Gerridae - Revision history

Dr of the Dolphins at 21:14, 8 August 2024

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	\| fossil_range = {{Fossil range\|Eocene\|Recent}}		\| fossil_range = {{Fossil range\|Eocene\|Recent}}
	\| image = {{CSS image crop\|Image=Water strider (Gerridae sp).jpg\|bSize=260\|cWidth=180\|cHeight=180\|oTop=60\|oLeft=20\|Location=center}}		\| image = {{CSS image crop\|Image=Water strider (Gerridae sp).jpg\|bSize=260\|cWidth=180\|cHeight=180\|oTop=60\|oLeft=20\|Location=center}}
	\| image_caption = ~~mating~~ in Cyprus		\| image_caption = Mating in Cyprus
	\| taxon = Gerridae		\| taxon = Gerridae
	\| authority = [[William Elford Leach\|Leach]], 1815		\| authority = [[William Elford Leach\|Leach]], 1815

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

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	[[image:Maggia fg26.jpg\|thumb\|left\|A group of water striders devouring a [[honey bee]]]]		[[image:Maggia fg26.jpg\|thumb\|left\|A group of water striders devouring a [[honey bee]]]]
	Gerrids are aquatic predators and feed on invertebrates, mainly spiders and insects, that fall onto the water surface.<ref name="Williams"/> Water striders are attracted to this food source by ripples produced by the struggling prey. The water strider uses its front legs as sensors for the vibrations produced by the ripples in the water. The water strider punctures the prey item's body with its proboscis, injects salivary enzymes that break down the prey's internal structures, and then sucks out the resulting fluid. Gerrids prefer living prey, though they are indiscriminate feeders when it comes to terrestrial insect type.<ref name="Stonedahl">Stonedahl, Lattin. 1982. The Gerridae or Water Striders of Oregon and Washington (Hemiptera:Heteroptera), Oregon State University, Pp 1-36.		Gerrids are aquatic predators and feed on invertebrates, mainly spiders and insects, that fall onto the water surface.<ref name="Williams"/> Water striders are attracted to this food source by ripples produced by the struggling prey. The water strider uses its front legs as sensors for the vibrations produced by the ripples in the water. The water strider punctures the prey item's body with its proboscis, injects salivary enzymes that break down the prey's internal structures, and then sucks out the resulting fluid. Gerrids prefer living prey, though they are indiscriminate feeders when it comes to terrestrial insect type.<ref name="Stonedahl">Stonedahl, Lattin. 1982. The Gerridae or Water Striders of Oregon and Washington (Hemiptera:Heteroptera), Oregon State University, Pp 1-36.
	[http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8685/tec_bul_144.pdf;jsessionid=B5F2E3DF29EEFCF6B4F03DC5E23B03B3?sequence=1 Gerridae]</ref> Halobates, which are found on open sea, feed off floating insects, zooplankton, and occasionally resort to cannibalism of their own nymphs.<ref name="Williams"/> [[Cannibalism]] is frequent and helps control population sizes and restrict conflicting territories. During the non-mating season when gerrids live in cooperative groups, and cannibalism rates are lower, water striders will openly share large kills with others around them. Some gerrids are collectors, feeding off [[sediment]] or deposit surface.		[http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8685/tec_bul_144.pdf;jsessionid=B5F2E3DF29EEFCF6B4F03DC5E23B03B3?sequence=1 Gerridae] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113123/http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8685/tec_bul_144.pdf;jsessionid=B5F2E3DF29EEFCF6B4F03DC5E23B03B3?sequence=1 \|date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Halobates, which are found on open sea, feed off floating insects, zooplankton, and occasionally resort to cannibalism of their own nymphs.<ref name="Williams"/> [[Cannibalism]] is frequent and helps control population sizes and restrict conflicting territories. During the non-mating season when gerrids live in cooperative groups, and cannibalism rates are lower, water striders will openly share large kills with others around them. Some gerrids are collectors, feeding off [[sediment]] or deposit surface.

