Gerard Reve - Revision history

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	{{~~short~~ description\|Dutch writer}}		{{Short description\|Dutch writer}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=March 2008}}		{{More citations needed\|date=March 2008}}
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	'''Gerard Kornelis van het Reve''' (14 December 1923 – 8 April 2006) was a Dutch writer. He started writing as '''Simon Gerard van het Reve''' and adopted the shorter '''Gerard Reve''' {{IPA-nl\|ˈɣeːrɑrt ˈreːvə\|}} in 1973.<ref name=Historical/> Together with [[Willem Frederik Hermans]] and [[Harry Mulisch]], he is considered one of the "Great Three" (''De Grote Drie'') of Dutch post-war literature. His 1981 novel ''De vierde man'' ([[De vierde man\|The Fourth Man]]) was the basis for [[Paul Verhoeven]]'s 1983 [[The Fourth Man (1983 film)\|film]].		'''Gerard Kornelis van het Reve''' (14 December 1923 – 8 April 2006) was a Dutch writer. He started writing as '''Simon Gerard van het Reve''' and adopted the shorter '''Gerard Reve''' {{IPA\|nl\|ˈɣeːrɑrt ˈreːvə\|}} in 1973.<ref name=Historical/> Together with [[Willem Frederik Hermans]] and [[Harry Mulisch]], he is considered one of the "Great Three" (''De Grote Drie'') of Dutch post-war literature. His 1981 novel ''De vierde man'' ([[De vierde man\|The Fourth Man]]) was the basis for [[Paul Verhoeven]]'s 1983 [[The Fourth Man (1983 film)\|film]].

	Reve was one of the first homosexual authors to come out in the Netherlands.<ref name="glbtq">{{cite glbtq.com \| last=Wood \| first=Robert \| article=Reve, Gerard (b. 1923) \| article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \| date=2 January 2003 \| orig-year=2002 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011124350/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \| archive-date=11 October 2007 \| df=dmy-all}}</ref> He often wrote explicitly about erotic attraction, sexual relations and [[Sexual intercourse\|intercourse]] between men, which many readers considered shocking. However, he did this in an ironic, humorous and recognizable way, which contributed to making homosexuality acceptable for many of his readers. Another main theme, often in combination with eroticism, was religion. Reve himself declared that the primary message in all of his work was [[salvation]] from the material world we live in.		Reve was one of the first homosexual authors to come out in the Netherlands.<ref name="glbtq">{{cite glbtq.com \| last=Wood \| first=Robert \| article=Reve, Gerard (b. 1923) \| article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \| date=2 January 2003 \| orig-year=2002 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011124350/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \| archive-date=11 October 2007 \| df=dmy-all}}</ref> He often wrote explicitly about erotic attraction, sexual relations and [[Sexual intercourse\|intercourse]] between men, which many readers considered shocking. However, he did this in an ironic, humorous and recognizable way, which contributed to making homosexuality acceptable for many of his readers. Another main theme, often in combination with eroticism, was religion. Reve himself declared that the primary message in all of his work was [[salvation]] from the material world we live in.

Daask: Improve citations: cite glbtq.com

2024-06-27T07:27:49Z

Improve citations: cite glbtq.com

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:27, 27 June 2024
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	'''Gerard Kornelis van het Reve''' (14 December 1923 – 8 April 2006) was a Dutch writer. He started writing as '''Simon Gerard van het Reve''' and adopted the shorter '''Gerard Reve''' {{IPA-nl\|ˈɣeːrɑrt ˈreːvə\|}} in 1973.<ref name=Historical/> Together with [[Willem Frederik Hermans]] and [[Harry Mulisch]], he is considered one of the "Great Three" (''De Grote Drie'') of Dutch post-war literature. His 1981 novel ''De vierde man'' ([[De vierde man\|The Fourth Man]]) was the basis for [[Paul Verhoeven]]'s 1983 [[The Fourth Man (1983 film)\|film]].		'''Gerard Kornelis van het Reve''' (14 December 1923 – 8 April 2006) was a Dutch writer. He started writing as '''Simon Gerard van het Reve''' and adopted the shorter '''Gerard Reve''' {{IPA-nl\|ˈɣeːrɑrt ˈreːvə\|}} in 1973.<ref name=Historical/> Together with [[Willem Frederik Hermans]] and [[Harry Mulisch]], he is considered one of the "Great Three" (''De Grote Drie'') of Dutch post-war literature. His 1981 novel ''De vierde man'' ([[De vierde man\|The Fourth Man]]) was the basis for [[Paul Verhoeven]]'s 1983 [[The Fourth Man (1983 film)\|film]].

