German Canadians - Revision history

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	The choral tradition is historically very prominent within German music in Canada. In the latter part of the 19th century, ''[[Turnvereine]]'' (Turner clubs) were active in both Canada and the United States, and were associated with communities of German continental immigrants in urban centres such as [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]; [[Buffalo, New York]]; and [[Erie, Pennsylvania]].{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} The ''[[Sängerfest]]'' ("singer festival", plural {{lang\|de\|Sängerfeste}}) movement, which began in Germany at the start of the 19th century, spread to the United States by the 1840s, and to Canada by 1862, when the first major {{lang\|de\|Sängerfest}} was held in [[Berlin, Ontario\|Berlin]], [[Canada West]] (later [[Kitchener, Ontario]]) from August 6 to 9.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} This followed the format of a typical Turner event by also including theatrical and athletic events, as well as band concerts.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Another festival was held the following year in the nearby community of Waterloo, which had an audience of 2000 people.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} It was followed in 1866 by an even larger event, organized by the German Club of Hamilton, which had 5000 attendees and featured choirs from both Ontario and the United States.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}}		The choral tradition is historically very prominent within German music in Canada. In the latter part of the 19th century, ''[[Turnvereine]]'' (Turner clubs) were active in both Canada and the United States, and were associated with communities of German continental immigrants in urban centres such as [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]; [[Buffalo, New York]]; and [[Erie, Pennsylvania]].{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} The ''[[Sängerfest]]'' ("singer festival", plural {{lang\|de\|Sängerfeste}}) movement, which began in Germany at the start of the 19th century, spread to the United States by the 1840s, and to Canada by 1862, when the first major {{lang\|de\|Sängerfest}} was held in [[Berlin, Ontario\|Berlin]], [[Canada West]] (later [[Kitchener, Ontario]]) from August 6 to 9.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} This followed the format of a typical Turner event by also including theatrical and athletic events, as well as band concerts.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Another festival was held the following year in the nearby community of Waterloo, which had an audience of 2000 people.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} It was followed in 1866 by an even larger event, organized by the German Club of Hamilton, which had 5000 attendees and featured choirs from both Ontario and the United States.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}}

	The continued success of these events led to the founding of the {{lang\|de\|Deutsch-kanadischer Sängerbund}} (German-Canadian Choir Federation) in Hamilton in 1873 and the Canadian Choir Federation in Berlin in 1893.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Major song and music festivals were held by German communities throughout Ontario in Toronto, Hamilton, Waterloo, Bowmanville, [[Guelph, Ontario\|Guelph]], [[Sarnia]], Port Elgin, Bridgeport, Elmira, and, most often out of all of these, in Berlin.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Three of the most spectacular {{lang\|de\|Sängerfeste}} were organized by Berlin's Concordia Club; one 1879 festival which was organized by the club attracted 12,000 visitors.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Anti-German sentiment, which arose during the First World War, led to an interruption in the {{lang\|de\|Sängerfeste}}, along with other German cultural institutions, and attempts to re-establish the tradition during the mid-20th century postwar period were largely unsuccessful due to social changes. The last significant {{lang\|de\|~~Sängerfeste~~}} in Canada were held in the 1980s.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}}		The continued success of these events led to the founding of the {{lang\|de\|Deutsch-kanadischer Sängerbund}} (German-Canadian Choir Federation) in Hamilton in 1873 and the Canadian Choir Federation in Berlin in 1893.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Major song and music festivals were held by German communities throughout Ontario in Toronto, Hamilton, Waterloo, Bowmanville, [[Guelph, Ontario\|Guelph]], [[Sarnia]], Port Elgin, Bridgeport, Elmira, and, most often out of all of these, in Berlin.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Three of the most spectacular {{lang\|de\|Sängerfeste}} were organized by Berlin's Concordia Club; one 1879 festival which was organized by the club attracted 12,000 visitors.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}} Anti-German sentiment, which arose during the First World War, led to an interruption in the {{lang\|de\|Sängerfeste}}, along with other German cultural institutions, and attempts to re-establish the tradition during the mid-20th century postwar period were largely unsuccessful due to social changes. The last significant {{lang\|de\|Sängerfest}} in Canada were held in the 1980s.{{sfn\|Kallmann\|Kemp\|2006}}

