George Berkeley - Revision history

Tkbrett: /* top */ avoiding repetition is important in journalism, but clarity takes precedence in an encyclopedia (cf. "Second Mentions").

2024-10-14T18:20:47Z

top: avoiding repetition is important in journalism, but clarity takes precedence in an encyclopedia (cf. "Second Mentions").

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	In 1709, Berkeley published his first major work, ''[[s:An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision\|An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision]]'', in which he discussed the limitations of human vision and advanced the theory that the proper objects of sight are not material objects, but light and colour.<ref>See {{Cite book \|last=Berkeley \|first=George \|year=1709 \|title= An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision \|edition= 2 \|publisher=Jeremy Pepyat \|publication-date=1709 \|location=Dublin \|isbn=9781414283098 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o85AAAAcAAJ&q=editions%3AdyOzLl2K0NEC&pg=PR1}}</ref> This foreshadowed his chief philosophical work, ''[[A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge]]'', in 1710, which, after its poor reception, he rewrote in dialogue form and published under the title ''[[Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous]]'' in 1713.<ref>{{cite journal\| last=Turbayne\| first=C. M.\| author-link=Colin Murray Turbayne\| title=Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind\| journal=[[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]\| volume=20\| issue=1\| date=September 1959\| pages=85–92\| jstor=2104957\| doi=10.2307/2104957}}<br /> Repr. in {{cite book\| last1=Engle\| first1=Gale\| last2=Taylor\| first2=Gabriele\| title=Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge: Critical Studies\| url=https://archive.org/details/berkeleysprincip00engl\| url-access=registration\| location=Belmont, CA\| publisher=Wadsworth\| year=1968\| pages=[https://archive.org/details/berkeleysprincip00engl/page/24 24–33]}} In this collection of essays, Turbayne's work comprised two papers that had been published in [[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]:		In 1709, Berkeley published his first major work, ''[[s:An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision\|An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision]]'', in which he discussed the limitations of human vision and advanced the theory that the proper objects of sight are not material objects, but light and colour.<ref>See {{Cite book \|last=Berkeley \|first=George \|year=1709 \|title= An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision \|edition= 2 \|publisher=Jeremy Pepyat \|publication-date=1709 \|location=Dublin \|isbn=9781414283098 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o85AAAAcAAJ&q=editions%3AdyOzLl2K0NEC&pg=PR1}}</ref> This foreshadowed his chief philosophical work, ''[[A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge]]'', in 1710, which, after its poor reception, he rewrote in dialogue form and published under the title ''[[Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous]]'' in 1713.<ref>{{cite journal\| last=Turbayne\| first=C. M.\| author-link=Colin Murray Turbayne\| title=Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind\| journal=[[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]\| volume=20\| issue=1\| date=September 1959\| pages=85–92\| jstor=2104957\| doi=10.2307/2104957}}<br /> Repr. in {{cite book\| last1=Engle\| first1=Gale\| last2=Taylor\| first2=Gabriele\| title=Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge: Critical Studies\| url=https://archive.org/details/berkeleysprincip00engl\| url-access=registration\| location=Belmont, CA\| publisher=Wadsworth\| year=1968\| pages=[https://archive.org/details/berkeleysprincip00engl/page/24 24–33]}} In this collection of essays, Turbayne's work comprised two papers that had been published in [[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]:
	* "Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind"		* "Berkeley's Two Concepts of Mind"
	* C. Turbayne's reply to S. A. Grave, "A Note on Berkeley's Conception of the Mind" (''[[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]'', 1962, vol. 22, No. 4, {{JSTOR\|2105263}}, {{doi\|10.2307/2105263}}).</ref> In this book, Berkeley's views were represented by Philonous (Greek: "lover of mind"), while Hylas ("[[hyle]]", Greek: "matter") embodies the ~~Irish thinker~~'s opponents, in particular [[John Locke]].		* C. Turbayne's reply to S. A. Grave, "A Note on Berkeley's Conception of the Mind" (''[[Philosophy and Phenomenological Research]]'', 1962, vol. 22, No. 4, {{JSTOR\|2105263}}, {{doi\|10.2307/2105263}}).</ref> In this book, Berkeley's views were represented by Philonous (Greek: "lover of mind"), while Hylas ("[[hyle]]", Greek: "matter") embodies the Berkeley's opponents, in particular [[John Locke]].

