website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>		He is considered the founder of [[Lithuania]]'s capital [[Vilnius]] (see: [[Iron Wolf (character)\|Iron Wolf legend]]).<ref name="GediminasVle"/> During his reign, he brought under his rule lands from the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Pelenski\|1998\|p=}}</ref><ref name="bugajski">{{harvnb\|Bugajski\|2002\|p=125}}</ref> The [[Gediminids]] dynasty he founded and which is named after him came to rule over [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)\|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Hungary\|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia\|Bohemia]].<ref name="BritannicaGediminas" /><ref name="GediminasVle"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gediminaičiai \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminaiciai/ \|website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>
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	In his letters to the papacy in 1322 and 1323, he adds ''Princeps et Dux Semigalliae'' (Prince and Duke of [[Semigallia]]).<ref name=Rowell-64>{{harvnb\|Rowell\|1994\|p=64}}</ref> In contemporary [[Low German]] he is styled simply ''Koningh van Lettowen'', mirroring the Latin ''Rex Lethowyae'' (both meaning "King of Lithuania").<ref name=Rowell-63/> Gediminas' right to use the Latin ''rex'', which the papacy had been claiming the right to grant from the 13th century onwards, was not universally recognized in Catholic sources. Thus, he was called ''rex sive dux'' ("King or Duke") in one source; [[Pope John XXII]], in a letter to the King of France, referred to Gediminas as "the one who calls himself ''rex''". However, the pope did call Gediminas ''rex'' when addressing him (''regem sive ducem'', "king or duke").<ref name=Rowell-64/>		In his letters to the papacy in 1322 and 1323, he adds ''Princeps et Dux Semigalliae'' (Prince and Duke of [[Semigallia]]).<ref name=Rowell-64>{{harvnb\|Rowell\|1994\|p=64}}</ref> In contemporary [[Low German]] he is styled simply ''Koningh van Lettowen'', mirroring the Latin ''Rex Lethowyae'' (both meaning "King of Lithuania").<ref name=Rowell-63/> Gediminas' right to use the Latin ''rex'', which the papacy had been claiming the right to grant from the 13th century onwards, was not universally recognized in Catholic sources. Thus, he was called ''rex sive dux'' ("King or Duke") in one source; [[Pope John XXII]], in a letter to the King of France, referred to Gediminas as "the one who calls himself ''rex''". However, the pope did call Gediminas ''rex'' when addressing him (''regem sive ducem'', "king or duke").<ref name=Rowell-64/>

	German sources also titled Gediminas as ''Rex de Owsteiten'' ({{~~lang-~~en\|King of [[Aukštaitija]]}}).{{sfn\|Rowell\|1994\|p=50}}		German sources also titled Gediminas as ''Rex de Owsteiten'' ({{langx\|en\|King of [[Aukštaitija]]}}).{{sfn\|Rowell\|1994\|p=50}}