	===Predators===		===Predators===

Dennis.insect.filmer: /* Nature of the ability to walk on water */ added video

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Nature of the ability to walk on water: added video

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	==Nature of the ability to walk on water==		==Nature of the ability to walk on water==
	[[Image:Amenbo 06f5520sx.jpg\|thumb\|~~left~~\|Water striders' leg impact on water surface]]		[[Image:Amenbo 06f5520sx.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Water striders' leg impact on water surface]]
	[[File:Surface_Tension_Diagram_Buoyancy.svg\|thumb\|Buoyancy due to surface tension]]		[[File:Surface_Tension_Diagram_Buoyancy.svg\|thumb\|Buoyancy due to surface tension]]
			[[File:Water striders.webm\|thumb\|right\|thumbtime=11\|Water striders]]
	Water striders are able to walk on top of water due to a combination of several factors. Water striders use the high [[surface tension]] of [[water]] and long, hydrophobic legs to help them stay above water.		Water striders are able to walk on top of water due to a combination of several factors. Water striders use the high [[surface tension]] of [[water]] and long, hydrophobic legs to help them stay above water.
	Gerridae species use this surface tension to their advantage through their highly adapted legs and distributed weight.		Gerridae species use this surface tension to their advantage through their highly adapted legs and distributed weight.

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In popular culture: Section header sentence case

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	Gerridae are territorial insects and make this known by their vibration patterns. Both female and male adult Gerridae hold separate territories, though usually the male territories are larger than the female.<ref name="Koga"/> During the mating season, gerrids will emit warning vibrations through the water and defend both their territory and the female in it. Even though gerridae are very conspicuous, making their presence known through repel signals, they often live in large groups.<ref name="Stonedahl"/> These large groups usually form during the non-mating season since there is less need to compete. Instead of competing to reproduce, water striders can work together to obtain nutrition and shelter outside of the mating season. Water striders will attempt to disperse when these groups become too dense. They do so by flying away or cannibalizing.		Gerridae are territorial insects and make this known by their vibration patterns. Both female and male adult Gerridae hold separate territories, though usually the male territories are larger than the female.<ref name="Koga"/> During the mating season, gerrids will emit warning vibrations through the water and defend both their territory and the female in it. Even though gerridae are very conspicuous, making their presence known through repel signals, they often live in large groups.<ref name="Stonedahl"/> These large groups usually form during the non-mating season since there is less need to compete. Instead of competing to reproduce, water striders can work together to obtain nutrition and shelter outside of the mating season. Water striders will attempt to disperse when these groups become too dense. They do so by flying away or cannibalizing.

	== In ~~Popular~~ ~~Culture~~ ==		== In popular culture ==

	* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter }}</ref>		* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter }}</ref>

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In Popular Culture

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	* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter }}</ref>		* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter }}</ref>
	*In the 2002 film ''[[The Tuxedo]]'', water striders are [[Genetic engineering\|genetically modified]] to have bacteria that can spread from person to person, causing severe [[dehydration]] and [[terminal dehydration\|instant death ~~from it~~]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=September 27, 2002 \|title=The Tuxedo\|publisher= RoberEbert.com\|access-date = January 21, 2024\|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-tuxedo-2002 }}</ref>		*In the 2002 film ''[[The Tuxedo]]'', water striders are [[Genetic engineering\|genetically modified]] by [[bioterrorist]]s to have bacteria that can spread from person to person, causing severe [[dehydration]] and [[terminal dehydration\|instant death]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=September 27, 2002 \|title=The Tuxedo\|publisher= RoberEbert.com\|access-date = January 21, 2024\|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-tuxedo-2002 }}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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In Popular Culture: Film entry

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	* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter }}</ref>		* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter }}</ref>
			*In the 2002 film ''[[The Tuxedo]]'', water striders are [[Genetic engineering\|genetically modified]] to have bacteria that can spread from person to person, causing severe [[dehydration]] and [[terminal dehydration\|instant death from it]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=September 27, 2002 \|title=The Tuxedo\|publisher= RoberEbert.com\|access-date = January 21, 2024\|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-tuxedo-2002 }}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

OAbot: Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.

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Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.

