Global health - Revision history

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	* [[Public health]] emphasizes the health of populations.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fried LP, Bentley ME, Buekens P, Burke DS, Frenk JJ, Klag MJ, Spencer HC \| title = Global health is public health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 375 \| issue = 9714 \| pages = 535–537 \| date = February 2010 \| pmid = 20159277 \| doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60203-6 \| s2cid = 38796542 }}</ref>		* [[Public health]] emphasizes the health of populations.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fried LP, Bentley ME, Buekens P, Burke DS, Frenk JJ, Klag MJ, Spencer HC \| title = Global health is public health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 375 \| issue = 9714 \| pages = 535–537 \| date = February 2010 \| pmid = 20159277 \| doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60203-6 \| s2cid = 38796542 }}</ref>
	* [[Epidemiology]] helps identify risk factors and causes of health problems.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F \| title = Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence \| journal = Epidemiologic Reviews \| volume = 27 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 36–46 \| year = 2005 \| pmid = 15958425 \| doi = 10.1093/epirev/mxi004 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		* [[Epidemiology]] helps identify risk factors and causes of health problems.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F \| title = Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence \| journal = Epidemiologic Reviews \| volume = 27 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 36–46 \| year = 2005 \| pmid = 15958425 \| doi = 10.1093/epirev/mxi004 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>
	* [[Demography]] provides data for policy decisions.<ref>{{cite book \| vauthors = Verano JW, Ubelake DH \|title=Disease and demography in the Americas \|date=1992 \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington \|isbn=978-1-56098-163-3}}</ref><		* [[Demography]] provides data for policy decisions.<ref>{{cite book \| vauthors = Verano JW, Ubelake DH \|title=Disease and demography in the Americas \|date=1992 \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington \|isbn=978-1-56098-163-3}}</ref>
	* [[Economics]] emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit approaches for the optimal allocation of health resources.<ref>{{cite report \| vauthors = Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Hamandi A, Mowafi M, O'Farrell D \| display-authors = 6 \| title = The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. \| work = Program on the Global Demography of Aging \| date = January 2012 \| url = https://ideas.repec.org/p/gdm/wpaper/8712.html }}</ref>		* [[Economics]] emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit approaches for the optimal allocation of health resources.<ref>{{cite report \| vauthors = Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Hamandi A, Mowafi M, O'Farrell D \| display-authors = 6 \| title = The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. \| work = Program on the Global Demography of Aging \| date = January 2012 \| url = https://ideas.repec.org/p/gdm/wpaper/8712.html }}</ref>
	* Other social sciences such as [[sociology]], [[development studies]], [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[cultural studies]], and [[law]] can help understand the determinants of health in societies.		* Other social sciences such as [[sociology]], [[development studies]], [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[cultural studies]], and [[law]] can help understand the determinants of health in societies.

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2024-09-08T06:15:18Z

rm contractions, MOS:DOUBLE, capitalization, changed curly to straight punctuation (MOS:CURLY), rm same-section duplicate links (MOS:DUPLINK), heading style (MOS:HEAD), URL updates

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2024-08-28T23:00:49Z

top: wlink

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:00, 28 August 2024
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	Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>		Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>