	===Seal===		===Seal===
	Grand Duke Gediminas's authentic symbols did not survive to this day. In 1323 Gediminas sent [[Letters of Gediminas\|seven letters]] to various recipients in western Europe. Their contents are known only from later copies, some of which contain a description of the Gediminas' seal.<ref name="Sajauskas81">{{cite book \|last1=Sajauskas \|first1=Stanislovas \|url=https://www.lb.lt/uploads/documents/docs/publications/sajauskas_2.pdf \|title=Pirmųjų Lietuvos didžiosios kunigaikštystės monetų ypatybės [The peculiarities of the earliest Lithuanian coins] \|date=2004 \|publisher=[[M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum]] \|location=Kaunas \|page=81 \|language=lt}}</ref> On 18 July 1323 in [[Lübeck]] imperial scribe John of Bremen made a copy of three letters sent by Gediminas on 26 May to the recipients in Saxony,{{Sfn\|Rowell\|1994\|p=329}} his transcripts contain also a detailed description of the oval waxy seal which was attached to the letter.{{sfn\|Rowell\|2003\|p=133-149}}<ref name="Sajauskas81" /> According to the notary's transcript, the oval seal of Gediminas had a twelve corners edging, at the middle of the edging was an image of a man with long hairs, who sat on a throne and held a [[crown]] (or a [[wreath]]) in his right hand and a [[sceptre]] in his left hand, moreover, a [[cross]] was engraved around the man along with a [[Latin]] inscription: {{Lang\|la\|S DEI GRACIA GEDEMINNI LETHWINOR ET RUTKENOR REG}} ({{~~lang-~~en\|Gediminas', by the grace of God, the King of the [[Lithuanians]] and the [[Rus' people]], seal}}).<ref name="Sajauskas81" />{{sfn\|Rowell\|2003\|p=133-149}}<ref>{{cite web \|author1=[[Algimantas Bučys\|Bučys, Algimantas]] \|date=11 September 2016 \|title=Apie Lietuvos karalių Gediminą (I) \|url=https://alkas.lt/2016/09/11/a-bucys-apie-lietuvos-karaliu-gedimina-i/ \|access-date=22 April 2021 \|website=Alkas.lt \|language=lt}}</ref> The cross' usage in a pagan ruler's seal is explained as a diplomatic action because Gediminas did not accept [[baptism]] in his life and kept Lithuania pagan, despite several negotiations.<ref name="Sajauskas81" /><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|access-date=18 April 2021 \|website=[[Vle.lt]] \|language=lt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gediminas {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|access-date=18 April 2021 \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> In addition, Gediminas strictly distinguished [[Lithuania]] and [[Lithuanians]] from the region of [[Rus' (region)\|Rus']] ([[Ruthenia]]) and [[Rus' people]] ([[Ruthenians]]) in legal documents (e.g. in a 1338 Peace and Trade Agreement, concluded in [[Vilnius]], between the Grand Duke Gediminas [[Family of Gediminas\|and his sons]] and the Master of the [[Livonian Order]] Everhard von Monheim).{{sfn\|Rowell\|2003\|p=380-385}}		Grand Duke Gediminas's authentic symbols did not survive to this day. In 1323 Gediminas sent [[Letters of Gediminas\|seven letters]] to various recipients in western Europe. Their contents are known only from later copies, some of which contain a description of the Gediminas' seal.<ref name="Sajauskas81">{{cite book \|last1=Sajauskas \|first1=Stanislovas \|url=https://www.lb.lt/uploads/documents/docs/publications/sajauskas_2.pdf \|title=Pirmųjų Lietuvos didžiosios kunigaikštystės monetų ypatybės [The peculiarities of the earliest Lithuanian coins] \|date=2004 \|publisher=[[M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum]] \|location=Kaunas \|page=81 \|language=lt}}</ref> On 18 July 1323 in [[Lübeck]] imperial scribe John of Bremen made a copy of three letters sent by Gediminas on 26 May to the recipients in Saxony,{{Sfn\|Rowell\|1994\|p=329}} his transcripts contain also a detailed description of the oval waxy seal which was attached to the letter.{{sfn\|Rowell\|2003\|p=133-149}}<ref name="Sajauskas81" /> According to the notary's transcript, the oval seal of Gediminas had a twelve corners edging, at the middle of the edging was an image of a man with long hairs, who sat on a throne and held a [[crown]] (or a [[wreath]]) in his right hand and a [[sceptre]] in his left hand, moreover, a [[cross]] was engraved around the man along with a [[Latin]] inscription: {{Lang\|la\|S DEI GRACIA GEDEMINNI LETHWINOR ET RUTKENOR REG}} ({{langx\|en\|Gediminas', by the grace of God, the King of the [[Lithuanians]] and the [[Rus' people]], seal}}).<ref name="Sajauskas81" />{{sfn\|Rowell\|2003\|p=133-149}}<ref>{{cite web \|author1=[[Algimantas Bučys\|Bučys, Algimantas]] \|date=11 September 2016 \|title=Apie Lietuvos karalių Gediminą (I) \|url=https://alkas.lt/2016/09/11/a-bucys-apie-lietuvos-karaliu-gedimina-i/ \|access-date=22 April 2021 \|website=Alkas.lt \|language=lt}}</ref> The cross' usage in a pagan ruler's seal is explained as a diplomatic action because Gediminas did not accept [[baptism]] in his life and kept Lithuania pagan, despite several negotiations.<ref name="Sajauskas81" /><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|access-date=18 April 2021 \|website=[[Vle.lt]] \|language=lt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gediminas {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|access-date=18 April 2021 \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> In addition, Gediminas strictly distinguished [[Lithuania]] and [[Lithuanians]] from the region of [[Rus' (region)\|Rus']] ([[Ruthenia]]) and [[Rus' people]] ([[Ruthenians]]) in legal documents (e.g. in a 1338 Peace and Trade Agreement, concluded in [[Vilnius]], between the Grand Duke Gediminas [[Family of Gediminas\|and his sons]] and the Master of the [[Livonian Order]] Everhard von Monheim).{{sfn\|Rowell\|2003\|p=380-385}}

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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\|succession = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]		\|succession = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]
	\|image = ~~Gediminas~~, the Grand Duke of ~~Lithuania~~, painted in 1709.png		\|image = Gedimin, the Grand Duke of Litva, painted in 1709.png
	\|caption = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] ~~Gediminas~~ with [[~~Gediminas~~' Cap]] as depicted in the Sapieha ''Genealogy'' in [[Kodeń]], 1709		\|caption = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] Gedimin with [[Gedimin' Cap]] as depicted in the Sapieha ''Genealogy'' in [[Kodeń]], 1709
	\|reign = 1316–1341		\|reign = 1316–1341
	\|predecessor = [[Vytenis]]		\|predecessor = [[Vytenis]]
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	===Choice of religion===		===Choice of religion===
	Gediminas inherited land consisting of [[~~Lithuania proper~~]], [[Samogitia]], [[~~Navahrudak~~]], [[Podlasie]], [[Polotsk]] and [[Minsk]].<ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 5</ref> However, these possessions were all threatened by the [[Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Knights]] and the [[Livonian Order]], which desired to conquer them.<ref name="plakans"/>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} Gediminas allied himself with the [[Tatars]] against the Teutonic Order in 1319.<ref name="akiner">{{harvnb\|Akiner\|2009\|p=22}}</ref>		Gediminas inherited land consisting of [[Litva]], [[Samogitia]], [[Novogrudok]], [[Podlasie]], [[Polotsk]] and [[Minsk]].<ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 5</ref> However, these possessions were all threatened by the [[Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Knights]] and the [[Livonian Order]], which desired to conquer them.<ref name="plakans"/>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} Gediminas allied himself with the [[Tatars]] against the Teutonic Order in 1319.<ref name="akiner">{{harvnb\|Akiner\|2009\|p=22}}</ref>