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	==Wing polymorphism==		==Wing polymorphism==
	Wing polymorphism (i.e., the presence of multiple wing morphs in a given species) has independently evolved multiple times in Gerridae, as well as complete wing loss,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last1=Armisén \|first1=David \|last2=Viala \|first2=Séverine \|last3=Cordeiro \|first3=Isabelle da Rocha Silva \|last4=Crumière \|first4=Antonin Jean Johan \|last5=Hendaoui \|first5=Elisa \|last6=Bouquin \|first6=Augustin Le \|last7=Duchemin \|first7=Wandrille \|last8=Santos \|first8=Emilia \|last9=Toubiana \|first9=William \|last10=Vargas-Lowman \|first10=Aidamalia \|last11=Floriano \|first11=Carla Fernanda Burguez \|last12=Polhemus \|first12=Dan A. \|last13=Wang \|first13=Yan-hui \|last14=Rowe \|first14=Locke \|last15=Moreira \|first15=Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo \|last16=Khila \|first16=Abderrahman \|date=2022-10-21 \|title=Transcriptome-based Phylogeny of the Semi-aquatic Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) Reveals Patterns of Lineage Expansion in a Series of New Adaptive Zones \|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution \|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/11/msac229/6767906 \|language=en \|pages=2022.01.08.475494 \|doi=10.1093/molbev/msac229}}</ref> something that has been important for the evolution of the variety in species we see today, and dispersal of Gerridae. The existence of wing polymorphism in a given species can be explained as a particular case oogenesis-flight syndrome. Following this rationale, which is commonly applied in insects, developing short wings provides the individual with the capacity to dedicate the energy stores that would usually be used for wing and wing muscle development to increasing egg production and reproducing early, ultimately enhancing the individual's fitness.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Roff \|first=Derek A. \|date=December 1990 \|title=The Evolution of Flightlessness in Insects \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1943013 \|journal=Ecological Monographs \|language=en \|volume=60 \|issue=4 \|pages=389–421 \|doi=10.2307/1943013 \|jstor=1943013 \|issn=0012-9615}}</ref> The ability for one brood to have young with wings and the next not allows water striders to adapt to changing environments. Long, medium, short, and nonexistent wing forms are all necessary depending on the environment and season. Long wings allow for flight to a neighboring water body when one gets too crowded, but they can get wet and weigh a water strider down. Short wings may allow for short travel, but limit how far a gerrid can disperse. Nonexistent wings prevent a gerrid from being weighed down, but prevent dispersal.		Wing polymorphism (i.e., the presence of multiple wing morphs in a given species) has independently evolved multiple times in Gerridae, as well as complete wing loss,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last1=Armisén \|first1=David \|last2=Viala \|first2=Séverine \|last3=Cordeiro \|first3=Isabelle da Rocha Silva \|last4=Crumière \|first4=Antonin Jean Johan \|last5=Hendaoui \|first5=Elisa \|last6=Bouquin \|first6=Augustin Le \|last7=Duchemin \|first7=Wandrille \|last8=Santos \|first8=Emilia \|last9=Toubiana \|first9=William \|last10=Vargas-Lowman \|first10=Aidamalia \|last11=Floriano \|first11=Carla Fernanda Burguez \|last12=Polhemus \|first12=Dan A. \|last13=Wang \|first13=Yan-hui \|last14=Rowe \|first14=Locke \|last15=Moreira \|first15=Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo \|last16=Khila \|first16=Abderrahman \|date=2022-10-21 \|title=Transcriptome-based Phylogeny of the Semi-aquatic Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) Reveals Patterns of Lineage Expansion in a Series of New Adaptive Zones \|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution \|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/11/msac229/6767906 \|language=en \|pages=2022.01.08.475494 \|doi=10.1093/molbev/msac229\|doi-access=free }}</ref> something that has been important for the evolution of the variety in species we see today, and dispersal of Gerridae. The existence of wing polymorphism in a given species can be explained as a particular case oogenesis-flight syndrome. Following this rationale, which is commonly applied in insects, developing short wings provides the individual with the capacity to dedicate the energy stores that would usually be used for wing and wing muscle development to increasing egg production and reproducing early, ultimately enhancing the individual's fitness.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Roff \|first=Derek A. \|date=December 1990 \|title=The Evolution of Flightlessness in Insects \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1943013 \|journal=Ecological Monographs \|language=en \|volume=60 \|issue=4 \|pages=389–421 \|doi=10.2307/1943013 \|jstor=1943013 \|issn=0012-9615}}</ref> The ability for one brood to have young with wings and the next not allows water striders to adapt to changing environments. Long, medium, short, and nonexistent wing forms are all necessary depending on the environment and season. Long wings allow for flight to a neighboring water body when one gets too crowded, but they can get wet and weigh a water strider down. Short wings may allow for short travel, but limit how far a gerrid can disperse. Nonexistent wings prevent a gerrid from being weighed down, but prevent dispersal.

