Gregorian calendar - Revision history

Do-Do-Drop: scrubbing off an unnecesary elipsis.

2024-09-24T14:53:36Z

scrubbing off an unnecesary elipsis.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:53, 24 September 2024
Line 14:		Line 14:
	There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar assumed incorrectly that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. The Gregorian reform shortened the average (calendar) year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the [[equinox]]es.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} Second, in the years since the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in AD 325,{{efn\|Rather than 45 BC when the Roman Empire adopted the Julian calendar.}} the excess leap days introduced by the Julian algorithm had caused the calendar to drift such that the [[March equinox]] was occurring well before its nominal 21 March date. This date was important to the Christian churches because it is fundamental to the [[date of Easter\|calculation of the date of Easter]]. To reinstate the association, the reform advanced the date by 10 days:{{efn\|By the time Great Britain and its possessions adopted the reform [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750\|with effect from 1752]], the gap had increased to 11 days; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country]].}} Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October 1582.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} In addition, the reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter, because astronomical new moons were occurring four days before the calculated dates. Whilst the reform introduced minor changes, the calendar continued to be fundamentally based on the same [[Geocentric model\|geocentric theory]] as its predecessor.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Applebaum \|first1=Wilbur \|title=Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton \|date=2000 \|publisher=Garland Publishing \|isbn=0-8153-1503-1 \|chapter=Clavius, Christoph (1538-1612)}}</ref>		There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar assumed incorrectly that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. The Gregorian reform shortened the average (calendar) year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the [[equinox]]es.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} Second, in the years since the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in AD 325,{{efn\|Rather than 45 BC when the Roman Empire adopted the Julian calendar.}} the excess leap days introduced by the Julian algorithm had caused the calendar to drift such that the [[March equinox]] was occurring well before its nominal 21 March date. This date was important to the Christian churches because it is fundamental to the [[date of Easter\|calculation of the date of Easter]]. To reinstate the association, the reform advanced the date by 10 days:{{efn\|By the time Great Britain and its possessions adopted the reform [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750\|with effect from 1752]], the gap had increased to 11 days; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country]].}} Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October 1582.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} In addition, the reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter, because astronomical new moons were occurring four days before the calculated dates. Whilst the reform introduced minor changes, the calendar continued to be fundamentally based on the same [[Geocentric model\|geocentric theory]] as its predecessor.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Applebaum \|first1=Wilbur \|title=Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton \|date=2000 \|publisher=Garland Publishing \|isbn=0-8153-1503-1 \|chapter=Clavius, Christoph (1538-1612)}}</ref>

	The reform was adopted initially by the [[Roman Catholicism\|Catholic]] countries of Europe and their overseas possessions. Over the next three centuries, the [[Protestant Reformation\|Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy\|Eastern Orthodox]] countries also gradually moved to what they called the "'''Improved calendar'''",{{efn\|~~...~~to avoid any ~~appearance~~ of recognising the authority of Rome. The British [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] restates the algorithm from first principles without any reference to Gregory.}} with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar (for civil use only) in 1923.{{sfnp\|Blegen\|2013}} However, many Orthodox churches continue to use the Julian calendar for religious rites and the dating of major feasts. To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period (in contemporary documents or in history texts), [[dual dating\|both notations were given]], tagged as [[Old Style and New Style\|'Old Style' or 'New Style']] as appropriate. During the 20th century, most non-[[Western world\|Western]] countries also adopted the calendar, at least for [[Civil calendar\|civil purposes]].		The reform was adopted initially by the [[Roman Catholicism\|Catholic]] countries of Europe and their overseas possessions. Over the next three centuries, the [[Protestant Reformation\|Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy\|Eastern Orthodox]] countries also gradually moved to what they called the "'''Improved calendar'''",{{efn\|called such to avoid any suggestion of recognising the authority of Rome. The British [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] restates the algorithm from first principles without any reference to Gregory.}} with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar (for civil use only) in 1923.{{sfnp\|Blegen\|2013}} However, many Orthodox churches continue to use the Julian calendar for religious rites and the dating of major feasts. To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period (in contemporary documents or in history texts), [[dual dating\|both notations were given]], tagged as [[Old Style and New Style\|'Old Style' or 'New Style']] as appropriate. During the 20th century, most non-[[Western world\|Western]] countries also adopted the calendar, at least for [[Civil calendar\|civil purposes]].

	==Description==		==Description==

JMF: /* Adoption */ who ruled the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is WP:UNDUE.