	[[File:Grand Duchy of ~~Lithuania~~ Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg\|thumb\|Position of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] in Eastern Europe until 1434.]]		[[File:Grand Duchy of Litva Rus' and Samogitia 1434.jpg\|thumb\|Position of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] in Eastern Europe until 1434.]]
	The systematic raiding of Lithuania by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since [[History of Lithuania (1219-1295)\|united all the Lithuanian tribes]]. For this purpose, he entered into direct diplomatic negotiations with the [[Holy See]]. At the end of 1322, he sent letters to Pope [[John XXII]] soliciting his protection against the persecution of the knights,<ref name="letters"/> informing him of the privileges already granted to the [[Dominican Order\|Dominicans]] and [[Franciscans]] in Lithuania for preaching Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb\|Housley\|1986\|p=274}}</ref>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} Gediminas also asked that legates should be dispatched to him in order to be baptized.<ref>{{harvnb\|Muldoon\|1997\|p=135}}</ref> This action was supported by the [[Archbishopric of Riga\|Archbishop of Riga]], Frederic Lobestat.<ref name="SaEEr">Slavonic and East European review, Volume 32; Published by the Modern Humanities Research Association for the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1953</ref> Following these events, peace between the Duchy and the Livonian Order was eventually conducted on 2 October 1323.<ref>{{harvnb\|Kiaupa\|2000\|p=115}}</ref>		The systematic raiding of Lithuania by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since [[History of Lithuania (1219-1295)\|united all the Lithuanian tribes]]. For this purpose, he entered into direct diplomatic negotiations with the [[Holy See]]. At the end of 1322, he sent letters to Pope [[John XXII]] soliciting his protection against the persecution of the knights,<ref name="letters"/> informing him of the privileges already granted to the [[Dominican Order\|Dominicans]] and [[Franciscans]] in Lithuania for preaching Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb\|Housley\|1986\|p=274}}</ref>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} Gediminas also asked that legates should be dispatched to him in order to be baptized.<ref>{{harvnb\|Muldoon\|1997\|p=135}}</ref> This action was supported by the [[Archbishopric of Riga\|Archbishop of Riga]], Frederic Lobestat.<ref name="SaEEr">Slavonic and East European review, Volume 32; Published by the Modern Humanities Research Association for the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1953</ref> Following these events, peace between the Duchy and the Livonian Order was eventually conducted on 2 October 1323.<ref>{{harvnb\|Kiaupa\|2000\|p=115}}</ref>

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	\|place of burial = [[Veliuona]], [[Lithuania]]		\|place of burial = [[Veliuona]], [[Lithuania]]
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	'''~~Gediminas~~''' ({{lang-la\|Gedeminne}},<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 ~~Gediminas~~' letter to Lübeck, 1323.VII.18]</ref> {{lang\|la\|Gedeminnus}};<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Riga, 1326.III.2]</ref> {{circa\|1275}} – December 1341) was [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] from 1315 or 1316<ref name="plakans">{{harvnb\|Plakans\|2011\|p=51}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Christiansen\|1980\|p=154}}</ref> until his death in 1341.<ref name="~~BritannicaGediminas~~">{{cite web \|title=~~Gediminas~~ {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] \|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="GediminasVle">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>		'''Gedimin''' ({{lang-la\|Gedeminne}},<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gedimin' letter to Lübeck, 1323.VII.18]</ref> {{lang\|la\|Gedeminnus}};<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Riga, 1326.III.2]</ref> {{circa\|1275}} – December 1341) was [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] from 1315 or 1316<ref name="plakans">{{harvnb\|Plakans\|2011\|p=51}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Christiansen\|1980\|p=154}}</ref> until his death in 1341.<ref name="BritannicaGedimin">{{cite web \|title=Gedimin {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] \|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="GediminasVle">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>

	He is considered the founder of [[Lithuania]]'s capital [[~~Vilnius~~]] (see: [[Iron Wolf (character)\|Iron Wolf legend]]).<ref name="~~GediminasVle~~"/> During his reign, he brought under his rule lands from the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Pelenski\|1998\|p=}}</ref><ref name="bugajski">{{harvnb\|Bugajski\|2002\|p=125}}</ref> The [[Gediminids]] dynasty he founded and which is named after him came to rule over [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)\|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Hungary\|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia\|Bohemia]].<ref name="~~BritannicaGediminas~~" /><ref name="~~GediminasVle~~"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=~~Gediminaičiai~~ \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminaiciai/ \|website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>		He is considered the founder of [[Lithuania]]'s capital [[Vilno]] (see: [[Iron Wolf (character)\|Iron Wolf legend]]).<ref name="GediminVle"/> During his reign, he brought under his rule lands from the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Pelenski\|1998\|p=}}</ref><ref name="bugajski">{{harvnb\|Bugajski\|2002\|p=125}}</ref> The [[Gediminids]] dynasty he founded and which is named after him came to rule over [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)\|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Hungary\|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia\|Bohemia]].<ref name="BritannicaGedimin" /><ref name="GediminVle"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gedimin \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminaiciai/ \|website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>