	One way that global health can be measured is through the prevalence of various global [[disease]]s in the world and their threat to decrease [[life expectancy]] in the present day. Estimates suggest that in a pre-modern, poor world, life expectancy was around 30 years in all regions of the world (mainly due to high infant mortality).<ref>{{Cite journal\| vauthors = Roser M, Ortiz-Ospina E, Ritchie H \|date=2013-05-23\|title=Life Expectancy\|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy\|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Another<!--related and similar--> holistic perspective called [[One Health]] can<!--is sometimes used to address/invoked when addressing--> be used to address [[List of global issues\|global health challenges]] and to improve global [[health security]].<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Conrad PA, Meek LA, Dumit J \| title = Operationalizing a One Health approach to global health challenges \| journal = Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases \| volume = 36 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 211–216 \| date = May 2013 \| pmid = 23711930 \| doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Martínez JL \| title = Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives \| journal = Nature Microbiology \| volume = 4 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 1432–1442 \| date = September 2019 \| pmid = 31439928 \| doi = 10.1038/s41564-019-0503-9 \| s2cid = 201283254 \| url = https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/health/health/43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sinclair JR \| title = Importance of a One Health approach in advancing global health security and the Sustainable Development Goals \| journal = Revue Scientifique et Technique \| volume = 38 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 145–154 \| date = May 2019 \| pmid = 31564744 \| doi = 10.20506/rst.38.1.2949 \| s2cid = 203608381 }}</ref>		One way that global health can be measured is through the prevalence of various global [[disease]]s in the world and their threat to decrease [[life expectancy]] in the present day. Estimates suggest that in a pre-modern, poor world, life expectancy was around 30 years in all regions of the world (mainly due to high infant mortality).<ref>{{Cite journal\| vauthors = [[Max Roser\|Roser M]], Ortiz-Ospina E, [[Hannah Ritchie\|Ritchie H]] \|date=2013-05-23\|title=Life Expectancy\|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy\|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Another<!--related and similar--> holistic perspective called [[One Health]] can<!--is sometimes used to address/invoked when addressing--> be used to address [[List of global issues\|global health challenges]] and to improve global [[health security]].<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Conrad PA, Meek LA, Dumit J \| title = Operationalizing a One Health approach to global health challenges \| journal = Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases \| volume = 36 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 211–216 \| date = May 2013 \| pmid = 23711930 \| doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Martínez JL \| title = Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives \| journal = Nature Microbiology \| volume = 4 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 1432–1442 \| date = September 2019 \| pmid = 31439928 \| doi = 10.1038/s41564-019-0503-9 \| s2cid = 201283254 \| url = https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/health/health/43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sinclair JR \| title = Importance of a One Health approach in advancing global health security and the Sustainable Development Goals \| journal = Revue Scientifique et Technique \| volume = 38 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 145–154 \| date = May 2019 \| pmid = 31564744 \| doi = 10.20506/rst.38.1.2949 \| s2cid = 203608381 }}</ref>

	The predominant agency associated with global health (and international health) is the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO). Other important agencies impacting global health include [[UNICEF]] and [[World Food Programme]] (WFP). The [[United Nations]] system has also played a part in cross-sectoral actions to address global health and its underlying [[Social determinants of health\|socioeconomic determinants]] with the declaration of the [[Millennium Development Goals]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ \|title=Millennium Development Goals \|publisher=United Nations \|access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> and the more recent [[Sustainable Development Goals]].		The predominant agency associated with global health (and international health) is the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO). Other important agencies impacting global health include [[UNICEF]] and [[World Food Programme]] (WFP). The [[United Nations]] system has also played a part in cross-sectoral actions to address global health and its underlying [[Social determinants of health\|socioeconomic determinants]] with the declaration of the [[Millennium Development Goals]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ \|title=Millennium Development Goals \|publisher=United Nations \|access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> and the more recent [[Sustainable Development Goals]].

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Rhosnes at 07:06, 19 July 2024