	===Folklore===		===Folklore===

Hans-Friedrich Tamke at 03:26, 20 November 2024

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	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group
	\| group = German Canadians<br>Germano-Canadiens		\| group = German Canadians<br>Germano-Canadiens
	\| native_name = Deutsch-Kanadier		\| native_name = Deutschkanadier, Deutsch-Kanadier
	\| native_name_lang = de		\| native_name_lang = de
	\| pop = '''3,322,405'''<ref name="population2016"/><br />'''9.6%''' of the total Canadian population		\| pop = '''3,322,405'''<ref name="population2016"/><br />'''9.6%''' of the total Canadian population

Hans-Friedrich Tamke at 03:25, 20 November 2024

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	}}		}}

	'''German Canadians''' ({{langx\|de\|~~Deutsch-Kanadier~~}} or {{lang\|de\|~~Deutschkanadier~~}}, {{IPA\|de\|ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ\|pron}}) are [[Canadians\|Canadian]] citizens of [[Germans\|German]] ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the [[2016 Canadian census\|2016 census]], there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today [[Germany]], while larger numbers came from German settlements in [[History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe\|Eastern Europe]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union\|Imperial Russia]]; others came from parts of the [[German Confederation]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Switzerland]].		'''German Canadians''' ({{langx\|de\|Deutschkanadier}} or {{lang\|de\|Deutsch-Kanadier}}, {{IPA\|de\|ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ\|pron}}) are [[Canadians\|Canadian]] citizens of [[Germans\|German]] ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the [[2016 Canadian census\|2016 census]], there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today [[Germany]], while larger numbers came from German settlements in [[History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe\|Eastern Europe]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union\|Imperial Russia]]; others came from parts of the [[German Confederation]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Switzerland]].

	==History==		==History==

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	{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/~~JbrTw~~ \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}</ref>		Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241030041654/https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}</ref>

	Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}		Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}

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	{{Short description\|Canadian ethnic group}}		{{Short description\|Canadian ethnic group}}
			{{merge from\|Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland\|discuss=Talk:German Canadians#Merge proposal\|date=October 2024}}
	{{About\|Canadians of German ancestry\|the newspaper whose name translates as ''The German Canadian''\|Der Deutsche Canadier}}		{{About\|Canadians of German ancestry\|the newspaper whose name translates as ''The German Canadian''\|Der Deutsche Canadier}}
	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group

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	{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/JbrTw \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}		Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/JbrTw \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}</ref>

	Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}		Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}

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	{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}}		Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/JbrTw \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}

	Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}		Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}

Arctic Circle System: Added Latvian Canadians in preparation for merging of Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland

2024-10-30T04:10:39Z

Added Latvian Canadians in preparation for merging of Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:10, 30 October 2024
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	\| pop = '''3,322,405'''<ref name="population2016"/><br />'''9.6%''' of the total Canadian population		\| pop = '''3,322,405'''<ref name="population2016"/><br />'''9.6%''' of the total Canadian population
	\| popplace = [[Western Canada]], [[Ontario]] ([[Waterloo Region]]), [[Atlantic Canada]], [[Quebec]]		\| popplace = [[Western Canada]], [[Ontario]] ([[Waterloo Region]]), [[Atlantic Canada]], [[Quebec]]
	\| languages = [[Canadian English\|English]] • [[Canadian French\|French]] • [[German language\|German]]		\| languages = [[Canadian English\|English]]{{•}} [[Canadian French\|French]]{{•}} [[German language\|German]]
	\| religions = [[Protestantism]] • [[Catholicism]]		\| religions = [[Protestantism]]{{•}} [[Catholicism]]
	\| image = German Canadians by census division.svg		\| image = German Canadians by census division.svg
	\| image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>German Canadians as percent of population by census division (2021)</div>		\| image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>German Canadians as percent of population by census division (2021)</div>
	\| related = [[Germans]], [[~~German~~ ~~American~~]]s, [[~~Austrian~~ Canadians]], [[~~Swiss~~ Canadians]], [[~~Luxembourgish~~ Canadians]]		\| related = Other [[Germans]], [[Austrian Canadians]], [[Swiss Canadians]], [[Luxembourgish Canadians]], [[Latvian Canadians]]
	}}		}}