	==Biography==		==Biography==

	===Origin===		===Origin===
	~~Gediminas~~ was born in about 1275.<ref>{{harvnb\|Tęgowski\|1999\|p=15}}</ref> Because written sources of the era are scarce, ~~Gediminas~~' ancestry, early life, and assumption of the title of Grand Duke in ca. 1316 are obscure and continue to be the subject of scholarly debate. Various theories have claimed that Gediminas was either his predecessor Grand Duke [[Vytenis]]' son, his brother, his cousin, or his [[hostler]].<ref>Vjachaslaў Nasevіch. Gedzimin // Vialikaje kniastva Litoŭskaje: Encyklapedyja. U 3 t. / red. G. P. Paškoŭ і іnš. T. 1: Abalenskі — Kadencyja. — Minsk: Belaruskaja Encyklapedyja, 2005. S. 519.</ref> For several centuries only two versions of his origins circulated. Chronicles — written long after Gediminas' death by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy of Lithuania — claimed that Gediminas was a hostler to Vytenis;<ref name=tomas>{{cite journal\|url=http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|title=Gedimino kilmė \|first=Tomas \|last=Baranauskas \|journal=[[Voruta (newspaper)\|Voruta]] \|date=1996-11-23 \|volume=44 \|issue=278 \|access-date=2007-03-10 \|page=6 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024617/http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|archive-date=October 6, 2007 \|url-status=dead \|language=lt}}</ref> according to these chronicles, Gediminas killed his master and assumed the throne. Another version introduced in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which also appeared long after Gediminas' death, proclaimed that Gediminas was Vytenis' son. However, the two men were almost the same age, making this relationship unlikely.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2020}}		Gedimin was born in about 1275.<ref>{{harvnb\|Tęgowski\|1999\|p=15}}</ref> Because written sources of the era are scarce, Gedimin' ancestry, early life, and assumption of the title of Grand Duke in ca. 1316 are obscure and continue to be the subject of scholarly debate. Various theories have claimed that Gediminas was either his predecessor Grand Duke [[Vytenis]]' son, his brother, his cousin, or his [[hostler]].<ref>Vjachaslaў Nasevіch. Gedzimin // Vialikaje kniastva Litoŭskaje: Encyklapedyja. U 3 t. / red. G. P. Paškoŭ і іnš. T. 1: Abalenskі — Kadencyja. — Minsk: Belaruskaja Encyklapedyja, 2005. S. 519.</ref> For several centuries only two versions of his origins circulated. Chronicles — written long after Gediminas' death by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy of Lithuania — claimed that Gediminas was a hostler to Vytenis;<ref name=tomas>{{cite journal\|url=http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|title=Gedimino kilmė \|first=Tomas \|last=Baranauskas \|journal=[[Voruta (newspaper)\|Voruta]] \|date=1996-11-23 \|volume=44 \|issue=278 \|access-date=2007-03-10 \|page=6 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024617/http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|archive-date=October 6, 2007 \|url-status=dead \|language=lt}}</ref> according to these chronicles, Gediminas killed his master and assumed the throne. Another version introduced in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which also appeared long after Gediminas' death, proclaimed that Gediminas was Vytenis' son. However, the two men were almost the same age, making this relationship unlikely.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2020}}

	Recent research indicates that Gediminias' ancestor may have been [[Skalmantas (Gediminids)\|Skalmantas]]. In 1974 historian Jerzy Ochmański noted that [[Zadonshchina]], a poem from the end of the 14th century, contains a line in which two sons of Algirdas name their ancestors: "We are two brothers – sons of Algirdas, and grandsons of Gediminas, and great-grandsons of Skalmantas." This discovery led to the belief that Skalmantas was the long-sought ancestor of the Gediminids. Ochmański posited that the poem skipped the generation represented by Butvydas, and jumped back to the unknown ancestor. Baranauskas disagrees, believing Skalmantas was Butvydas' brother rather than his father, and that Vytenis and Gediminas were therefore cousins.<ref name=tomas/>		Recent research indicates that Gediminias' ancestor may have been [[Skalmantas (Gediminids)\|Skalmantas]]. In 1974 historian Jerzy Ochmański noted that [[Zadonshchina]], a poem from the end of the 14th century, contains a line in which two sons of Algirdas name their ancestors: "We are two brothers – sons of Algirdas, and grandsons of Gediminas, and great-grandsons of Skalmantas." This discovery led to the belief that Skalmantas was the long-sought ancestor of the Gediminids. Ochmański posited that the poem skipped the generation represented by Butvydas, and jumped back to the unknown ancestor. Baranauskas disagrees, believing Skalmantas was Butvydas' brother rather than his father, and that Vytenis and Gediminas were therefore cousins.<ref name=tomas/>