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:06, 19 July 2024
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	{{pp\|small=yes}}{{For\|the bibliographic database\|Global Health database}}		{{pp\|small=yes}}{{For\|the bibliographic database\|Global Health database}}
	[[File:World Health Organisation building from south.jpg\|thumb\| The [[World Health Organization]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]]]{{Public health sidebar}}		[[File:World Health Organisation building from south.jpg\|thumb\| The [[World Health Organization]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]]]{{Public health sidebar}}
	'''Global health''' is the [[health]] of ~~the~~ populations in ~~the~~ worldwide context;<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E \| title = The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health \| journal = American Journal of Public Health \| volume = 96 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 62–72 \| date = January 2006 \| pmid = 16322464 \| pmc = 1470434 \| doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 }}</ref> it has been defined as "the area of study, [[research]], and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".<ref name="Koplan">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN \| title = Towards a common definition of global health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 373 \| issue = 9679 \| pages = 1993–1995 \| date = June 2009 \| pmid = 19493564 \| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9 \| pmc = 9905260 \| s2cid = 6919716 \| citeseerx = 10.1.1.610.7968 }}</ref> Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.<ref>{{cite book \| last = Global Health Initiative \| title = Why Global Health Matters \| publisher = FamiliesUSA \| year = 2008 \| location = Washington, DC \| url = http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| access-date = 2008-06-10 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223639/http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| archive-date = 2011-03-08 \| url-status = dead }}</ref> Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement ([[Global mental health\|including mental health]]), reduction of [[Health disparities\|disparities]], and protection against [[global threats]] that disregard national borders,<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Macfarlane SB, Jacobs M, Kaaya EE \| title = In the name of global health: trends in academic institutions \| journal = Journal of Public Health Policy \| volume = 29 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 383–401 \| date = December 2008 \| pmid = 19079297 \| doi = 10.1057/jphp.2008.25 \| s2cid = 46424271 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32381654">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fischer SE, Patil P, Zielinski C, Baxter L, Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Hussain S, Lai C, Walpole SC, Ohanyido F, Flood D, Singh A, Al-Shorbaji N \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Is it about the 'where' or the 'how'? Comment on ''Defining global health as public health somewhere else'' \| journal = BMJ Global Health \| volume = 5 \| issue = 5 \| date = May 2020 \| pages = e002567 \| pmid = 32381654 \| pmc = 7223010 \| doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002567 }}</ref> including [[List of causes of death by rate\|the most common causes of human death and years of life lost]] from a global perspective.		'''Global health''' is the [[health]] of populations in a worldwide context;<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E \| title = The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health \| journal = American Journal of Public Health \| volume = 96 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 62–72 \| date = January 2006 \| pmid = 16322464 \| pmc = 1470434 \| doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 }}</ref> it has been defined as "the area of study, [[research]], and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".<ref name="Koplan">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN \| title = Towards a common definition of global health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 373 \| issue = 9679 \| pages = 1993–1995 \| date = June 2009 \| pmid = 19493564 \| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9 \| pmc = 9905260 \| s2cid = 6919716 \| citeseerx = 10.1.1.610.7968 }}</ref> Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.<ref>{{cite book \| last = Global Health Initiative \| title = Why Global Health Matters \| publisher = FamiliesUSA \| year = 2008 \| location = Washington, DC \| url = http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| access-date = 2008-06-10 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223639/http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| archive-date = 2011-03-08 \| url-status = dead }}</ref> Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement ([[Global mental health\|including mental health]]), reduction of [[Health disparities\|disparities]], and protection against [[global threats]] that disregard national borders,<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Macfarlane SB, Jacobs M, Kaaya EE \| title = In the name of global health: trends in academic institutions \| journal = Journal of Public Health Policy \| volume = 29 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 383–401 \| date = December 2008 \| pmid = 19079297 \| doi = 10.1057/jphp.2008.25 \| s2cid = 46424271 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32381654">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fischer SE, Patil P, Zielinski C, Baxter L, Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Hussain S, Lai C, Walpole SC, Ohanyido F, Flood D, Singh A, Al-Shorbaji N \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Is it about the 'where' or the 'how'? Comment on ''Defining global health as public health somewhere else'' \| journal = BMJ Global Health \| volume = 5 \| issue = 5 \| date = May 2020 \| pages = e002567 \| pmid = 32381654 \| pmc = 7223010 \| doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002567 }}</ref> including [[List of causes of death by rate\|the most common causes of human death and years of life lost]] from a global perspective.

	Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>		Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>

Trex32: /* Organization */ added the US HIV funding arm called PEPFAR

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Organization: added the US HIV funding arm called PEPFAR

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	* [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)		* [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
	* [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]		* [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]
			* [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] ([[PEPFAR]])

	Non-governmental organizations focused on global health include:		Non-governmental organizations focused on global health include:

Citation bot: Altered pages. Add: issue, volume. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | [[Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2022] | #UCB_Category 161/455

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Altered pages. Add: issue, volume. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | [[Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2022] | #UCB_Category 161/455