	Berkeley argued against [[Isaac Newton]]'s doctrine of [[Absolute space and time\|absolute space, time]] and [[Motion (physics)\|motion]] in ''[[De Motu (Berkeley's essay)\|De Motu]]''<ref name="Berkeley's Philosophical Writings 1974">''Berkeley's Philosophical Writings'', New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680</ref> (''On Motion''), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of [[Ernst Mach]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Popper\|first1=K.R.\|title=A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach\|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science\|date=1 May 1953\|volume=IV\|issue=13\|pages=26–36\|doi=10.1093/bjps/IV.13.26\|s2cid=123072861}}</ref><ref>Also published: ''Conjectures and Refutations'', Volume I, "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach and Einstein", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.</ref> In 1732, he published ''[[Alciphron (book)\|Alciphron]]'', a Christian [[apologetics\|apologetic]] against the [[free-thinkers]], and in 1734, he published ''[[The Analyst]]'', a critique of the foundations of [[calculus]], which was influential in the development of mathematics.<ref>[https://jhollandtranslations.com/docs/HOLLAND-George-Berkeley.pdf jhollandtranslations.com]</ref>		Berkeley argued against [[Isaac Newton]]'s doctrine of [[Absolute space and time\|absolute space, time]] and [[Motion (physics)\|motion]] in ''[[De Motu (Berkeley's essay)\|De Motu]]''<ref name="Berkeley's Philosophical Writings 1974">''Berkeley's Philosophical Writings'', New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680</ref> (''On Motion''), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of [[Ernst Mach]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Popper\|first1=K.R.\|title=A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach\|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science\|date=1 May 1953\|volume=IV\|issue=13\|pages=26–36\|doi=10.1093/bjps/IV.13.26\|s2cid=123072861}}</ref><ref>Also published: ''Conjectures and Refutations'', Volume I, "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach and Einstein", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.</ref> In 1732, he published ''[[Alciphron (book)\|Alciphron]]'', a Christian [[apologetics\|apologetic]] against the [[free-thinkers]], and in 1734, he published ''[[The Analyst]]'', a critique of the foundations of [[calculus]], which was influential in the development of mathematics.<ref>[https://jhollandtranslations.com/docs/HOLLAND-George-Berkeley.pdf jhollandtranslations.com]</ref>

Kzirkel: /* Commemoration */ added pic

2024-10-10T13:17:45Z

Commemoration: added pic

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	==Commemoration==		==Commemoration==
			[[File:Berkley (Massachusetts) Town Hall.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Berkley, Massachusetts]] Town Hall]]
	Both the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and the [[Berkeley, California\|city of Berkeley, California]], were named after him, although the pronunciation has evolved to suit [[American English]]: ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|b\|ɜːr\|k\|l\|i}} {{respell\|BURK\|lee}}). The naming was suggested in 1866 by [[Frederick H. Billings]], a trustee of what was then called the [[College of California]]. Billings was inspired by Berkeley's ''Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America'', particularly the final stanza: "Westward the course of empire takes its way; the first four Acts already past, a fifth shall close the Drama with the day; time's noblest offspring is the last".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Why Is Berkeley Called Berkeley? \|url=https://berkhistory.org/why-is-berkeley-called-berkeley/ \|website=Berkeley Historical Society \|date=10 February 2022 \|access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>		Both the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and the [[Berkeley, California\|city of Berkeley, California]], were named after him, although the pronunciation has evolved to suit [[American English]]: ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|b\|ɜːr\|k\|l\|i}} {{respell\|BURK\|lee}}). The naming was suggested in 1866 by [[Frederick H. Billings]], a trustee of what was then called the [[College of California]]. Billings was inspired by Berkeley's ''Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America'', particularly the final stanza: "Westward the course of empire takes its way; the first four Acts already past, a fifth shall close the Drama with the day; time's noblest offspring is the last".<ref>{{cite web \|title=Why Is Berkeley Called Berkeley? \|url=https://berkhistory.org/why-is-berkeley-called-berkeley/ \|website=Berkeley Historical Society \|date=10 February 2022 \|access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

134.226.213.131: /* Commemoration */Added info on recent development per college internal communications.

2024-10-09T12:48:35Z

Commemoration: Added info on recent development per college internal communications.

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	A [[Berkeley College (Yale)\|residential college]] and an [[Berkeley Divinity School\|Episcopal seminary]] at [[Yale University]] also bear Berkeley's name.		A [[Berkeley College (Yale)\|residential college]] and an [[Berkeley Divinity School\|Episcopal seminary]] at [[Yale University]] also bear Berkeley's name.