Paramandyr: added reference

2024-09-15T21:13:43Z

added reference

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:13, 15 September 2024
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	* [[Karijotas]] (Duchy of Navhrudak, [[Black Ruthenia]])		* [[Karijotas]] (Duchy of Navhrudak, [[Black Ruthenia]])
	* [[Jaunutis]] ([[Duchy of Zaslawye]]) initially ruled Vilnius after the death of his father		* [[Jaunutis]] ([[Duchy of Zaslawye]]) initially ruled Vilnius after the death of his father
	* [[Algirdas]] ([[Duchy of Vitebsk]])		* [[Algirdas]] ([[Duchy of Vitebsk]]){{sfn\|Nowakowska\|2019\|p=x}}
	* [[Kęstutis]] ([[Duchy of Trakai]] and protectorate of [[Duchy of Samogitia]])		* [[Kęstutis]] ([[Duchy of Trakai]] and protectorate of [[Duchy of Samogitia]])
	** [[Vytautas]]		** [[Vytautas]]
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	<!-- N -->		<!-- N -->
	*{{cite book\| first=Alvydas \|last=Nikžentaitis \| title=Gediminas \| year=1989 \|publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija\|location=Vilnius\|language=lt}}		*{{cite book\| first=Alvydas \|last=Nikžentaitis \| title=Gediminas \| year=1989 \|publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija\|location=Vilnius\|language=lt}}
			*{{cite book \|editor-last=Nowakowska \|editor-first=Natalia \|title=Remembering the Jagiellonians \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2019 \|isbn=978-1-138-56239-4 }}
	<!-- O -->		<!-- O -->
	*{{cite book \| title=The history of the Baltic States \| first=Kevin \| last=O'Connor \| pages=220 \| year=2003\|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group\|isbn=0-313-32355-0}}		*{{cite book \| title=The history of the Baltic States \| first=Kevin \| last=O'Connor \| pages=220 \| year=2003\|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group\|isbn=0-313-32355-0}}

Bill Thayer: /* Titles */ I deleted (1) things that are not titles of Gediminas; (2) a duplicated item; (3) a hash of a coin inscription. I put the remaining Latin titles in the nominative. I recommended the deletion of the whole thing, clearly added by someone who didn't know what they were doing.

2024-09-11T15:32:08Z

Titles: I deleted (1) things that are not titles of Gediminas; (2) a duplicated item; (3) a hash of a coin inscription. I put the remaining Latin titles in the nominative. I recommended the deletion of the whole thing, clearly added by someone who didn't know what they were doing.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:32, 11 September 2024
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	Which translates as:		Which translates as:
	*"Gediminas, by the grace of God, king of the Lithuanians and many Ruthenians"<ref name=Rowell-63/>		*"Gediminas, by the grace of God, king of the Lithuanians and many Ruthenians"<ref name=Rowell-63/>
	*More titles: ~~Rex~~ ~~paganus Lytaonie, Illustri principi~~ ~~domino~~ ~~Gedemynde~~ Dei gratia Lethwinorum Ruthenorumque ~~regi~~, ~~regem~~ Lithuaniae ~~Godemunde~~ Dei gratia Lethwinorum Ruthenorumque ~~regi, item predecessor noster~~ rex ~~Viten~~, Gedeminne Dei gratia Letphanorum Ruthenorumque rex, princeps et dux Semigallie~~, in civitate nostra regia dicta Vilna, civitate nostra regia Vilna, sub speciali forma et sigillo regio regis Letphanorum presentaverunt, S DEI GRACIA GEDEMINNI Lethwinor et Rutkenor Reg~~, rex Litwinorum, illustris ~~domini~~ ~~Regis~~ Letwinorum, Ghodeminne de koningh van Lettowen~~, Gedeminne Letwinorum et multorum Ruthenorum rex, et Olgherdem, Keystutten fratres reges Lethovie, kunge der Littouwin~~, koning Gedeminne van Lettowen, Gedeminne de koninge van Lethowen.		*More titles: Illustris princeps dominus Gedemyndis Dei gratia Lethwinorum Ruthenorumque rex, rex Lithuaniae Godemundis Dei gratia Lethwinorum Ruthenorumque rex, Gedeminne Dei gratia Letphanorum Ruthenorumque rex, princeps et dux Semigallie, rex Litwinorum, illustris dominus Rex Letwinorum, Ghodeminne de koningh van Lettowen, koning Gedeminne van Lettowen, Gedeminne de koninge van Lethowen.