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	[[Multimorbidity]] is "a growing public health problem worldwide", "likely driven by the ageing population but also by factors such as high body-mass index, urbanisation, and the growing burden of [[Non-communicable diseases\|NCDs]] (such as type 2 diabetes) and tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)".<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hariri P, Clarke R, Bragg F, Chen Y, Guo Y, Yang L, Lv J, Yu C, Li L, Chen Z, Bennett DA \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Frequency and types of clusters of major chronic diseases in 0.5 million adults in urban and rural China \| journal = Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity \| volume = 12 \| pages = 26335565221098327 \| date = January 2022 \| pmid = 35615751 \| pmc = 9125108 \| doi = 10.1177/26335565221098327 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| title = Making more of multimorbidity: an emerging priority \| language = English \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 391 \| issue = 10131 \| pages = 1637 \| date = April 2018 \| pmid = 29726322 \| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30941-3 \| doi-access = free \| last1 = The Lancet }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Pearson-Stuttard J, Ezzati M, Gregg EW \| title = Multimorbidity-a defining challenge for health systems \| language = English \| journal = The Lancet. Public Health \| volume = 4 \| issue = 12 \| pages = e599–e600 \| date = December 2019 \| pmid = 31812234 \| doi = 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30222-1 \| s2cid = 208955266 \| hdl = 10044/1/75127 \| hdl-access = free }}</ref> Around the world, [[List of causes of death by rate\|many people]] do not die from one isolated condition but from a multitude of factors and conditions.{{additional citation needed\|date=February 2023}} A study suggested there is a paucity of multimorbidity and comorbidity data globally and mapped comorbidity patterns.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kuan V, Denaxas S, Patalay P, Nitsch D, Mathur R, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Sofat R, Partridge L, Roberts A, Wong IC, Hingorani M, Chaturvedi N, Hemingway H, Hingorani AD \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: a population-based study \| language = English \| journal = The Lancet. Digital Health \| volume = 5 \| issue = 1 \| pages = e16–e27 \| date = January 2023 \| pmid = 36460578 \| doi = 10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00187-X \| s2cid = 254129048 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		[[Multimorbidity]] is "a growing public health problem worldwide", "likely driven by the ageing population but also by factors such as high body-mass index, urbanisation, and the growing burden of [[Non-communicable diseases\|NCDs]] (such as type 2 diabetes) and tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)".<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hariri P, Clarke R, Bragg F, Chen Y, Guo Y, Yang L, Lv J, Yu C, Li L, Chen Z, Bennett DA \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Frequency and types of clusters of major chronic diseases in 0.5 million adults in urban and rural China \| journal = Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity \| volume = 12 \| pages = 26335565221098327 \| date = January 2022 \| pmid = 35615751 \| pmc = 9125108 \| doi = 10.1177/26335565221098327 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| title = Making more of multimorbidity: an emerging priority \| language = English \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 391 \| issue = 10131 \| pages = 1637 \| date = April 2018 \| pmid = 29726322 \| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30941-3 \| doi-access = free \| last1 = The Lancet }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Pearson-Stuttard J, Ezzati M, Gregg EW \| title = Multimorbidity-a defining challenge for health systems \| language = English \| journal = The Lancet. Public Health \| volume = 4 \| issue = 12 \| pages = e599–e600 \| date = December 2019 \| pmid = 31812234 \| doi = 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30222-1 \| s2cid = 208955266 \| hdl = 10044/1/75127 \| hdl-access = free }}</ref> Around the world, [[List of causes of death by rate\|many people]] do not die from one isolated condition but from a multitude of factors and conditions.{{additional citation needed\|date=February 2023}} A study suggested there is a paucity of multimorbidity and comorbidity data globally and mapped comorbidity patterns.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kuan V, Denaxas S, Patalay P, Nitsch D, Mathur R, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Sofat R, Partridge L, Roberts A, Wong IC, Hingorani M, Chaturvedi N, Hemingway H, Hingorani AD \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: a population-based study \| language = English \| journal = The Lancet. Digital Health \| volume = 5 \| issue = 1 \| pages = e16–e27 \| date = January 2023 \| pmid = 36460578 \| doi = 10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00187-X \| s2cid = 254129048 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	[[Demographic transition\|With aging populations]], there is a rise of [[age-related diseases]] which puts major burdens on [[healthcare system]]s as well as contemporary economies or contemporary economics and their appendant societal systems. [[Life extension#Beliefs and methods\|Healthspan extension and anti-aging research]] seek to extend the span of health in the old as well as slow aging or its negative impacts such as physical and mental decline. Modern anti-senescent and regenerative technology with augmented decision making could help "responsibly bridge the [[healthspan]]-[[human lifespan\|lifespan]] gap for a future of equitable global wellbeing".<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Garmany A, Yamada S, Terzic A \| title = Longevity leap: mind the healthspan gap \| journal = npj Regenerative Medicine \| volume = 6 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 57 \| date = September 2021 \| pmid = 34556664 \| pmc = 8460831 \| doi = 10.1038/s41536-021-00169-5 }}</ref> Aging is "the most prevalent risk factor for chronic disease, frailty and disability, and it is estimated that there will be over 2 billion persons age > 60 by the year [[2050]]", making it a large global health challenge that demands substantial (and well-orchestrated or efficient) efforts, including interventions that alter and target the inborn [[aging]] process.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Farrelly C \| title = Aging, Equality and the Human Healthspan \| journal = HEC Forum \| pages = ~~1–19~~ \| date = November 2022 \| pmid = 36348214 \| pmc = 9644010 \| doi = 10.1007/s10730-022-09499-3 }}</ref>		[[Demographic transition\|With aging populations]], there is a rise of [[age-related diseases]] which puts major burdens on [[healthcare system]]s as well as contemporary economies or contemporary economics and their appendant societal systems. [[Life extension#Beliefs and methods\|Healthspan extension and anti-aging research]] seek to extend the span of health in the old as well as slow aging or its negative impacts such as physical and mental decline. Modern anti-senescent and regenerative technology with augmented decision making could help "responsibly bridge the [[healthspan]]-[[human lifespan\|lifespan]] gap for a future of equitable global wellbeing".<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Garmany A, Yamada S, Terzic A \| title = Longevity leap: mind the healthspan gap \| journal = npj Regenerative Medicine \| volume = 6 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 57 \| date = September 2021 \| pmid = 34556664 \| pmc = 8460831 \| doi = 10.1038/s41536-021-00169-5 }}</ref> Aging is "the most prevalent risk factor for chronic disease, frailty and disability, and it is estimated that there will be over 2 billion persons age > 60 by the year [[2050]]", making it a large global health challenge that demands substantial (and well-orchestrated or efficient) efforts, including interventions that alter and target the inborn [[aging]] process.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Farrelly C \| title = Aging, Equality and the Human Healthspan \| journal = HEC Forum \| pages = 187–205 \| date = November 2022 \| volume = 36 \| issue = 2 \| pmid = 36348214 \| pmc = 9644010 \| doi = 10.1007/s10730-022-09499-3 }}</ref>