Monkbot: Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);

2024-10-21T06:26:58Z

Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:26, 21 October 2024
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	}}		}}

	'''German Canadians''' ({{~~lang-~~de\|Deutsch-Kanadier}} or {{lang\|de\|Deutschkanadier}}, {{IPA\|de\|ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ\|pron}}) are [[Canadians\|Canadian]] citizens of [[Germans\|German]] ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the [[2016 Canadian census\|2016 census]], there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today [[Germany]], while larger numbers came from German settlements in [[History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe\|Eastern Europe]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union\|Imperial Russia]]; others came from parts of the [[German Confederation]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Switzerland]].		'''German Canadians''' ({{langx\|de\|Deutsch-Kanadier}} or {{lang\|de\|Deutschkanadier}}, {{IPA\|de\|ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ\|pron}}) are [[Canadians\|Canadian]] citizens of [[Germans\|German]] ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the [[2016 Canadian census\|2016 census]], there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today [[Germany]], while larger numbers came from German settlements in [[History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe\|Eastern Europe]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union\|Imperial Russia]]; others came from parts of the [[German Confederation]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Switzerland]].

	==History==		==History==

RodRabelo7: replacing {{IPA-de| → {{IPA|de| (deprecated template)

2024-08-20T13:46:25Z

replacing {{IPA-de| → {{IPA|de| (deprecated template)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:46, 20 August 2024
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	}}		}}

	'''German Canadians''' ({{lang-de\|Deutsch-Kanadier}} or {{lang\|de\|Deutschkanadier}}, {{IPA-de\|ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ\|pron}}) are [[Canadians\|Canadian]] citizens of [[Germans\|German]] ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the [[2016 Canadian census\|2016 census]], there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today [[Germany]], while larger numbers came from German settlements in [[History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe\|Eastern Europe]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union\|Imperial Russia]]; others came from parts of the [[German Confederation]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Switzerland]].		'''German Canadians''' ({{lang-de\|Deutsch-Kanadier}} or {{lang\|de\|Deutschkanadier}}, {{IPA\|de\|ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ\|pron}}) are [[Canadians\|Canadian]] citizens of [[Germans\|German]] ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the [[2016 Canadian census\|2016 census]], there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today [[Germany]], while larger numbers came from German settlements in [[History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe\|Eastern Europe]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union\|Imperial Russia]]; others came from parts of the [[German Confederation]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Switzerland]].

	==History==		==History==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:30, 15 November 2024
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	{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/~~JbrTw~~ \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}</ref>		Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241030041654/https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}</ref>

	Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}		Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:21, 30 October 2024
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	{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/JbrTw \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}		Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/JbrTw \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}</ref>

	Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}		Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}

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	{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		{{cite web \|url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ \|title=INTERNMENT IN CANADA: WW1 VS WW2 \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date=23 February 2016 \|website=ALL ABOUT CANADIAN HISTORY \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|title=Canadian Internment Camps \|last=MacKinnon \|first=Dianne \|date=16 August 2011 \|website=Renfrew County Museums \|access-date=21 March 2017 \|archive-date=22 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}}		Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;{{sfn\|Bassler\|2013}} approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=134}} Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=135}} Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=136}} Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=130}} There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=131, 149}} Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} and this perspective was bolstered by decades of American [[war film]]s which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=141}} German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=142}} In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid to [[Baltic Germans]] immigrating to Canada.{{Cite web \|title=Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society, Edmonton Branch \|url=https://albertaonrecord.ca/canadian-baltic-immigrant-aid-society-edmonton-branch \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.is/JbrTw \|archive-date=2024-10-30 \|access-date=2024-10-30 \|website=Alberta on Record}}

	Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}		Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=139}} leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=145}} As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=154}} emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|pp=150, 154}} Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=153}} As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II\|bombing of Dresden]], which some German-Canadians found encouraging.{{sfn\|Freund\|2006\|p=147}}