	In his letters to the papacy in 1322 and 1323, he adds ''Princeps et Dux Semigalliae'' (Prince and Duke of [[Semigallia]]).<ref name=Rowell-64>{{harvnb\|Rowell\|1994\|p=64}}</ref> In contemporary [[Low German]] he is styled simply ''Koningh van Lettowen'', mirroring the Latin ''Rex Lethowyae'' (both meaning "King of Lithuania").<ref name=Rowell-63/> Gediminas' right to use the Latin ''rex'', which the papacy had been claiming the right to grant from the 13th century onwards, was not universally recognized in Catholic sources. Thus, he was called ''rex sive dux'' ("King or Duke") in one source; [[Pope John XXII]], in a letter to the King of France, referred to Gediminas as "the one who calls himself ''rex''". However, the pope did call Gediminas ''rex'' when addressing him (''regem sive ducem'', "king or duke").<ref name=Rowell-64/>		In his letters to the papacy in 1322 and 1323, he adds ''Princeps et Dux Semigalliae'' (Prince and Duke of [[Semigallia]]).<ref name=Rowell-64>{{harvnb\|Rowell\|1994\|p=64}}</ref> In contemporary [[Low German]] he is styled simply ''Koningh van Lettowen'', mirroring the Latin ''Rex Lethowyae'' (both meaning "King of Lithuania").<ref name=Rowell-63/> Gediminas' right to use the Latin ''rex'', which the papacy had been claiming the right to grant from the 13th century onwards, was not universally recognized in Catholic sources. Thus, he was called ''rex sive dux'' ("King or Duke") in one source; [[Pope John XXII]], in a letter to the King of France, referred to Gediminas as "the one who calls himself ''rex''". However, the pope did call Gediminas ''rex'' when addressing him (''regem sive ducem'', "king or duke").<ref name=Rowell-64/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:23, 30 September 2024
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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\|succession = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]		\|succession = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]
	\|image = ~~Gedimin~~, the Grand Duke of Litva, painted in 1709.png		\|image = Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Litva, painted in 1709.png
	\|caption = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] Gedimin with [[Gedimin' Cap]] as depicted in the Sapieha ''Genealogy'' in [[Kodeń]], 1709		\|caption = [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] Gedimin with [[Gedimin' Cap]] as depicted in the Sapieha ''Genealogy'' in [[Kodeń]], 1709
	\|reign = 1316–1341		\|reign = 1316–1341
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	\|place of burial = [[Veliuona]], [[Lithuania]]		\|place of burial = [[Veliuona]], [[Lithuania]]
	}}		}}
	'''Gedimin''' ({{lang-la\|Gedeminne}},<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gedimin' letter to Lübeck, 1323.VII.18]</ref> {{lang\|la\|Gedeminnus}};<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Riga, 1326.III.2]</ref> {{circa\|1275}} – December 1341) was [[Grand Duke of ~~Lithuania~~]] from 1315 or 1316<ref name="plakans">{{harvnb\|Plakans\|2011\|p=51}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Christiansen\|1980\|p=154}}</ref> until his death in 1341.<ref name="BritannicaGedimin">{{cite web \|title=Gedimin {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] \|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="GediminasVle">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>		'''Gedimin''' ({{lang-la\|Gedeminne}},<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gedimin' letter to Lübeck, 1323.VII.18]</ref> {{lang\|la\|Gedeminnus}};<ref>[https://www.epaveldas.lt/preview?id=C1B0002960629 Gediminas' letter to Riga, 1326.III.2]</ref> {{circa\|1275}} – December 1341) was [[Grand Duke of Litva]] from 1315 or 1316<ref name="plakans">{{harvnb\|Plakans\|2011\|p=51}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Christiansen\|1980\|p=154}}</ref> until his death in 1341.<ref name="BritannicaGedimin">{{cite web \|title=Gedimin {{!}} grand duke of Lithuania \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gediminas \|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] \|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="GediminasVle">{{cite web \|title=Gediminas \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ \|website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>

	He is considered the founder of [[~~Lithuania~~]]'s capital [[Vilno]] (see: [[Iron Wolf (character)\|Iron Wolf legend]]).<ref name="GediminVle"/> During his reign, he brought under his rule lands from the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Pelenski\|1998\|p=}}</ref><ref name="bugajski">{{harvnb\|Bugajski\|2002\|p=125}}</ref> The [[~~Gediminids~~]] dynasty he founded and which is named after him came to rule over [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)\|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Hungary\|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia\|Bohemia]].<ref name="BritannicaGedimin" /><ref name="GediminVle"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gedimin \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminaiciai/ \|website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>		He is considered the founder of [[Litva]]'s capital [[Vilno]] (see: [[Iron Wolf (character)\|Iron Wolf legend]]).<ref name="GediminVle"/> During his reign, he brought under his rule lands from the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Pelenski\|1998\|p=}}</ref><ref name="bugajski">{{harvnb\|Bugajski\|2002\|p=125}}</ref> The [[Gediminin]] dynasty he founded and which is named after him came to rule over [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)\|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Hungary\|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia\|Bohemia]].<ref name="BritannicaGedimin" /><ref name="GediminVle"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Gedimin \|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminaiciai/ \|website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija \|access-date=13 March 2023 \|language=lt}}</ref>