	Wing polymorphism is common in the Gerridae despite most [[univoltine]] populations being completely [[apterous]] (wingless) or macropterous (with wings).<ref name="Koga">Koga, Hayashi. 1991. Territorial behavior of both sexes in the water strider Metrocoris histrio (Hemiptera: Gerridae) during the mating season. Journal of Insect Behavior, Volume 6 (1).</ref> Apterous populations of gerrids would be restricted to stable aquatic habitats that experience little change in environment, while macropterous populations can inhabit more changing, variable water supplies.<ref name="Koga"/> Stable waters are usually large lakes and rivers, while unstable waters are generally small and seasonal. Gerrids produce winged forms for dispersal purposes and macropterous individuals are maintained due to their ability to survive in changing conditions.<ref name="Koga"/> Wings are necessary if the body of water is likely to dry since the gerrid must fly to a new source of water. However, wingless forms are favored due to competition for ovarian development and wings and reproductive success is the main goal due to the selfish gene theory. Overwintering gerrids usually are macropterous, or with wings, so they can fly back to their aquatic habitat after winter. An environmental switch mechanism controls seasonal dimorphism observed in [[bivoltine]] species, or species having two broods per year.<ref name="Koga"/> This switch mechanism is what helps determine whether or not a brood with wings will evolve. Temperature also plays an important role in photoperiodic switch.<ref name="Koga"/> Temperatures signify the seasons and thus when wings are needed since they hibernate during winter. Ultimately, these switching mechanisms alter genetic [[alleles]] for wing characteristics, helping to maintain biological dispersal.		Wing polymorphism is common in the Gerridae despite most [[univoltine]] populations being completely [[apterous]] (wingless) or macropterous (with wings).<ref name="Koga">Koga, Hayashi. 1991. Territorial behavior of both sexes in the water strider Metrocoris histrio (Hemiptera: Gerridae) during the mating season. Journal of Insect Behavior, Volume 6 (1).</ref> Apterous populations of gerrids would be restricted to stable aquatic habitats that experience little change in environment, while macropterous populations can inhabit more changing, variable water supplies.<ref name="Koga"/> Stable waters are usually large lakes and rivers, while unstable waters are generally small and seasonal. Gerrids produce winged forms for dispersal purposes and macropterous individuals are maintained due to their ability to survive in changing conditions.<ref name="Koga"/> Wings are necessary if the body of water is likely to dry since the gerrid must fly to a new source of water. However, wingless forms are favored due to competition for ovarian development and wings and reproductive success is the main goal due to the selfish gene theory. Overwintering gerrids usually are macropterous, or with wings, so they can fly back to their aquatic habitat after winter. An environmental switch mechanism controls seasonal dimorphism observed in [[bivoltine]] species, or species having two broods per year.<ref name="Koga"/> This switch mechanism is what helps determine whether or not a brood with wings will evolve. Temperature also plays an important role in photoperiodic switch.<ref name="Koga"/> Temperatures signify the seasons and thus when wings are needed since they hibernate during winter. Ultimately, these switching mechanisms alter genetic [[alleles]] for wing characteristics, helping to maintain biological dispersal.