	===Infertility crisis===		===Infertility crisis===

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	* [[Public health]] emphasizes the health of populations.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fried LP, Bentley ME, Buekens P, Burke DS, Frenk JJ, Klag MJ, Spencer HC \| title = Global health is public health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 375 \| issue = 9714 \| pages = 535–537 \| date = February 2010 \| pmid = 20159277 \| doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60203-6 \| s2cid = 38796542 }}</ref>		* [[Public health]] emphasizes the health of populations.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fried LP, Bentley ME, Buekens P, Burke DS, Frenk JJ, Klag MJ, Spencer HC \| title = Global health is public health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 375 \| issue = 9714 \| pages = 535–537 \| date = February 2010 \| pmid = 20159277 \| doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60203-6 \| s2cid = 38796542 }}</ref>
	* [[Epidemiology]] helps identify risk factors and causes of health problems.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F \| title = Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence \| journal = Epidemiologic Reviews \| volume = 27 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 36–46 \| year = 2005 \| pmid = 15958425 \| doi = 10.1093/epirev/mxi004 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		* [[Epidemiology]] helps identify risk factors and causes of health problems.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F \| title = Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence \| journal = Epidemiologic Reviews \| volume = 27 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 36–46 \| year = 2005 \| pmid = 15958425 \| doi = 10.1093/epirev/mxi004 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>
	* [[Demography]] provides data for policy decisions.<ref>{{cite book \| vauthors = Verano JW, Ubelake DH \|title=Disease and demography in the Americas \|date=1992 \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington \|isbn=978-1-56098-163-3}}</ref><		* [[Demography]] provides data for policy decisions.<ref>{{cite book \| vauthors = Verano JW, Ubelake DH \|title=Disease and demography in the Americas \|date=1992 \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington \|isbn=978-1-56098-163-3}}</ref>
	* [[Economics]] emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit approaches for the optimal allocation of health resources.<ref>{{cite report \| vauthors = Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Hamandi A, Mowafi M, O'Farrell D \| display-authors = 6 \| title = The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. \| work = Program on the Global Demography of Aging \| date = January 2012 \| url = https://ideas.repec.org/p/gdm/wpaper/8712.html }}</ref>		* [[Economics]] emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit approaches for the optimal allocation of health resources.<ref>{{cite report \| vauthors = Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Hamandi A, Mowafi M, O'Farrell D \| display-authors = 6 \| title = The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. \| work = Program on the Global Demography of Aging \| date = January 2012 \| url = https://ideas.repec.org/p/gdm/wpaper/8712.html }}</ref>
	* Other social sciences such as [[sociology]], [[development studies]], [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[cultural studies]], and [[law]] can help understand the determinants of health in societies.		* Other social sciences such as [[sociology]], [[development studies]], [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[cultural studies]], and [[law]] can help understand the determinants of health in societies.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:00, 28 August 2024
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	Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>		Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>