	"Bishop Berkeley's Gold Medals" were two awards given annually at [[Trinity College Dublin]], "provided outstanding merit is shown", to candidates answering a special examination in Greek. The awards were founded in 1752 by Berkeley.<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/undergraduate-studies/prizes-and-other-awards.pdf Prizes and Other Awards], ''Trinity College Dublin – Calendar 2016–17'', p. 369. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</ref> However, they have not been awarded since 2011.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|date=2023 \|title=Working Paper on Berkeley's Legacies at Trinity \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/seniordean/legacies/berkeleyTLRWGworkingpaper.pdf}}</ref> Other elements of Berkeley's legacy at Trinity are currently under review ({{as of\|2023}}) due to his support of [[slavery]]. For example, the library at Trinity that was named after him in 1978 ~~is to be~~ "de-named"~~, Trinity announced~~ in April 2023. Another memorialization of him in the form of a stained glass window will remain, but used as part of "a retain-and-explain approach" where his legacy will be given further context.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web \|last=admin \|date=2023-04-26 \|title=Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/library/news/trinity-college-dublin-to-dename-the-berkeley-library/ \|access-date=2023-12-26 \|website=The Library of Trinity College Dublin: News & Alerts}}</ref>		"Bishop Berkeley's Gold Medals" were two awards given annually at [[Trinity College Dublin]], "provided outstanding merit is shown", to candidates answering a special examination in Greek. The awards were founded in 1752 by Berkeley.<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/undergraduate-studies/prizes-and-other-awards.pdf Prizes and Other Awards], ''Trinity College Dublin – Calendar 2016–17'', p. 369. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</ref> However, they have not been awarded since 2011.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|date=2023 \|title=Working Paper on Berkeley's Legacies at Trinity \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/seniordean/legacies/berkeleyTLRWGworkingpaper.pdf}}</ref> Other elements of Berkeley's legacy at Trinity are currently under review ({{as of\|2023}}) due to his support of [[slavery]]. For example, the library at Trinity that was named after him in 1978 was "de-named" in April 2023 and renamed in October 2024 after Irish poet Eavan Boland. Another memorialization of him in the form of a stained glass window will remain, but used as part of "a retain-and-explain approach" where his legacy will be given further context.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web \|last=admin \|date=2023-04-26 \|title=Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/library/news/trinity-college-dublin-to-dename-the-berkeley-library/ \|access-date=2023-12-26 \|website=The Library of Trinity College Dublin: News & Alerts}}</ref>

	An [[Ulster History Circle]] blue plaque commemorating him is located in Bishop Street Within, the city of Derry.		An [[Ulster History Circle]] blue plaque commemorating him is located in Bishop Street Within, the city of Derry.

2405:201:AC0A:4168:ADE6:207A:6395:6BDC: Grammer

2024-08-18T09:32:38Z

Grammer

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	Berkeley argued against [[Isaac Newton]]'s doctrine of [[Absolute space and time\|absolute space, time]] and [[Motion (physics)\|motion]] in ''[[De Motu (Berkeley's essay)\|De Motu]]''<ref name="Berkeley's Philosophical Writings 1974">''Berkeley's Philosophical Writings'', New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680</ref> (''On Motion''), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of [[Ernst Mach]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Popper\|first1=K.R.\|title=A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach\|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science\|date=1 May 1953\|volume=IV\|issue=13\|pages=26–36\|doi=10.1093/bjps/IV.13.26\|s2cid=123072861}}</ref><ref>Also published: ''Conjectures and Refutations'', Volume I, "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach and Einstein", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.</ref> In 1732, he published ''[[Alciphron (book)\|Alciphron]]'', a Christian [[apologetics\|apologetic]] against the [[free-thinkers]], and in 1734, he published ''[[The Analyst]]'', a critique of the foundations of [[calculus]], which was influential in the development of mathematics.<ref>[https://jhollandtranslations.com/docs/HOLLAND-George-Berkeley.pdf jhollandtranslations.com]</ref>		Berkeley argued against [[Isaac Newton]]'s doctrine of [[Absolute space and time\|absolute space, time]] and [[Motion (physics)\|motion]] in ''[[De Motu (Berkeley's essay)\|De Motu]]''<ref name="Berkeley's Philosophical Writings 1974">''Berkeley's Philosophical Writings'', New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680</ref> (''On Motion''), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of [[Ernst Mach]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Popper\|first1=K.R.\|title=A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach\|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science\|date=1 May 1953\|volume=IV\|issue=13\|pages=26–36\|doi=10.1093/bjps/IV.13.26\|s2cid=123072861}}</ref><ref>Also published: ''Conjectures and Refutations'', Volume I, "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach and Einstein", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.</ref> In 1732, he published ''[[Alciphron (book)\|Alciphron]]'', a Christian [[apologetics\|apologetic]] against the [[free-thinkers]], and in 1734, he published ''[[The Analyst]]'', a critique of the foundations of [[calculus]], which was influential in the development of mathematics.<ref>[https://jhollandtranslations.com/docs/HOLLAND-George-Berkeley.pdf jhollandtranslations.com]</ref>