Wikiklaas: linked Buchanan, corrected reference

2023-12-14T20:22:41Z

linked Buchanan, corrected reference

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	The '''Gerridae''' are a family of insects in the order [[Hemiptera]], commonly known as '''water striders''', '''water skeeters''', '''water scooters''', '''water bugs''', '''pond skaters''', '''water skippers''', '''water gliders''', '''water skimmers''' or '''puddle flies'''. Consistent with the classification of the Gerridae as true bugs (i.e., suborder [[Heteroptera]]), gerrids have mouthparts evolved for piercing and sucking, and distinguish themselves by having the unusual ability to walk on water, making them [[pleuston]] (surface-living) animals. They are anatomically built to transfer their weight to be able to run on top of the water's surface. As a result, one could likely find water striders present in any pond, river, or lake. Over 1,700 species of gerrids have been described, 10% of them being [[Marine (ocean)\|marine]].<ref name="Lancaster">{{cite book\|editor1=Lancaster, J.B. \|editor2=Briers, R. \|year=2008 \|title=Aquatic insects: challenges to populations \|publisher=CABI \|pages=23, 270, 284}}</ref>		The '''Gerridae''' are a family of insects in the order [[Hemiptera]], commonly known as '''water striders''', '''water skeeters''', '''water scooters''', '''water bugs''', '''pond skaters''', '''water skippers''', '''water gliders''', '''water skimmers''' or '''puddle flies'''. Consistent with the classification of the Gerridae as true bugs (i.e., suborder [[Heteroptera]]), gerrids have mouthparts evolved for piercing and sucking, and distinguish themselves by having the unusual ability to walk on water, making them [[pleuston]] (surface-living) animals. They are anatomically built to transfer their weight to be able to run on top of the water's surface. As a result, one could likely find water striders present in any pond, river, or lake. Over 1,700 species of gerrids have been described, 10% of them being [[Marine (ocean)\|marine]].<ref name="Lancaster">{{cite book\|editor1=Lancaster, J.B. \|editor2=Briers, R. \|year=2008 \|title=Aquatic insects: challenges to populations \|publisher=CABI \|pages=23, 270, 284}}</ref>

	While 90% of the Gerridae are freshwater bugs, the oceanic ''[[Halobates]]'' makes the family quite exceptional among insects. The genus ''Halobates'' was first heavily studied between 1822 and 1883 when Buchanan-White collected several different species during the [[Challenger Expedition]].<ref name="Cheng">{{cite journal\| author=Cheng, L. \|year=1985 \|title=Biology of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) \|journal=Annual Review of Entomology \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1146/annurev.en.30.010185.000551 \|url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/annual-reviews/biology-of-halobates-heteroptera-gerridae-EgLo7c40xc \| pages=111–135\|s2cid=86774669 }}</ref> Around this time, [[Eschscholtz]] discovered three species of the Gerridae, bringing attention to the species, though little of their biology was known.<ref name="Cheng"/> Since then, the Gerridae have been continuously studied due to their ability to walk on water and unique social characteristics.		While 90% of the Gerridae are freshwater bugs, the oceanic ''[[Halobates]]'' makes the family quite exceptional among insects. The genus ''Halobates'' was first heavily studied between 1822 and 1883 when [[Francis Buchanan White]] collected several different species during the [[Challenger Expedition]].<ref name="Cheng">{{cite journal\| author=Cheng, L. \|year=1985 \|title=Biology of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) \|journal=Annual Review of Entomology \|volume=30 \|issue=1 \|doi=10.1146/annurev.en.30.010185.000551 \|url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/annual-reviews/biology-of-halobates-heteroptera-gerridae-EgLo7c40xc \| pages=111–135\|s2cid=86774669 }}</ref> Around this time, [[Eschscholtz]] discovered three species of the Gerridae, bringing attention to the species, though little of their biology was known.<ref name="Cheng"/> Since then, the Gerridae have been continuously studied due to their ability to walk on water and unique social characteristics.