	One way that global health can be measured is through the prevalence of various global [[disease]]s in the world and their threat to decrease [[life expectancy]] in the present day. Estimates suggest that in a pre-modern, poor world, life expectancy was around 30 years in all regions of the world (mainly due to high infant mortality).<ref>{{Cite journal\| vauthors = Roser M, Ortiz-Ospina E, Ritchie H \|date=2013-05-23\|title=Life Expectancy\|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy\|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Another<!--related and similar--> holistic perspective called [[One Health]] can<!--is sometimes used to address/invoked when addressing--> be used to address [[List of global issues\|global health challenges]] and to improve global [[health security]].<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Conrad PA, Meek LA, Dumit J \| title = Operationalizing a One Health approach to global health challenges \| journal = Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases \| volume = 36 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 211–216 \| date = May 2013 \| pmid = 23711930 \| doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Martínez JL \| title = Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives \| journal = Nature Microbiology \| volume = 4 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 1432–1442 \| date = September 2019 \| pmid = 31439928 \| doi = 10.1038/s41564-019-0503-9 \| s2cid = 201283254 \| url = https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/health/health/43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sinclair JR \| title = Importance of a One Health approach in advancing global health security and the Sustainable Development Goals \| journal = Revue Scientifique et Technique \| volume = 38 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 145–154 \| date = May 2019 \| pmid = 31564744 \| doi = 10.20506/rst.38.1.2949 \| s2cid = 203608381 }}</ref>		One way that global health can be measured is through the prevalence of various global [[disease]]s in the world and their threat to decrease [[life expectancy]] in the present day. Estimates suggest that in a pre-modern, poor world, life expectancy was around 30 years in all regions of the world (mainly due to high infant mortality).<ref>{{Cite journal\| vauthors = [[Max Roser\|Roser M]], Ortiz-Ospina E, [[Hannah Ritchie\|Ritchie H]] \|date=2013-05-23\|title=Life Expectancy\|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy\|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Another<!--related and similar--> holistic perspective called [[One Health]] can<!--is sometimes used to address/invoked when addressing--> be used to address [[List of global issues\|global health challenges]] and to improve global [[health security]].<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Conrad PA, Meek LA, Dumit J \| title = Operationalizing a One Health approach to global health challenges \| journal = Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases \| volume = 36 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 211–216 \| date = May 2013 \| pmid = 23711930 \| doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Martínez JL \| title = Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives \| journal = Nature Microbiology \| volume = 4 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 1432–1442 \| date = September 2019 \| pmid = 31439928 \| doi = 10.1038/s41564-019-0503-9 \| s2cid = 201283254 \| url = https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/health/health/43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sinclair JR \| title = Importance of a One Health approach in advancing global health security and the Sustainable Development Goals \| journal = Revue Scientifique et Technique \| volume = 38 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 145–154 \| date = May 2019 \| pmid = 31564744 \| doi = 10.20506/rst.38.1.2949 \| s2cid = 203608381 }}</ref>

	The predominant agency associated with global health (and international health) is the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO). Other important agencies impacting global health include [[UNICEF]] and [[World Food Programme]] (WFP). The [[United Nations]] system has also played a part in cross-sectoral actions to address global health and its underlying [[Social determinants of health\|socioeconomic determinants]] with the declaration of the [[Millennium Development Goals]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ \|title=Millennium Development Goals \|publisher=United Nations \|access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> and the more recent [[Sustainable Development Goals]].		The predominant agency associated with global health (and international health) is the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO). Other important agencies impacting global health include [[UNICEF]] and [[World Food Programme]] (WFP). The [[United Nations]] system has also played a part in cross-sectoral actions to address global health and its underlying [[Social determinants of health\|socioeconomic determinants]] with the declaration of the [[Millennium Development Goals]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ \|title=Millennium Development Goals \|publisher=United Nations \|access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> and the more recent [[Sustainable Development Goals]].