	==Biography==		==Biography==

	===Origin===		===Origin===
	Gedimin was born in about 1275.<ref>{{harvnb\|Tęgowski\|1999\|p=15}}</ref> Because written sources of the era are scarce, Gedimin' ancestry, early life, and assumption of the title of Grand Duke in ca. 1316 are obscure and continue to be the subject of scholarly debate. Various theories have claimed that Gediminas was either his predecessor Grand Duke [[~~Vytenis~~]]' son, his brother, his cousin, or his [[hostler]].<ref>Vjachaslaў Nasevіch. Gedzimin // Vialikaje kniastva Litoŭskaje: Encyklapedyja. U 3 t. / red. G. P. Paškoŭ і іnš. T. 1: Abalenskі — Kadencyja. — Minsk: Belaruskaja Encyklapedyja, 2005. S. 519.</ref> For several centuries only two versions of his origins circulated. Chronicles — written long after Gediminas' death by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy of Lithuania — claimed that Gediminas was a hostler to Vytenis;<ref name=tomas>{{cite journal\|url=http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|title=Gedimino kilmė \|first=Tomas \|last=Baranauskas \|journal=[[Voruta (newspaper)\|Voruta]] \|date=1996-11-23 \|volume=44 \|issue=278 \|access-date=2007-03-10 \|page=6 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024617/http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|archive-date=October 6, 2007 \|url-status=dead \|language=lt}}</ref> according to these chronicles, Gediminas killed his master and assumed the throne. Another version introduced in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which also appeared long after Gediminas' death, proclaimed that Gediminas was Vytenis' son. However, the two men were almost the same age, making this relationship unlikely.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2020}}		Gedimin was born in about 1275.<ref>{{harvnb\|Tęgowski\|1999\|p=15}}</ref> Because written sources of the era are scarce, Gedimin' ancestry, early life, and assumption of the title of Grand Duke in ca. 1316 are obscure and continue to be the subject of scholarly debate. Various theories have claimed that Gediminas was either his predecessor Grand Duke [[Vyten']]' son, his brother, his cousin, or his [[hostler]].<ref>Vjachaslaў Nasevіch. Gedzimin // Vialikaje kniastva Litoŭskaje: Encyklapedyja. U 3 t. / red. G. P. Paškoŭ і іnš. T. 1: Abalenskі — Kadencyja. — Minsk: Belaruskaja Encyklapedyja, 2005. S. 519.</ref> For several centuries only two versions of his origins circulated. Chronicles — written long after Gediminas' death by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy of Lithuania — claimed that Gediminas was a hostler to Vytenis;<ref name=tomas>{{cite journal\|url=http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|title=Gedimino kilmė \|first=Tomas \|last=Baranauskas \|journal=[[Voruta (newspaper)\|Voruta]] \|date=1996-11-23 \|volume=44 \|issue=278 \|access-date=2007-03-10 \|page=6 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024617/http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/gediminas.htm \|archive-date=October 6, 2007 \|url-status=dead \|language=lt}}</ref> according to these chronicles, Gediminas killed his master and assumed the throne. Another version introduced in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which also appeared long after Gediminas' death, proclaimed that Gediminas was Vytenis' son. However, the two men were almost the same age, making this relationship unlikely.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2020}}

	Recent research indicates that ~~Gediminias'~~ ancestor may have been [[Skalmantas (Gediminids)\|Skalmantas]]. In 1974 historian Jerzy Ochmański noted that [[Zadonshchina]], a poem from the end of the 14th century, contains a line in which two sons of ~~Algirdas~~ name their ancestors: "We are two brothers – sons of ~~Algirdas~~, and grandsons of ~~Gediminas~~, and great-grandsons of ~~Skalmantas~~." This discovery led to the belief that ~~Skalmantas~~ was the long-sought ancestor of the ~~Gediminids~~. Ochmański posited that the poem skipped the generation represented by ~~Butvydas~~, and jumped back to the unknown ancestor. ~~Baranauskas~~ disagrees, believing ~~Skalmantas~~ was ~~Butvydas'~~ brother rather than his father, and that Vytenis and Gediminas were therefore cousins.<ref name=tomas/>		Recent research indicates that Gedimin ancestor may have been [[Skalmantas (Gediminids)\|Skalmantas]]. In 1974 historian Jerzy Ochmański noted that [[Zadonshchina]], a poem from the end of the 14th century, contains a line in which two sons of Algerd name their ancestors: "We are two brothers – sons of Algerd (Ol'gerd), and grandsons of Gedimin, and great-grandsons of Skalmant." This discovery led to the belief that Skalmant was the long-sought ancestor of the Gedimin. Ochmański posited that the poem skipped the generation represented by Butvyd, and jumped back to the unknown ancestor. Baranauski disagrees, believing Skalmant was Butvyd brother rather than his father, and that Vytenis and Gediminas were therefore cousins.<ref name=tomas/>

	~~Gediminas~~ became the [[Grand Duke]] in 1316 at the age of 40 and ruled for 25 years.<ref name="kiaupa">{{harvnb\|Kiaupa\|2000\|p=114}}</ref>		Gedimin became the [[Grand Duke]] in 1316 at the age of 40 and ruled for 25 years.<ref name="kiaupa">{{harvnb\|Kiaupa\|2000\|p=114}}</ref>

	===Choice of religion===		===Choice of religion===
	~~Gediminas~~ inherited land consisting of [[Litva]], [[Samogitia]], [[Novogrudok]], [[Podlasie]], [[Polotsk]] and [[Minsk]].<ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 5</ref> However, these possessions were all threatened by the [[Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Knights]] and the [[Livonian Order]], which desired to conquer them.<ref name="plakans"/>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} Gediminas allied himself with the [[Tatars]] against the Teutonic Order in 1319.<ref name="akiner">{{harvnb\|Akiner\|2009\|p=22}}</ref>		Gedimin inherited land consisting of [[Litva]], [[Samogitia]], [[Novogrudok]], [[Podlasie]], [[Polotsk]] and [[Minsk]].<ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 5</ref> However, these possessions were all threatened by the [[Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights\|Teutonic Knights]] and the [[Livonian Order]], which desired to conquer them.<ref name="plakans"/>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} Gediminas allied himself with the [[Tatars]] against the Teutonic Order in 1319.<ref name="akiner">{{harvnb\|Akiner\|2009\|p=22}}</ref>