2024-09-16T17:10:03Z

Adoption: who ruled the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is WP:UNDUE.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:10, 16 September 2024
Line 101:		Line 101:
	The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.		The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

	On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> ~~(ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]] and [[Stephen Báthory]])~~ and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>		On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>

	Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>		Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>

Marcin Rychlewicz at 15:05, 16 September 2024

2024-09-16T15:05:13Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:05, 16 September 2024
Line 14:		Line 14:
	There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar assumed incorrectly that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. The Gregorian reform shortened the average (calendar) year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the [[equinox]]es.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} Second, in the years since the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in AD 325,{{efn\|Rather than 45 BC when the Roman Empire adopted the Julian calendar.}} the excess leap days introduced by the Julian algorithm had caused the calendar to drift such that the [[March equinox]] was occurring well before its nominal 21 March date. This date was important to the Christian churches because it is fundamental to the [[date of Easter\|calculation of the date of Easter]]. To reinstate the association, the reform advanced the date by 10 days:{{efn\|By the time Great Britain and its possessions adopted the reform [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750\|with effect from 1752]], the gap had increased to 11 days; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country]].}} Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October 1582.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} In addition, the reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter, because astronomical new moons were occurring four days before the calculated dates. Whilst the reform introduced minor changes, the calendar continued to be fundamentally based on the same [[Geocentric model\|geocentric theory]] as its predecessor.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Applebaum \|first1=Wilbur \|title=Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton \|date=2000 \|publisher=Garland Publishing \|isbn=0-8153-1503-1 \|chapter=Clavius, Christoph (1538-1612)}}</ref>		There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar assumed incorrectly that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. The Gregorian reform shortened the average (calendar) year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the [[equinox]]es.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} Second, in the years since the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in AD 325,{{efn\|Rather than 45 BC when the Roman Empire adopted the Julian calendar.}} the excess leap days introduced by the Julian algorithm had caused the calendar to drift such that the [[March equinox]] was occurring well before its nominal 21 March date. This date was important to the Christian churches because it is fundamental to the [[date of Easter\|calculation of the date of Easter]]. To reinstate the association, the reform advanced the date by 10 days:{{efn\|By the time Great Britain and its possessions adopted the reform [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750\|with effect from 1752]], the gap had increased to 11 days; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country]].}} Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October 1582.{{sfnp\|Gregory XIII\|1582}} In addition, the reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter, because astronomical new moons were occurring four days before the calculated dates. Whilst the reform introduced minor changes, the calendar continued to be fundamentally based on the same [[Geocentric model\|geocentric theory]] as its predecessor.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Applebaum \|first1=Wilbur \|title=Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton \|date=2000 \|publisher=Garland Publishing \|isbn=0-8153-1503-1 \|chapter=Clavius, Christoph (1538-1612)}}</ref>

	The reform was adopted initially by the [[Roman Catholicism\|Catholic]] countries of Europe and their overseas possessions. Over the next three centuries, the [[Protestant Reformation\|Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy\|Eastern Orthodox]] countries also gradually moved to what they called the "'''Improved calendar'''",{{efn\|... to avoid any appearance of recognising the authority of Rome. The British [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] restates the algorithm from first principles without any reference to Gregory.}} with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar (for civil use only) in 1923.{{sfnp\|Blegen\|2013}} However, many Orthodox churches continue to use the Julian calendar for religious rites and the dating of major feasts. To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period (in contemporary documents or in history texts), [[dual dating\|both notations were given]], tagged as [[Old Style and New Style\|'Old Style' or 'New Style']] as appropriate. During the 20th century, most non-[[Western world\|Western]] countries also adopted the calendar, at least for [[Civil calendar\|civil purposes]].		The reform was adopted initially by the [[Roman Catholicism\|Catholic]] countries of Europe and their overseas possessions. Over the next three centuries, the [[Protestant Reformation\|Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy\|Eastern Orthodox]] countries also gradually moved to what they called the "'''Improved calendar'''",{{efn\|...to avoid any appearance of recognising the authority of Rome. The British [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] restates the algorithm from first principles without any reference to Gregory.}} with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar (for civil use only) in 1923.{{sfnp\|Blegen\|2013}} However, many Orthodox churches continue to use the Julian calendar for religious rites and the dating of major feasts. To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period (in contemporary documents or in history texts), [[dual dating\|both notations were given]], tagged as [[Old Style and New Style\|'Old Style' or 'New Style']] as appropriate. During the 20th century, most non-[[Western world\|Western]] countries also adopted the calendar, at least for [[Civil calendar\|civil purposes]].

	==Description==		==Description==

Pisarz12345: /* Adoption */

2024-08-31T03:05:38Z

Adoption

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:05, 31 August 2024
Line 101:		Line 101:
	The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.		The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

	On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>		On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]] and [[Stephen Báthory]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>

	Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>		Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>

JMF: Undid revision 1234231890 by Adhesivecobra17 (talk) not a minor edit and wildly WP:CRYSTAL, We have no idea what will happen that far into the future and it has no relevance today.