	Interest in Berkeley's work increased after World War II because he tackled many of the issues of paramount interest to philosophy in the 20th century, such as the problems of perception, the difference between primary and secondary qualities, and the importance of ~~languages~~.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1-first=Colin \|editor1-last=Turbayne\|title=Berkeley: critical and interpretive essays\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RExF10reT9wC&q=Turbayne \|year=1982 \|publisher= University of Minnesota Press\|location=Minneapolis, MN\|isbn=978-0-8166-1065-5}}</ref>		Interest in Berkeley's work increased after World War II because he tackled many of the issues of paramount interest to philosophy in the 20th century, such as the problems of perception, the difference between primary and secondary qualities, and the importance of language.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1-first=Colin \|editor1-last=Turbayne\|title=Berkeley: critical and interpretive essays\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RExF10reT9wC&q=Turbayne \|year=1982 \|publisher= University of Minnesota Press\|location=Minneapolis, MN\|isbn=978-0-8166-1065-5}}</ref>

	==Biography==		==Biography==

2405:201:AC0A:4168:ADE6:207A:6395:6BDC: Grammer (Language)

2024-08-18T09:31:49Z

Grammer (Language)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:31, 18 August 2024
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	Berkeley argued against [[Isaac Newton]]'s doctrine of [[Absolute space and time\|absolute space, time]] and [[Motion (physics)\|motion]] in ''[[De Motu (Berkeley's essay)\|De Motu]]''<ref name="Berkeley's Philosophical Writings 1974">''Berkeley's Philosophical Writings'', New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680</ref> (''On Motion''), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of [[Ernst Mach]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Popper\|first1=K.R.\|title=A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach\|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science\|date=1 May 1953\|volume=IV\|issue=13\|pages=26–36\|doi=10.1093/bjps/IV.13.26\|s2cid=123072861}}</ref><ref>Also published: ''Conjectures and Refutations'', Volume I, "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach and Einstein", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.</ref> In 1732, he published ''[[Alciphron (book)\|Alciphron]]'', a Christian [[apologetics\|apologetic]] against the [[free-thinkers]], and in 1734, he published ''[[The Analyst]]'', a critique of the foundations of [[calculus]], which was influential in the development of mathematics.<ref>[https://jhollandtranslations.com/docs/HOLLAND-George-Berkeley.pdf jhollandtranslations.com]</ref>		Berkeley argued against [[Isaac Newton]]'s doctrine of [[Absolute space and time\|absolute space, time]] and [[Motion (physics)\|motion]] in ''[[De Motu (Berkeley's essay)\|De Motu]]''<ref name="Berkeley's Philosophical Writings 1974">''Berkeley's Philosophical Writings'', New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680</ref> (''On Motion''), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of [[Ernst Mach]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Popper\|first1=K.R.\|title=A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach\|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science\|date=1 May 1953\|volume=IV\|issue=13\|pages=26–36\|doi=10.1093/bjps/IV.13.26\|s2cid=123072861}}</ref><ref>Also published: ''Conjectures and Refutations'', Volume I, "A note on Berkeley as precursor of Mach and Einstein", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.</ref> In 1732, he published ''[[Alciphron (book)\|Alciphron]]'', a Christian [[apologetics\|apologetic]] against the [[free-thinkers]], and in 1734, he published ''[[The Analyst]]'', a critique of the foundations of [[calculus]], which was influential in the development of mathematics.<ref>[https://jhollandtranslations.com/docs/HOLLAND-George-Berkeley.pdf jhollandtranslations.com]</ref>

	Interest in Berkeley's work increased after World War II because he tackled many of the issues of paramount interest to philosophy in the 20th century, such as the problems of perception, the difference between primary and secondary qualities, and the importance of ~~language~~.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1-first=Colin \|editor1-last=Turbayne\|title=Berkeley: critical and interpretive essays\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RExF10reT9wC&q=Turbayne \|year=1982 \|publisher= University of Minnesota Press\|location=Minneapolis, MN\|isbn=978-0-8166-1065-5}}</ref>		Interest in Berkeley's work increased after World War II because he tackled many of the issues of paramount interest to philosophy in the 20th century, such as the problems of perception, the difference between primary and secondary qualities, and the importance of languages.<ref>{{cite book\|editor1-first=Colin \|editor1-last=Turbayne\|title=Berkeley: critical and interpretive essays\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RExF10reT9wC&q=Turbayne \|year=1982 \|publisher= University of Minnesota Press\|location=Minneapolis, MN\|isbn=978-0-8166-1065-5}}</ref>