	Reve was one of the first homosexual authors to come out in the Netherlands.<ref name="glbtq">{{~~citation~~ \|last=Wood \|first=Robert \|~~title~~=Reve, Gerard \|url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \|~~periodical=[[glbtq.com]]~~ ~~\|year=2002 \|access-~~date=~~2007-10-24~~ \|~~url~~-~~status~~=~~dead~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011124350/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \|archive-date=11 October 2007 \|df=dmy-all }}</ref> He often wrote explicitly about erotic attraction, sexual relations and [[Sexual intercourse\|intercourse]] between men, which many readers considered shocking. However, he did this in an ironic, humorous and recognizable way, which contributed to making homosexuality acceptable for many of his readers. Another main theme, often in combination with eroticism, was religion. Reve himself declared that the primary message in all of his work was [[salvation]] from the material world we live in.		Reve was one of the first homosexual authors to come out in the Netherlands.<ref name="glbtq">{{cite glbtq.com \| last=Wood \| first=Robert \| article=Reve, Gerard (b. 1923) \| article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \| date=2 January 2003 \| orig-year=2002 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011124350/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/reve_g.html \| archive-date=11 October 2007 \| df=dmy-all}}</ref> He often wrote explicitly about erotic attraction, sexual relations and [[Sexual intercourse\|intercourse]] between men, which many readers considered shocking. However, he did this in an ironic, humorous and recognizable way, which contributed to making homosexuality acceptable for many of his readers. Another main theme, often in combination with eroticism, was religion. Reve himself declared that the primary message in all of his work was [[salvation]] from the material world we live in.

	Gerard Reve was born in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands, and was the brother of the [[Slavicist]] and essayist [[Karel van het Reve]], who became a staunch [[anti-communist]] in his own way; the personal rapport between the brothers was not good. They broke off relations altogether in the 1980s.		Gerard Reve was born in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands, and was the brother of the [[Slavicist]] and essayist [[Karel van het Reve]], who became a staunch [[anti-communist]] in his own way; the personal rapport between the brothers was not good. They broke off relations altogether in the 1980s.
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	Reve was prosecuted in 1966 for allegedly breaking a law against [[blasphemy]]. In ''Nader tot U'' he describes the narrator's love-making to God, a visitor to his house incarnated in a one-year-old mouse-grey [[Onolatry\|donkey]]. In April 1968 he was acquitted by the [[Supreme Court of the Netherlands\|Supreme Court]]. Although it would take decades for the Netherlands to decriminalize blasphemy, in 2013 the law was abolished, the outcome of this case — known as the “Donkey Trial” — rendered the existing law virtually obsolete <ref>[http://www.salon.com/2017/05/20/blasphemy-laws-ireland-united-states-netherlands/ ''Sex with God as a donkey: What constitutes blasphemy today? What's at stake when ancient ideas of heresy collide with the modern notion of free speech?'']</ref>		Reve was prosecuted in 1966 for allegedly breaking a law against [[blasphemy]]. In ''Nader tot U'' he describes the narrator's love-making to God, a visitor to his house incarnated in a one-year-old mouse-grey [[Onolatry\|donkey]]. In April 1968 he was acquitted by the [[Supreme Court of the Netherlands\|Supreme Court]]. Although it would take decades for the Netherlands to decriminalize blasphemy, in 2013 the law was abolished, the outcome of this case — known as the “Donkey Trial” — rendered the existing law virtually obsolete <ref>[http://www.salon.com/2017/05/20/blasphemy-laws-ireland-united-states-netherlands/ ''Sex with God as a donkey: What constitutes blasphemy today? What's at stake when ancient ideas of heresy collide with the modern notion of free speech?'']</ref>

	Reve came from a communist and atheistic family, but converted to Roman Catholicism.<ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/literature/dutch_flemish_lit,4.html Dutch and Flemish Literature] ~~{{webarchive~~\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401015136/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/dutch_flemish_lit,4.html \|date=1 April 2009 }}</ref> Although liturgically traditional, he took a liberal stance on Roman Catholic ethics. His ridiculing of some aspects of Catholicism led to tensions in the Dutch Roman Catholic community in the 1960s. Nevertheless, he contributed as a literary advisor to the translation of St. Paul's [[Epistle to the Romans]] within the larger context of the Dutch 'Willibrord Translation' of the Bible.		Reve came from a communist and atheistic family, but converted to Roman Catholicism.<ref>{{cite glbtq.com \| last=van Lieshout \| first=Maurice \| date=March 1, 2004 \| orig-year=2002 \| article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/dutch_flemish_lit,4.html \| article=Dutch and Flemish Literature \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401015136/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/dutch_flemish_lit,4.html \| archive-date=1 April 2009 \| at=§ Gerard Reve}}</ref> Although liturgically traditional, he took a liberal stance on Roman Catholic ethics. His ridiculing of some aspects of Catholicism led to tensions in the Dutch Roman Catholic community in the 1960s. Nevertheless, he contributed as a literary advisor to the translation of St. Paul's [[Epistle to the Romans]] within the larger context of the Dutch 'Willibrord Translation' of the Bible.

