Grain drying - Revision history

NanalanMona: fixed grammar, syntax, and tone, added links

2024-10-17T17:57:37Z

fixed grammar, syntax, and tone, added links

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:57, 17 October 2024
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	{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}		{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}
	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}
	'''Grain drying''' is the process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. ~~The~~ grain drying ~~described in this article is that which~~ uses fuel- or ~~electric-~~powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for ~~drying~~ ~~by ambient~~ air and ~~sunshine~~, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web \|title=FAO \|url=https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm \|website=FAO \|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization \|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>		'''Grain drying''' is the process of drying [[grain]] to prevent [[Food spoilage\|spoilage]] during [[Food storage\|storage]]. Artificial grain drying uses fuel or electricity powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for [[Atmosphere of Earth\|air]] and [[Food drying\|sun drying]], or [[stook]]ing before [[threshing]].<ref name="FAO">{{cite web \|title=FAO \|url=https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm \|website=FAO \|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization \|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==
	{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}		{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}

	Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers annually.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). Cereals are often dried to 14% w/w, while oilseeds, to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit microbial growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of insects and mites. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.		Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers annually.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries<!-- Which ones? -->, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). [[Cereal\|Cereals]] are often dried to 14% w/w, while [[oilseeds]], to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit [[Microorganism\|microbial]] growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of [[Insect\|insects]] and [[Mite\|mites]]. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.

	The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.		The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.

MazdaSims: Fixed a minor capitalization error in /* Grain Drying fundamentals */

2024-09-19T03:36:08Z

Fixed a minor capitalization error in Grain Drying fundamentals

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:36, 19 September 2024
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	Grain drying is an active area of research. The performance of a dryer can be simulated with computer programs based on mathematical models that represent the phenomena involved in drying: physics, physical chemistry, thermodynamics, and heat and mass transfer. Most recently computer models have been used to predict product quality by achieving a compromise between drying rate, energy consumption, and grain quality. A typical quality parameter in wheat drying is [[Bread\|breadmaking]] quality and germination percentage whose reductions in drying are somewhat related.		Grain drying is an active area of research. The performance of a dryer can be simulated with computer programs based on mathematical models that represent the phenomena involved in drying: physics, physical chemistry, thermodynamics, and heat and mass transfer. Most recently computer models have been used to predict product quality by achieving a compromise between drying rate, energy consumption, and grain quality. A typical quality parameter in wheat drying is [[Bread\|breadmaking]] quality and germination percentage whose reductions in drying are somewhat related.

	== Grain ~~Drying~~ fundamentals ==		== Grain drying fundamentals ==
	Drying starts at the bottom of the bin, which is the first place air contacts. The dry air is brought up by the fan through a layer of wet grain. Drying happens in a layer of 1 to 2 feet thick, which is called the drying zone. The drying zone moves from the bottom of the bin to the top, and when it reaches the highest layer, the grain is dry. The grain below drying zone is in equilibrium moisture content with drying air, which means it is safe for storage; while the grain above still needs drying. The air is then forced out the bin through exhaust vent.		Drying starts at the bottom of the bin, which is the first place air contacts. The dry air is brought up by the fan through a layer of wet grain. Drying happens in a layer of 1 to 2 feet thick, which is called the drying zone. The drying zone moves from the bottom of the bin to the top, and when it reaches the highest layer, the grain is dry. The grain below drying zone is in equilibrium moisture content with drying air, which means it is safe for storage; while the grain above still needs drying. The air is then forced out the bin through exhaust vent.

Hogweard: /* Overview */

2024-08-13T11:39:44Z

Overview

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:39, 13 August 2024
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	{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}		{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}

	Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[~~corn~~]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola~~]], [[barley~~]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers annually.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). Cereals are often dried to 14% w/w, while oilseeds, to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit microbial growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of insects and mites. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.		Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers annually.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). Cereals are often dried to 14% w/w, while oilseeds, to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit microbial growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of insects and mites. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.

	The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.		The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.

Quercus solaris: per

2024-08-07T02:16:16Z

per

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:16, 7 August 2024
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	{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}		{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}

	Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). Cereals are often dried to 14% w/w, while oilseeds, to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit microbial growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of insects and mites. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.		Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers annually.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). Cereals are often dried to 14% w/w, while oilseeds, to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit microbial growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of insects and mites. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.

	The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.		The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.

Salmoonlight at 06:44, 11 July 2024

2024-07-11T06:44:48Z

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	{{Copy edit\|date=July 2024}}		{{Copy edit\|date=July 2024}}

	{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}		{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}
	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}
		⚫	'''Grain drying''' is the process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web \|title=FAO \|url=https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm \|website=FAO \|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization \|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

⚫	'''Grain drying''' is process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web \|title=FAO \|url=https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm \|website=FAO \|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization \|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

24.165.48.52 at 05:08, 10 July 2024

2024-07-10T05:08:43Z

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			{{Copy edit\|date=July 2024}}

	{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}		{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}
	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}