	==Biography==		==Biography==

2A01:B340:81:3AE2:8040:9E0D:ACAE:6B1C at 06:29, 9 August 2024

2024-08-09T06:29:51Z

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	\| era = [[18th-century philosophy]]		\| era = [[18th-century philosophy]]
	\| school_tradition = [[Subjective idealism]] ([[phenomenalism]])<br>[[Empiricism]]<br>[[Foundationalism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \| url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4 \| title=Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification \| encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy \| date=21 February 2000 \| access-date=19 August 2018 \| author=Fumerton, Richard}}</ref><br>[[Conceptualism]]<ref>[[David Bostock (philosopher)\|David Bostock]], ''Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 43: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our ''ideas'', but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."</ref><br>[[Indirect realism]]<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/ The Problem of Perception (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]: "Paraphrasing David Hume (1739 ...; see also Locke 1690, Berkeley 1710, Russell 1912): nothing is ever directly present to the mind in perception except perceptual appearances."</ref>		\| school_tradition = [[Subjective idealism]] ([[phenomenalism]])<br>[[Empiricism]]<br>[[Foundationalism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \| url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4 \| title=Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification \| encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy \| date=21 February 2000 \| access-date=19 August 2018 \| author=Fumerton, Richard}}</ref><br>[[Conceptualism]]<ref>[[David Bostock (philosopher)\|David Bostock]], ''Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 43: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our ''ideas'', but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."</ref><br>[[Indirect realism]]<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/ The Problem of Perception (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]: "Paraphrasing David Hume (1739 ...; see also Locke 1690, Berkeley 1710, Russell 1912): nothing is ever directly present to the mind in perception except perceptual appearances."</ref>
	\| education = [[Trinity College Dublin]]<br>(B.A., 1704; M.A. 1707)		\| education = [[Trinity College, Dublin]]<br>(B.A., 1704; M.A. 1707)
	\| institutions = [[Trinity College Dublin]]<ref name=sep/>		\| institutions = [[Trinity College Dublin]]<ref name=sep/>
	\| main_interests = [[Christianity]], [[metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], [[Philosophy of language\|language]], [[Philosophy of mathematics\|mathematics]], [[perception]]		\| main_interests = [[Christianity]], [[metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], [[Philosophy of language\|language]], [[Philosophy of mathematics\|mathematics]], [[perception]]

Basealey at 14:39, 1 August 2024

2024-08-01T14:39:09Z

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	"Bishop Berkeley's Gold Medals" were two awards given annually at [[Trinity College Dublin]], "provided outstanding merit is shown", to candidates answering a special examination in Greek. The awards were founded in 1752 by Berkeley.<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/undergraduate-studies/prizes-and-other-awards.pdf Prizes and Other Awards], ''Trinity College Dublin – Calendar 2016–17'', p. 369. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</ref> However, they have not been awarded since 2011.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|date=2023 \|title=Working Paper on Berkeley's Legacies at Trinity \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/seniordean/legacies/berkeleyTLRWGworkingpaper.pdf}}</ref> Other elements of Berkeley's legacy at Trinity are currently under review ({{as of\|2023}}) due to his support of [[slavery]]. For example, the library at Trinity that was named after him in 1978 is to be "de-named", Trinity announced in April 2023. Another memorialization of him in the form of a stained glass window will remain, but used as part of "a retain-and-explain approach" where his legacy will be given further context.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web \|last=admin \|date=2023-04-26 \|title=Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/library/news/trinity-college-dublin-to-dename-the-berkeley-library/ \|access-date=2023-12-26 \|website=The Library of Trinity College Dublin: News & Alerts}}</ref>		"Bishop Berkeley's Gold Medals" were two awards given annually at [[Trinity College Dublin]], "provided outstanding merit is shown", to candidates answering a special examination in Greek. The awards were founded in 1752 by Berkeley.<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/undergraduate-studies/prizes-and-other-awards.pdf Prizes and Other Awards], ''Trinity College Dublin – Calendar 2016–17'', p. 369. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</ref> However, they have not been awarded since 2011.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|date=2023 \|title=Working Paper on Berkeley's Legacies at Trinity \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/seniordean/legacies/berkeleyTLRWGworkingpaper.pdf}}</ref> Other elements of Berkeley's legacy at Trinity are currently under review ({{as of\|2023}}) due to his support of [[slavery]]. For example, the library at Trinity that was named after him in 1978 is to be "de-named", Trinity announced in April 2023. Another memorialization of him in the form of a stained glass window will remain, but used as part of "a retain-and-explain approach" where his legacy will be given further context.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web \|last=admin \|date=2023-04-26 \|title=Trinity College Dublin to dename the Berkeley Library \|url=https://www.tcd.ie/library/news/trinity-college-dublin-to-dename-the-berkeley-library/ \|access-date=2023-12-26 \|website=The Library of Trinity College Dublin: News & Alerts}}</ref>