	One of Reve's main themes, along with religion and love, is his intense hatred of communism, its regimes and the tolerance toward it in leftist circles in the western world.		One of Reve's main themes, along with religion and love, is his intense hatred of communism, its regimes and the tolerance toward it in leftist circles in the western world.

2600:4040:93A0:F200:5072:FBCD:8B49:9355: /* Controversies */

2024-01-16T22:39:56Z

Controversies

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	One of Reve's main themes, along with religion and love, is his intense hatred of communism, its regimes and the tolerance toward it in leftist circles in the western world.		One of Reve's main themes, along with religion and love, is his intense hatred of communism, its regimes and the tolerance toward it in leftist circles in the western world.

	In 1975, he appeared at a Dutch poetry festival, wearing (among other things, a crucifix and peace symbol) a [[swastika]] as well as a [[hammer and sickle]] on his clothes, and read a poem that spoke of immigration in racist terms, though stressing cultural differences and using ''zwart'' ([[black people\|black]]) rather than ''neger/nikker'' ([[negro]]/[[nigger]]), in a solemn language that insulted many people, especially [[Afro-Surinamese]], many of whom had arrived recently on the eve of the [[Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)\|decolonization of Surinam]] that was to take place in November 1975.		In 1975, he appeared at a Dutch poetry festival, wearing (among other things, a crucifix and peace symbol) a [[swastika]] as well as a [[hammer and sickle]] on his clothes, and read a poem that spoke of immigration in racist terms, though stressing cultural differences and using ''zwart'' ([[black people\|black]]) rather than ''neger/nikker'' ([[negro]]/[[nigger]]), in a solemn language that insulted many people, especially [[Afro-Surinamese]], many of whom had arrived recently on the eve of the [[Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)\|decolonization of Surinam]] that was to take place in November 1975.<ref>Gerard Reve, "Voor eign erf". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__4LLlqGZ3U</ref>

	This event led to much controversy, and many people have since wondered whether Reve had lost his mind, or had been alluding to something else. In the face of a wave of criticism Reve did not move an inch, and his claims of being 'too intelligent to be a racist' and never wanting to inflict any harm on any racial grounds partly got lost in the confusion generated by his ever-present irony.		This event led to much controversy, and many people have since wondered whether Reve had lost his mind, or had been alluding to something else. In the face of a wave of criticism Reve did not move an inch, and his claims of being 'too intelligent to be a racist' and never wanting to inflict any harm on any racial grounds partly got lost in the confusion generated by his ever-present irony.

Cornmazes at 04:57, 14 December 2023

2023-12-14T04:57:53Z

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	\| caption = Gerard Reve in 1969		\| caption = Gerard Reve in 1969
	\| pseudonym = Simon van het Reve		\| pseudonym = Simon van het Reve
			\| birth_name = Gerard Kornelis van het Reve
	\| birth_date = 14 December 1923		\| birth_date = 14 December 1923
	\| birth_place = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]		\| birth_place = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]