Lilawu: Replace and fix 404 links

2024-02-27T01:49:29Z

Replace and fix 404 links

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:49, 27 February 2024
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	=== Corn drying ===		=== Corn drying ===
	When drying corn kernels it is important to keep in mind that cracks and fractures in the corn can lead to many problems in both the storage and processing. The major problem that occurs from high temperature drying and then rapid cooling of the grain is stress-cracking. Stress-cracking is when fractures become present in the corn endosperm. Stress-cracked kernels often absorb water too quickly, are more likely to become broken, and are increasingly susceptible to insect and mold damage during dry storage. In order to reduce the amount of grain that is lost due to stress-cracking, medium temperature and slow cooling, or natural air and low temperature drying methods should be employed.<ref>{{Cite web\|title = Maintaining Corn Grain Quality Through Harvest and Drying\|url = https://www.~~pioneer~~.com/~~home/site/us/agronomy/crop~~-~~management/~~grain~~-quality/maintain~~-quality-through-harvest/~~\|website~~ ~~= www.pioneer.com~~\|accessdate = 2015-10-19}}</ref>		When drying corn kernels it is important to keep in mind that cracks and fractures in the corn can lead to many problems in both the storage and processing. The major problem that occurs from high temperature drying and then rapid cooling of the grain is stress-cracking. Stress-cracking is when fractures become present in the corn endosperm. Stress-cracked kernels often absorb water too quickly, are more likely to become broken, and are increasingly susceptible to insect and mold damage during dry storage. In order to reduce the amount of grain that is lost due to stress-cracking, medium temperature and slow cooling, or natural air and low temperature drying methods should be employed.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Maintaining Corn Grain Quality Through Harvest and Drying \|url=https://www.beltdryermachine.com/maintaining-corn-grain-quality-through-harvest-and-drying/ \|accessdate=2015-10-19 \|website=www.beltdryermachine.com}}</ref>
	{{commonscat\|Grain dryers}}		{{commonscat\|Grain dryers}}

EncyclopediaEditor642: I corrected the reference i recently added

2023-12-16T09:39:51Z

I corrected the reference i recently added

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:39, 16 December 2023
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	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}

	'''Grain drying''' is process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref>~~Food~~ ~~and Agriculture Organization.~~ FAO.https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm</ref>		'''Grain drying''' is process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web \|title=FAO \|url=https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm \|website=FAO \|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization \|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

EncyclopediaEditor642: I corrected the reference i recently added

2023-12-13T14:35:15Z

I corrected the reference i recently added

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:35, 13 December 2023
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	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}

	'''Grain drying''' is process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref>https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm</ref>		'''Grain drying''' is process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref>Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO.https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm</ref>

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

EncyclopediaEditor642: I added a source for the information presented in the first paragraph

2023-12-13T08:23:39Z

I added a source for the information presented in the first paragraph

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:23, 13 December 2023
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	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}

	'''Grain drying''' is process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.		'''Grain drying''' is process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. The grain drying described in this article is that which uses fuel- or electric-powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for drying by ambient air and sunshine, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref>https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm</ref>

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:57, 17 October 2024
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	{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}		{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}
	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}
	'''Grain drying''' is the process of drying [[grain]] to prevent spoilage during [[Food storage\|storage]]. ~~The~~ grain drying ~~described in this article is that which~~ uses fuel- or ~~electric-~~powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for ~~drying~~ ~~by ambient~~ air and ~~sunshine~~, or [[stook]]ing before threshing.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web \|title=FAO \|url=https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm \|website=FAO \|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization \|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>		'''Grain drying''' is the process of drying [[grain]] to prevent [[Food spoilage\|spoilage]] during [[Food storage\|storage]]. Artificial grain drying uses fuel or electricity powered processes supplementary to natural ones, including [[swather\|swathing]]/[[windrow]]ing for [[Atmosphere of Earth\|air]] and [[Food drying\|sun drying]], or [[stook]]ing before [[threshing]].<ref name="FAO">{{cite web \|title=FAO \|url=https://www.fao.org/3/S1250E/S1250E0v.htm \|website=FAO \|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization \|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==
	{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}		{{Unreferenced section\|date=August 2010}}

	Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers annually.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). Cereals are often dried to 14% w/w, while oilseeds, to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit microbial growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of insects and mites. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.		Hundreds of millions of tonnes of [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[soybean]], [[rice]] and other [[grain]]s as [[sorghum]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[rapeseed]]/[[canola]], [[oat]]s, etc., are dried in grain dryers annually.<ref>D. Brooker, F. W. Bakker-Arkema, and C. W. Hall, ''The Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds''. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Avi Book, New York.</ref> In the main agricultural countries<!-- Which ones? -->, drying comprises the reduction of moisture from about 17-30% w/w{{Clarify\|reason=Water per weight?\|date=July 2019}} to values between 8 and 15%w/w, depending on the grain. The final moisture content for drying must be adequate for storage. The more oil the grain has, the lower its storage moisture content will be (though its initial moisture for drying will also be lower). [[Cereal\|Cereals]] are often dried to 14% w/w, while [[oilseeds]], to 12.5% (soybeans), 8% (sunflower) and 9% (peanuts). Drying is carried out as a requisite for safe storage, in order to inhibit [[Microorganism\|microbial]] growth. However, low temperatures in storage are also highly recommended to avoid degradative reactions and, especially, the growth of [[Insect\|insects]] and [[Mite\|mites]]. A good maximum storage temperature is about 18 °C.

	The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.		The largest dryers are normally used "Off-farm", in elevators, and are of the continuous type: Mixed-flow dryers are preferred in Europe, while Cross-flow dryers in the United States. In Argentina, both types are commonly found. Continuous flow dryers may produce up to 100 metric tonnes of dried grain per hour. The depth of grain the air must traverse in continuous dryers range from some 0.15 m in Mixed flow dryers to some 0.30 m in Cross-Flow. Batch dryers are mainly used "On-Farm", particularly in the United States and Europe. They normally consist of a bin, with heated air flowing horizontally from an internal cylinder through an inner perforated metal sheet, then through an annular grain bed, some 0.50 m thick (coaxial with the internal cylinder) in radial direction, and finally across the outer perforated metal sheet, before being discharged to the atmosphere. The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth. In the United States, continuous counterflow dryers may be found on-farm, adapting a bin to slowly drying grain fed at the top and removed at the bottom of the bin by a sweeping auger.

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	{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}		{{Short description\|Drying of edible grains before storage}}
	{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}		{{lead too short\|date=May 2014}}