	An Ulster History Circle blue plaque commemorating him is located in Bishop Street Within, the city of Derry.		An [[Ulster History Circle]] blue plaque commemorating him is located in Bishop Street Within, the city of Derry.

	Berkeley's farmhouse in Middletown, Rhode Island, is preserved as [[Whitehall Museum House]], also known as Berkeley House, and was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1970. [[St. Columba's Chapel (Middletown, Rhode Island)\|St. Columba's Chapel]], located in the same town, was formerly named "The Berkeley Memorial Chapel", and the appellation still survives at the end of the formal name of the parish, "St. Columba's, the Berkeley Memorial Chapel".		Berkeley's farmhouse in Middletown, Rhode Island, is preserved as [[Whitehall Museum House]], also known as Berkeley House, and was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1970. [[St. Columba's Chapel (Middletown, Rhode Island)\|St. Columba's Chapel]], located in the same town, was formerly named "The Berkeley Memorial Chapel", and the appellation still survives at the end of the formal name of the parish, "St. Columba's, the Berkeley Memorial Chapel".

Dawnseeker2000: date format audit, link maintenance, minor formatting, typo(s) fixed: Editorial Board → editorial board

2024-07-27T17:30:55Z

date format audit, link maintenance, minor formatting, typo(s) fixed: Editorial Board → editorial board

Show changes

Icairns 2: /* Marriage and America */ +try not to start section with a pronoun - loses context??

2024-07-25T14:29:55Z

Marriage and America: +try not to start section with a pronoun - loses context??

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:29, 25 July 2024
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	\| caption2 = [[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]], Berkeley's home in [[Middletown, Rhode Island]]		\| caption2 = [[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]], Berkeley's home in [[Middletown, Rhode Island]]
	}}		}}
	On 1 August 1728 at [[St Mary-le-Strand]], London<ref>{{cite book \|title=St Mary le Strand parish register \|date=1 Aug 1728 }}</ref>, he married Anne Forster, daughter of [[John Forster (Chief Justice)\|John Forster]], [[Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas]], and Forster's first wife Rebecca Monck. He then went to America on a salary of £100 per annum. He landed near [[Newport, Rhode Island]], where he bought a [[plantation]] at [[Middletown, Rhode Island\|Middletown]]{{spaced ndash}}the famous "[[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]]". Berkeley purchased several [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States\|enslaved Africans]] to work on the plantation.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Scholarship Fund \|url=http://www.yaleslavery.org/Endowments/e2schol.html#:~:text=Bishop%20George%20Berkeley%20bought%203,donated%20the%20plantation%20to%20Yale.&text=George%20Berkeley%20had%20slaves%20working%20his%20plantation%20until%20he%20left%20in%201731 \|access-date=2020-06-28 \|website=Yale, Slavery & Abolition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Humphreys \|first1=Joe \|title=What to do about George Berkeley, Trinity figurehead and slave owner? \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/what-to-do-about-george-berkeley-trinity-figurehead-and-slave-owner-1.4277555 \|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] \|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Trinity College Dublin removed Berkeley's name from one of its libraries because of his slave ownership and his active defence of slavery.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Berkeley Name Dropped From Trinity College Library \|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2023/05/09/berkeley-name-dropped-trinity-college-library \|website=Inside Higher Ed \|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>		On 1 August 1728 at [[St Mary le Strand]], London<ref>{{cite book \|title=St Mary le Strand parish register \|date=1 Aug 1728 }}</ref>, Berkeley married Anne Forster, daughter of [[John Forster (Chief Justice)\|John Forster]], [[Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas]], and Forster's first wife Rebecca Monck. He then went to America on a salary of £100 per annum. He landed near [[Newport, Rhode Island]], where he bought a [[plantation]] at [[Middletown, Rhode Island\|Middletown]]{{spaced ndash}}the famous "[[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]]". Berkeley purchased several [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States\|enslaved Africans]] to work on the plantation.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Scholarship Fund \|url=http://www.yaleslavery.org/Endowments/e2schol.html#:~:text=Bishop%20George%20Berkeley%20bought%203,donated%20the%20plantation%20to%20Yale.&text=George%20Berkeley%20had%20slaves%20working%20his%20plantation%20until%20he%20left%20in%201731 \|access-date=2020-06-28 \|website=Yale, Slavery & Abolition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Humphreys \|first1=Joe \|title=What to do about George Berkeley, Trinity figurehead and slave owner? \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/what-to-do-about-george-berkeley-trinity-figurehead-and-slave-owner-1.4277555 \|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] \|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Trinity College Dublin removed Berkeley's name from one of its libraries because of his slave ownership and his active defence of slavery.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Berkeley Name Dropped From Trinity College Library \|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2023/05/09/berkeley-name-dropped-trinity-college-library \|website=Inside Higher Ed \|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