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	These writings stress a symbolic, rather than ("...only the blind...") literal, understanding of religious texts as the only intellectually acceptable one, and the irrelevance of the Gospel's historical truth. Religion, according to Reve, has nothing to do with the literal, the factual, the moral or the political. It has no quarrel with modern science, because religious truths and empirical facts are in different realms. The observable world has no meaning beyond comparing facts, and, while revelation may not make sense, it has meaning, and it is this meaning that Reve was after in everything he wrote. Philosophically, Reve was influenced by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], whose works he re-read every winter, and even more so by [[Carl Jung]], according to a Dutch painter who spent some time with the author in France to paint several portraits of him.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|title=Emoverkerk.nl \|access-date=7 October 2009 \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094338/http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		These writings stress a symbolic, rather than ("...only the blind...") literal, understanding of religious texts as the only intellectually acceptable one, and the irrelevance of the Gospel's historical truth. Religion, according to Reve, has nothing to do with the literal, the factual, the moral or the political. It has no quarrel with modern science, because religious truths and empirical facts are in different realms. The observable world has no meaning beyond comparing facts, and, while revelation may not make sense, it has meaning, and it is this meaning that Reve was after in everything he wrote. Philosophically, Reve was influenced by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], whose works he re-read every winter, and even more so by [[Carl Jung]], according to a Dutch painter who spent some time with the author in France to paint several portraits of him.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|title=Emoverkerk.nl \|access-date=7 October 2009 \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094338/http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Reve's erotic prose deals partly with his own sexuality, but aims at something more universal. Reve's work often depicts sexuality as [[ritual]]. Heavily influenced by French writer [[Marquis de Sade]],<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Holman \|first1=Theodor \|title=Gerard - 57 nomen est omen \|url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/gerard-57-nomen-est-omen \|website=De Groene Amsterdammer}}</ref> many scenes bear a sado-masochistic character, but this is never meant as an end in itself. '[[Revism]]', a term coined by him, can roughly be described as consecrating sexual acts of punishment, dedicating these acts to revered others, and, ultimately, to higher entities (God). This is again a quest for higher significance in a human act (sex) that is devoid of meaning in its material form.		Reve's erotic prose deals partly with his own sexuality, but aims at something more universal. Reve's work often depicts sexuality as [[ritual]]. Heavily influenced by French writer [[Marquis de Sade]],<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Holman \|first1=Theodor \|title=Gerard - 57 nomen est omen \|url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/gerard-57-nomen-est-omen \|website=De Groene Amsterdammer\|date=26 October 1994 }}</ref> many scenes bear a sado-masochistic character, but this is never meant as an end in itself. '[[Revism]]', a term coined by him, can roughly be described as consecrating sexual acts of punishment, dedicating these acts to revered others, and, ultimately, to higher entities (God). This is again a quest for higher significance in a human act (sex) that is devoid of meaning in its material form.

	== Style ==		== Style ==

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

2023-07-19T08:07:52Z

v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:07, 19 July 2023
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	These writings stress a symbolic, rather than ("...only the blind...") literal, understanding of religious texts as the only intellectually acceptable one, and the irrelevance of the Gospel's historical truth. Religion, according to Reve, has nothing to do with the literal, the factual, the moral or the political. It has no quarrel with modern science, because religious truths and empirical facts are in different realms. The observable world has no meaning beyond comparing facts, and, while revelation may not make sense, it has meaning, and it is this meaning that Reve was after in everything he wrote. Philosophically, Reve was influenced by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], whose works he re-read every winter, and even more so by [[Carl Jung]], according to a Dutch painter who spent some time with the author in France to paint several portraits of him.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|title=Emoverkerk.nl \|access-date=7 October 2009 \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094338/http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		These writings stress a symbolic, rather than ("...only the blind...") literal, understanding of religious texts as the only intellectually acceptable one, and the irrelevance of the Gospel's historical truth. Religion, according to Reve, has nothing to do with the literal, the factual, the moral or the political. It has no quarrel with modern science, because religious truths and empirical facts are in different realms. The observable world has no meaning beyond comparing facts, and, while revelation may not make sense, it has meaning, and it is this meaning that Reve was after in everything he wrote. Philosophically, Reve was influenced by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], whose works he re-read every winter, and even more so by [[Carl Jung]], according to a Dutch painter who spent some time with the author in France to paint several portraits of him.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|title=Emoverkerk.nl \|access-date=7 October 2009 \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094338/http://www.emoverkerk.nl/textartist/motif02.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Reve's erotic prose deals partly with his own sexuality, but aims at something more universal. Reve's work often depicts sexuality as [[ritual]]. Heavily influenced by French writer [[Marquis de Sade]]<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Holman \|first1=Theodor \|title=Gerard - 57 nomen est omen \|url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/gerard-57-nomen-est-omen \|website=De Groene Amsterdammer}}</ref>, many scenes bear a sado-masochistic character, but this is never meant as an end in itself. '[[Revism]]', a term coined by him, can roughly be described as consecrating sexual acts of punishment, dedicating these acts to revered others, and, ultimately, to higher entities (God). This is again a quest for higher significance in a human act (sex) that is devoid of meaning in its material form.		Reve's erotic prose deals partly with his own sexuality, but aims at something more universal. Reve's work often depicts sexuality as [[ritual]]. Heavily influenced by French writer [[Marquis de Sade]],<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Holman \|first1=Theodor \|title=Gerard - 57 nomen est omen \|url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/gerard-57-nomen-est-omen \|website=De Groene Amsterdammer}}</ref> many scenes bear a sado-masochistic character, but this is never meant as an end in itself. '[[Revism]]', a term coined by him, can roughly be described as consecrating sexual acts of punishment, dedicating these acts to revered others, and, ultimately, to higher entities (God). This is again a quest for higher significance in a human act (sex) that is devoid of meaning in its material form.

	== Style ==		== Style ==