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:06, 19 July 2024
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	{{pp\|small=yes}}{{For\|the bibliographic database\|Global Health database}}		{{pp\|small=yes}}{{For\|the bibliographic database\|Global Health database}}
	[[File:World Health Organisation building from south.jpg\|thumb\| The [[World Health Organization]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]]]{{Public health sidebar}}		[[File:World Health Organisation building from south.jpg\|thumb\| The [[World Health Organization]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]]]{{Public health sidebar}}
	'''Global health''' is the [[health]] of ~~the~~ populations in ~~the~~ worldwide context;<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E \| title = The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health \| journal = American Journal of Public Health \| volume = 96 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 62–72 \| date = January 2006 \| pmid = 16322464 \| pmc = 1470434 \| doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 }}</ref> it has been defined as "the area of study, [[research]], and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".<ref name="Koplan">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN \| title = Towards a common definition of global health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 373 \| issue = 9679 \| pages = 1993–1995 \| date = June 2009 \| pmid = 19493564 \| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9 \| pmc = 9905260 \| s2cid = 6919716 \| citeseerx = 10.1.1.610.7968 }}</ref> Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.<ref>{{cite book \| last = Global Health Initiative \| title = Why Global Health Matters \| publisher = FamiliesUSA \| year = 2008 \| location = Washington, DC \| url = http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| access-date = 2008-06-10 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223639/http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| archive-date = 2011-03-08 \| url-status = dead }}</ref> Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement ([[Global mental health\|including mental health]]), reduction of [[Health disparities\|disparities]], and protection against [[global threats]] that disregard national borders,<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Macfarlane SB, Jacobs M, Kaaya EE \| title = In the name of global health: trends in academic institutions \| journal = Journal of Public Health Policy \| volume = 29 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 383–401 \| date = December 2008 \| pmid = 19079297 \| doi = 10.1057/jphp.2008.25 \| s2cid = 46424271 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32381654">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fischer SE, Patil P, Zielinski C, Baxter L, Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Hussain S, Lai C, Walpole SC, Ohanyido F, Flood D, Singh A, Al-Shorbaji N \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Is it about the 'where' or the 'how'? Comment on ''Defining global health as public health somewhere else'' \| journal = BMJ Global Health \| volume = 5 \| issue = 5 \| date = May 2020 \| pages = e002567 \| pmid = 32381654 \| pmc = 7223010 \| doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002567 }}</ref> including [[List of causes of death by rate\|the most common causes of human death and years of life lost]] from a global perspective.		'''Global health''' is the [[health]] of populations in a worldwide context;<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E \| title = The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health \| journal = American Journal of Public Health \| volume = 96 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 62–72 \| date = January 2006 \| pmid = 16322464 \| pmc = 1470434 \| doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 }}</ref> it has been defined as "the area of study, [[research]], and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".<ref name="Koplan">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN \| title = Towards a common definition of global health \| journal = Lancet \| volume = 373 \| issue = 9679 \| pages = 1993–1995 \| date = June 2009 \| pmid = 19493564 \| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9 \| pmc = 9905260 \| s2cid = 6919716 \| citeseerx = 10.1.1.610.7968 }}</ref> Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.<ref>{{cite book \| last = Global Health Initiative \| title = Why Global Health Matters \| publisher = FamiliesUSA \| year = 2008 \| location = Washington, DC \| url = http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| access-date = 2008-06-10 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223639/http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ \| archive-date = 2011-03-08 \| url-status = dead }}</ref> Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement ([[Global mental health\|including mental health]]), reduction of [[Health disparities\|disparities]], and protection against [[global threats]] that disregard national borders,<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Macfarlane SB, Jacobs M, Kaaya EE \| title = In the name of global health: trends in academic institutions \| journal = Journal of Public Health Policy \| volume = 29 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 383–401 \| date = December 2008 \| pmid = 19079297 \| doi = 10.1057/jphp.2008.25 \| s2cid = 46424271 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32381654">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Fischer SE, Patil P, Zielinski C, Baxter L, Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Hussain S, Lai C, Walpole SC, Ohanyido F, Flood D, Singh A, Al-Shorbaji N \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Is it about the 'where' or the 'how'? Comment on ''Defining global health as public health somewhere else'' \| journal = BMJ Global Health \| volume = 5 \| issue = 5 \| date = May 2020 \| pages = e002567 \| pmid = 32381654 \| pmc = 7223010 \| doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002567 }}</ref> including [[List of causes of death by rate\|the most common causes of human death and years of life lost]] from a global perspective.

	Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>		Global health is not to be confused with [[international health]], which is defined as the branch of [[public health]] focusing on [[Developing country\|developing nations]] and [[Aid\|foreign aid]] efforts by [[Developed country\|industrialized countries]].<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ \|chapter=International and Global Health \| veditors = Wallace RB \|title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 \|pages=1252–8 \|edition=15th}}</ref>