	It has been claimed that "he introduced [[Palladianism]] into America by borrowing a design from [William] Kent's ''Designs of Inigo Jones'' for the door-case of his house in Rhode Island, Whitehall".<ref>Chaney, Edward. T''he Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance (''Frank Cass Publishers, 2000), 324.</ref> He also brought to New England [[John Smybert\|John Smibert]], the Scottish artist he "discovered" in Italy, who is generally regarded as the founding father of American portrait painting.<ref>{{cite web \|title=John Smibert \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Smibert \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, he drew up plans for the ideal city he planned to build on Bermuda.<ref>E. Chaney, "George Berkeley's Grand Tours", ''Evolution of the Grand Tour'', p. 324.</ref> He lived at the plantation while he waited for funds for his college to arrive. The funds, however, were not forthcoming. "With the withdrawal from London of his own persuasive energies, opposition gathered force; and the Prime Minister, [[Robert Walpole\|Walpole]] grew steadily more sceptical and lukewarm. At last it became clear that the essential Parliamentary grant would be not forthcoming",<ref>[[Geoffrey J. Warnock]], Introduction to: George Berkeley, ''A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'', Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 9.</ref> and in 1732 he left America and returned to London.		It has been claimed that "he introduced [[Palladianism]] into America by borrowing a design from [William] Kent's ''Designs of Inigo Jones'' for the door-case of his house in Rhode Island, Whitehall".<ref>Chaney, Edward. T''he Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance (''Frank Cass Publishers, 2000), 324.</ref> He also brought to New England [[John Smybert\|John Smibert]], the Scottish artist he "discovered" in Italy, who is generally regarded as the founding father of American portrait painting.<ref>{{cite web \|title=John Smibert \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Smibert \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, he drew up plans for the ideal city he planned to build on Bermuda.<ref>E. Chaney, "George Berkeley's Grand Tours", ''Evolution of the Grand Tour'', p. 324.</ref> He lived at the plantation while he waited for funds for his college to arrive. The funds, however, were not forthcoming. "With the withdrawal from London of his own persuasive energies, opposition gathered force; and the Prime Minister, [[Robert Walpole\|Walpole]] grew steadily more sceptical and lukewarm. At last it became clear that the essential Parliamentary grant would be not forthcoming",<ref>[[Geoffrey J. Warnock]], Introduction to: George Berkeley, ''A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'', Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 9.</ref> and in 1732 he left America and returned to London.