	==Description==		==Description==
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	==Wing polymorphism==		==Wing polymorphism==
	Wing polymorphism (i.e., the presence of multiple wing morphs in a given species) has independently evolved multiple times in Gerridae, as well as complete wing loss,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last1=Armisén \|first1=David \|last2=Viala \|first2=Séverine \|last3=Cordeiro \|first3=Isabelle da Rocha Silva \|last4=Crumière \|first4=Antonin Jean Johan \|last5=Hendaoui \|first5=Elisa \|last6=Bouquin \|first6=Augustin Le \|last7=Duchemin \|first7=Wandrille \|last8=Santos \|first8=Emilia \|last9=Toubiana \|first9=William \|last10=Vargas-Lowman \|first10=Aidamalia \|last11=Floriano \|first11=Carla Fernanda Burguez \|last12=Polhemus \|first12=Dan A. \|last13=Wang \|first13=Yan-hui \|last14=Rowe \|first14=Locke \|last15=Moreira \|first15=Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo \|date=2022~~-01~~-10 \|title=Transcriptome-based ~~phylogeny~~ of the ~~semi~~-aquatic ~~bugs~~ (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) ~~reveals~~ ~~patterns~~ of ~~lineage~~ ~~expansion~~ in a ~~series~~ of ~~new~~ ~~adaptive~~ ~~zones~~ \|url=https://~~www~~.~~biorxiv~~.~~org~~/~~content~~/~~10.1101~~/~~2022.01.08.475494v1~~ \|language=en \|pages=2022.01.08.475494 \|doi=10.~~1101~~/~~2022.01.08.475494~~}}</ref> something that has been important for the evolution of the variety in species we see today, and dispersal of Gerridae. The existence of wing polymorphism in a given species can be explained as a particular case oogenesis-flight syndrome. Following this rationale, which is commonly applied in insects, developing short wings provides the individual with the capacity to dedicate the energy stores that would usually be used for wing and wing muscle development to increasing egg production and reproducing early, ultimately enhancing the individual's fitness.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Roff \|first=Derek A. \|date=December 1990 \|title=The Evolution of Flightlessness in Insects \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1943013 \|journal=Ecological Monographs \|language=en \|volume=60 \|issue=4 \|pages=389–421 \|doi=10.2307/1943013 \|jstor=1943013 \|issn=0012-9615}}</ref> The ability for one brood to have young with wings and the next not allows water striders to adapt to changing environments. Long, medium, short, and nonexistent wing forms are all necessary depending on the environment and season. Long wings allow for flight to a neighboring water body when one gets too crowded, but they can get wet and weigh a water strider down. Short wings may allow for short travel, but limit how far a gerrid can disperse. Nonexistent wings prevent a gerrid from being weighed down, but prevent dispersal.		Wing polymorphism (i.e., the presence of multiple wing morphs in a given species) has independently evolved multiple times in Gerridae, as well as complete wing loss,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last1=Armisén \|first1=David \|last2=Viala \|first2=Séverine \|last3=Cordeiro \|first3=Isabelle da Rocha Silva \|last4=Crumière \|first4=Antonin Jean Johan \|last5=Hendaoui \|first5=Elisa \|last6=Bouquin \|first6=Augustin Le \|last7=Duchemin \|first7=Wandrille \|last8=Santos \|first8=Emilia \|last9=Toubiana \|first9=William \|last10=Vargas-Lowman \|first10=Aidamalia \|last11=Floriano \|first11=Carla Fernanda Burguez \|last12=Polhemus \|first12=Dan A. \|last13=Wang \|first13=Yan-hui \|last14=Rowe \|first14=Locke \|last15=Moreira \|first15=Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo \|last16=Khila \|first16=Abderrahman \|date=2022-10-21 \|title=Transcriptome-based Phylogeny of the Semi-aquatic Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) Reveals Patterns of Lineage Expansion in a Series of New Adaptive Zones \|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution \|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/11/msac229/6767906 \|language=en \|pages=2022.01.08.475494 \|doi=10.1093/molbev/msac229}}</ref> something that has been important for the evolution of the variety in species we see today, and dispersal of Gerridae. The existence of wing polymorphism in a given species can be explained as a particular case oogenesis-flight syndrome. Following this rationale, which is commonly applied in insects, developing short wings provides the individual with the capacity to dedicate the energy stores that would usually be used for wing and wing muscle development to increasing egg production and reproducing early, ultimately enhancing the individual's fitness.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Roff \|first=Derek A. \|date=December 1990 \|title=The Evolution of Flightlessness in Insects \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1943013 \|journal=Ecological Monographs \|language=en \|volume=60 \|issue=4 \|pages=389–421 \|doi=10.2307/1943013 \|jstor=1943013 \|issn=0012-9615}}</ref> The ability for one brood to have young with wings and the next not allows water striders to adapt to changing environments. Long, medium, short, and nonexistent wing forms are all necessary depending on the environment and season. Long wings allow for flight to a neighboring water body when one gets too crowded, but they can get wet and weigh a water strider down. Short wings may allow for short travel, but limit how far a gerrid can disperse. Nonexistent wings prevent a gerrid from being weighed down, but prevent dispersal.