	[[File:Grand Duchy of Litva Rus' and Samogitia 1434.jpg\|thumb\|Position of the [[Grand Duchy of ~~Lithuania~~]] in Eastern Europe until 1434.]]		[[File:Grand Duchy of Litva Rus' and Samogitia 1434.jpg\|thumb\|Position of the [[Grand Duchy of Litva]] in Eastern Europe until 1434.]]
	The systematic raiding of ~~Lithuania~~ by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since [[History of ~~Lithuania~~ (1219-1295)\|united all the ~~Lithuanian~~ tribes]]. For this purpose, he entered into direct diplomatic negotiations with the [[Holy See]]. At the end of 1322, he sent letters to Pope [[John XXII]] soliciting his protection against the persecution of the knights,<ref name="letters"/> informing him of the privileges already granted to the [[Dominican Order\|Dominicans]] and [[Franciscans]] in Lithuania for preaching Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb\|Housley\|1986\|p=274}}</ref>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} ~~Gediminas~~ also asked that legates should be dispatched to him in order to be baptized.<ref>{{harvnb\|Muldoon\|1997\|p=135}}</ref> This action was supported by the [[Archbishopric of Riga\|Archbishop of Riga]], Frederic Lobestat.<ref name="SaEEr">~~Slavonic~~ and East European review, Volume 32; Published by the Modern Humanities Research Association for the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1953</ref> Following these events, peace between the Duchy and the Livonian Order was eventually conducted on 2 October 1323.<ref>{{harvnb\|Kiaupa\|2000\|p=115}}</ref>		The systematic raiding of Lithva by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since [[History of Lithva (1219-1295)\|united all the samogitian tribes]]. For this purpose, he entered into direct diplomatic negotiations with the [[Holy See]]. At the end of 1322, he sent letters to Pope [[John XXII]] soliciting his protection against the persecution of the knights,<ref name="letters"/> informing him of the privileges already granted to the [[Dominican Order\|Dominicans]] and [[Franciscans]] in Lithuania for preaching Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb\|Housley\|1986\|p=274}}</ref>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}} Gedimin also asked that legates should be dispatched to him in order to be baptized.<ref>{{harvnb\|Muldoon\|1997\|p=135}}</ref> This action was supported by the [[Archbishopric of Riga\|Archbishop of Riga]], Frederic Lobestat.<ref name="SaEEr">Slavanic and East European review, Volume 32; Published by the Modern Humanities Research Association for the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1953</ref> Following these events, peace between the Duchy and the Livonian Order was eventually conducted on 2 October 1323.<ref>{{harvnb\|Kiaupa\|2000\|p=115}}</ref>

	On receiving a favourable reply from the Holy See, Gediminas issued circular letters, dated 25 January 1323, to the principal [[Hanseatic League\|Hanseatic]] towns, offering a free access into his domains to men of every order and profession from nobles and knights to tillers of the soil.<ref name="letters">{{cite web\|url=http://www.lituanus.org/1969/69_4_02.htm\|title=Letters of Gediminas\|date=Winter 1969\|access-date=23 April 2011\|publisher=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences\|archive-date=27 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427172302/http://www.lituanus.org/1969/69_4_02.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Chase\|1946\|p=24}}</ref> The immigrants were to choose their own settlements and be governed by their own laws. Priests and monks were also invited to come and build churches at [[Vilnius]] and Navahrudak. In October 1323, representatives of the archbishop of [[Riga]], the [[bishopric of Dorpat\|bishop of Dorpat]], the king of Denmark, the Dominican and Franciscan orders, and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order assembled at Vilnius, when Gediminas confirmed his promises and undertook to be baptised as soon as the papal legates arrived. A compact was then signed at Vilnius, in the name of the whole Christian World, between Gediminas and the delegates, confirming the promised privileges.<ref name="oconnor">{{harvnb\|O'Connor\|2003\|p=15}}</ref>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}}		On receiving a favourable reply from the Holy See, Gediminas issued circular letters, dated 25 January 1323, to the principal [[Hanseatic League\|Hanseatic]] towns, offering a free access into his domains to men of every order and profession from nobles and knights to tillers of the soil.<ref name="letters">{{cite web\|url=http://www.lituanus.org/1969/69_4_02.htm\|title=Letters of Gediminas\|date=Winter 1969\|access-date=23 April 2011\|publisher=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences\|archive-date=27 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427172302/http://www.lituanus.org/1969/69_4_02.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Chase\|1946\|p=24}}</ref> The immigrants were to choose their own settlements and be governed by their own laws. Priests and monks were also invited to come and build churches at [[Vilnius]] and Navahrudak. In October 1323, representatives of the archbishop of [[Riga]], the [[bishopric of Dorpat\|bishop of Dorpat]], the king of Denmark, the Dominican and Franciscan orders, and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order assembled at Vilnius, when Gediminas confirmed his promises and undertook to be baptised as soon as the papal legates arrived. A compact was then signed at Vilnius, in the name of the whole Christian World, between Gediminas and the delegates, confirming the promised privileges.<ref name="oconnor">{{harvnb\|O'Connor\|2003\|p=15}}</ref>{{sfn\|Bain\|1911\|p=548}}