Icairns 2: +referenced date and place

2024-07-25T14:26:40Z

+referenced date and place

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:26, 25 July 2024
Line 78:		Line 78:
	\| caption2 = [[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]], Berkeley's home in [[Middletown, Rhode Island]]		\| caption2 = [[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]], Berkeley's home in [[Middletown, Rhode Island]]
	}}		}}
	In 1728, he married Anne Forster, daughter of [[John Forster (Chief Justice)\|John Forster]], [[Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas]], and Forster's first wife Rebecca Monck. He then went to America on a salary of £100 per annum. He landed near [[Newport, Rhode Island]], where he bought a [[plantation]] at [[Middletown, Rhode Island\|Middletown]]{{spaced ndash}}the famous "[[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]]". Berkeley purchased several [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States\|enslaved Africans]] to work on the plantation.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Scholarship Fund \|url=http://www.yaleslavery.org/Endowments/e2schol.html#:~:text=Bishop%20George%20Berkeley%20bought%203,donated%20the%20plantation%20to%20Yale.&text=George%20Berkeley%20had%20slaves%20working%20his%20plantation%20until%20he%20left%20in%201731 \|access-date=2020-06-28 \|website=Yale, Slavery & Abolition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Humphreys \|first1=Joe \|title=What to do about George Berkeley, Trinity figurehead and slave owner? \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/what-to-do-about-george-berkeley-trinity-figurehead-and-slave-owner-1.4277555 \|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] \|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Trinity College Dublin removed Berkeley's name from one of its libraries because of his slave ownership and his active defence of slavery.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Berkeley Name Dropped From Trinity College Library \|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2023/05/09/berkeley-name-dropped-trinity-college-library \|website=Inside Higher Ed \|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>		On 1 August 1728 at [[St Mary-le-Strand]], London<ref>{{cite book \|title=St Mary le Strand parish register \|date=1 Aug 1728 }}</ref>, he married Anne Forster, daughter of [[John Forster (Chief Justice)\|John Forster]], [[Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas]], and Forster's first wife Rebecca Monck. He then went to America on a salary of £100 per annum. He landed near [[Newport, Rhode Island]], where he bought a [[plantation]] at [[Middletown, Rhode Island\|Middletown]]{{spaced ndash}}the famous "[[Whitehall Museum House\|Whitehall]]". Berkeley purchased several [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States\|enslaved Africans]] to work on the plantation.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Scholarship Fund \|url=http://www.yaleslavery.org/Endowments/e2schol.html#:~:text=Bishop%20George%20Berkeley%20bought%203,donated%20the%20plantation%20to%20Yale.&text=George%20Berkeley%20had%20slaves%20working%20his%20plantation%20until%20he%20left%20in%201731 \|access-date=2020-06-28 \|website=Yale, Slavery & Abolition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Humphreys \|first1=Joe \|title=What to do about George Berkeley, Trinity figurehead and slave owner? \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/what-to-do-about-george-berkeley-trinity-figurehead-and-slave-owner-1.4277555 \|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] \|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Trinity College Dublin removed Berkeley's name from one of its libraries because of his slave ownership and his active defence of slavery.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Berkeley Name Dropped From Trinity College Library \|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2023/05/09/berkeley-name-dropped-trinity-college-library \|website=Inside Higher Ed \|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

	It has been claimed that "he introduced [[Palladianism]] into America by borrowing a design from [William] Kent's ''Designs of Inigo Jones'' for the door-case of his house in Rhode Island, Whitehall".<ref>Chaney, Edward. T''he Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance (''Frank Cass Publishers, 2000), 324.</ref> He also brought to New England [[John Smybert\|John Smibert]], the Scottish artist he "discovered" in Italy, who is generally regarded as the founding father of American portrait painting.<ref>{{cite web \|title=John Smibert \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Smibert \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, he drew up plans for the ideal city he planned to build on Bermuda.<ref>E. Chaney, "George Berkeley's Grand Tours", ''Evolution of the Grand Tour'', p. 324.</ref> He lived at the plantation while he waited for funds for his college to arrive. The funds, however, were not forthcoming. "With the withdrawal from London of his own persuasive energies, opposition gathered force; and the Prime Minister, [[Robert Walpole\|Walpole]] grew steadily more sceptical and lukewarm. At last it became clear that the essential Parliamentary grant would be not forthcoming",<ref>[[Geoffrey J. Warnock]], Introduction to: George Berkeley, ''A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'', Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 9.</ref> and in 1732 he left America and returned to London.		It has been claimed that "he introduced [[Palladianism]] into America by borrowing a design from [William] Kent's ''Designs of Inigo Jones'' for the door-case of his house in Rhode Island, Whitehall".<ref>Chaney, Edward. T''he Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance (''Frank Cass Publishers, 2000), 324.</ref> He also brought to New England [[John Smybert\|John Smibert]], the Scottish artist he "discovered" in Italy, who is generally regarded as the founding father of American portrait painting.<ref>{{cite web \|title=John Smibert \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Smibert \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, he drew up plans for the ideal city he planned to build on Bermuda.<ref>E. Chaney, "George Berkeley's Grand Tours", ''Evolution of the Grand Tour'', p. 324.</ref> He lived at the plantation while he waited for funds for his college to arrive. The funds, however, were not forthcoming. "With the withdrawal from London of his own persuasive energies, opposition gathered force; and the Prime Minister, [[Robert Walpole\|Walpole]] grew steadily more sceptical and lukewarm. At last it became clear that the essential Parliamentary grant would be not forthcoming",<ref>[[Geoffrey J. Warnock]], Introduction to: George Berkeley, ''A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'', Open Court La Salle, 1986, p. 9.</ref> and in 1732 he left America and returned to London.