	Wing polymorphism is common in the Gerridae despite most [[univoltine]] populations being completely [[apterous]] (wingless) or macropterous (with wings).<ref name="Koga">Koga, Hayashi. 1991. Territorial behavior of both sexes in the water strider Metrocoris histrio (Hemiptera: Gerridae) during the mating season. Journal of Insect Behavior, Volume 6 (1).</ref> Apterous populations of gerrids would be restricted to stable aquatic habitats that experience little change in environment, while macropterous populations can inhabit more changing, variable water supplies.<ref name="Koga"/> Stable waters are usually large lakes and rivers, while unstable waters are generally small and seasonal. Gerrids produce winged forms for dispersal purposes and macropterous individuals are maintained due to their ability to survive in changing conditions.<ref name="Koga"/> Wings are necessary if the body of water is likely to dry since the gerrid must fly to a new source of water. However, wingless forms are favored due to competition for ovarian development and wings and reproductive success is the main goal due to the selfish gene theory. Overwintering gerrids usually are macropterous, or with wings, so they can fly back to their aquatic habitat after winter. An environmental switch mechanism controls seasonal dimorphism observed in [[bivoltine]] species, or species having two broods per year.<ref name="Koga"/> This switch mechanism is what helps determine whether or not a brood with wings will evolve. Temperature also plays an important role in photoperiodic switch.<ref name="Koga"/> Temperatures signify the seasons and thus when wings are needed since they hibernate during winter. Ultimately, these switching mechanisms alter genetic [[alleles]] for wing characteristics, helping to maintain biological dispersal.		Wing polymorphism is common in the Gerridae despite most [[univoltine]] populations being completely [[apterous]] (wingless) or macropterous (with wings).<ref name="Koga">Koga, Hayashi. 1991. Territorial behavior of both sexes in the water strider Metrocoris histrio (Hemiptera: Gerridae) during the mating season. Journal of Insect Behavior, Volume 6 (1).</ref> Apterous populations of gerrids would be restricted to stable aquatic habitats that experience little change in environment, while macropterous populations can inhabit more changing, variable water supplies.<ref name="Koga"/> Stable waters are usually large lakes and rivers, while unstable waters are generally small and seasonal. Gerrids produce winged forms for dispersal purposes and macropterous individuals are maintained due to their ability to survive in changing conditions.<ref name="Koga"/> Wings are necessary if the body of water is likely to dry since the gerrid must fly to a new source of water. However, wingless forms are favored due to competition for ovarian development and wings and reproductive success is the main goal due to the selfish gene theory. Overwintering gerrids usually are macropterous, or with wings, so they can fly back to their aquatic habitat after winter. An environmental switch mechanism controls seasonal dimorphism observed in [[bivoltine]] species, or species having two broods per year.<ref name="Koga"/> This switch mechanism is what helps determine whether or not a brood with wings will evolve. Temperature also plays an important role in photoperiodic switch.<ref name="Koga"/> Temperatures signify the seasons and thus when wings are needed since they hibernate during winter. Ultimately, these switching mechanisms alter genetic [[alleles]] for wing characteristics, helping to maintain biological dispersal.

Tom.Reding: +{{Authority control}} (4 IDs from Wikidata); WP:GenFixes & WP:TREE cleanup on

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	== In Popular Culture ==		== In Popular Culture ==

	* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter ~~\|url-status=live~~}}</ref>		* In the video game [[Super Mario 64]], in the level ''Wet-Dry World,'' there are enemies named ''Skeeter'' that are based on water striders and their movement. The name comes from "water skeeter", an alternative name for water striders.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=June 21, 2023 \|title=Super Mario Wiki \|url=https://www.mariowiki.com/Skeeter }}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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