2024-07-13T23:17:22Z

Undid revision 1234231890 by Adhesivecobra17 (talk) not a minor edit and wildly WP:CRYSTAL, We have no idea what will happen that far into the future and it has no relevance today.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:17, 13 July 2024
Line 199:		Line 199:
	\|From 1 March 2100<br />to 28 February 2200		\|From 1 March 2100<br />to 28 February 2200
	\|From 16 February 2100<br />to 14 February 2200		\|From 16 February 2100<br />to 14 February 2200
	\| align=center \|14 days		\| align=center \|14 days<!--
	\|- align=right
	\|From 1 March 2200<br />to 28 February 2300
	\|From 15 February 2200<br />to 13 February 2300
	\| align=center \|15 days
	\|- align=right
	\|From 1 March 2300<br />to 28 February 2500
	\|From 14 February 2300<br />to 12 February 2500
	\| align=center \|16 days<!--
	\|When converting a date in a year which is leap in one calendar but not the other include 29 February in the calculation when the conversion crosses the border between February and March.-->		\|When converting a date in a year which is leap in one calendar but not the other include 29 February in the calculation when the conversion crosses the border between February and March.-->
	\|}		\|}

Adhesivecobra17: /* Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates */

2024-07-13T07:54:12Z

Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:54, 13 July 2024
Line 199:		Line 199:
	\|From 1 March 2100<br />to 28 February 2200		\|From 1 March 2100<br />to 28 February 2200
	\|From 16 February 2100<br />to 14 February 2200		\|From 16 February 2100<br />to 14 February 2200
	\| align=center \|14 days~~<!--~~		\| align=center \|14 days
			\|- align=right
			\|From 1 March 2200<br />to 28 February 2300
			\|From 15 February 2200<br />to 13 February 2300
			\| align=center \|15 days
			\|- align=right
			\|From 1 March 2300<br />to 28 February 2500
			\|From 14 February 2300<br />to 12 February 2500
			\| align=center \|16 days<!--
	\|When converting a date in a year which is leap in one calendar but not the other include 29 February in the calculation when the conversion crosses the border between February and March.-->		\|When converting a date in a year which is leap in one calendar but not the other include 29 February in the calculation when the conversion crosses the border between February and March.-->
	\|}		\|}

JackofOz: /* Beginning of the year */

2024-05-29T21:46:17Z

Beginning of the year

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:46, 29 May 2024
Line 222:		Line 222:
	\|-		\|-
	\| Denmark \|\| Gradual change from<br />13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp. 48–50.</ref> \|\| 1700		\| Denmark \|\| Gradual change from<br />13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp. 48–50.</ref> \|\| 1700
			\|-
		⚫	\| [[Republic of Venice]] \|\| 1522 <!-- 1797 is not correct. This is the date when Venice fell to the French Empire and changed to the French system. --> \|\| 1582
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Papal States]] \|\| 1583 \|\| 1582		\| [[Papal States]] \|\| 1583 \|\| 1582
Line 250:		Line 252:
	\| [[Kingdom of Great Britain\|Great Britain]] and<br />the [[British Empire]]<br />except Scotland \|\| 1752<ref name=Blackburn/> \|\| 1752		\| [[Kingdom of Great Britain\|Great Britain]] and<br />the [[British Empire]]<br />except Scotland \|\| 1752<ref name=Blackburn/> \|\| 1752
	\|-		\|-
⚫	\| [[Republic of Venice]] \|\| 1522 <!-- 1797 is not correct. This is the date when Venice fell to the French Empire and changed to the French system. --> \|\| 1582
	\|}		\|}
	The year used in dates during the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]] was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm#eponymous \|title=Roman Dates: Eponymous Years \|publisher=Tyndalehouse.com \|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the [[new year]]. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.		The year used in dates during the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]] was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm#eponymous \|title=Roman Dates: Eponymous Years \|publisher=Tyndalehouse.com \|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the [[new year]]. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

	During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December ([[Christmas]]), 25 March ([[Annunciation]]), or Easter,<ref name=MS>{{cite web\| first1=Mike \|last1= Spathaky \|url=http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm \| title= Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists}}</ref> while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.<ref>S. I. Seleschnikow: ''Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr?'' (Aulis-Verlag, Leipzig/Jena/Berlin 1981, p. 149), which is a German translation of С. И. Селешников: ''История календаря и хронология'' (Издательство "Наука", Moscow 1977). The relevant chapter is available online here: [http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017163723/http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm \|date=17 October 2009 }}. Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from {{nowrap\|1 March 1492}} to {{nowrap\|31 August 1492}}. {{in lang\|ru}}</ref>		During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December ([[Christmas]]), 25 March ([[Annunciation]]), or Easter,<ref name=MS>{{cite web\| first1=Mike \|last1= Spathaky \|url=http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm \| title= Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists}}</ref> while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.<ref>S. I. Seleschnikow: ''Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr?'' (Aulis-Verlag, Leipzig/Jena/Berlin 1981, p. 149), which is a German translation of С. И. Селешников: ''История календаря и хронология'' (Издательство "Наука", Moscow 1977). The relevant chapter is available online here: [http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017163723/http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm \|date=17 October 2009 }}. Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from {{nowrap\|1 March 1492}} to {{nowrap\|31 August 1492}}. {{in lang\|ru}}</ref>

	In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php Tuesday 31 December 1661] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090731/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php \|date=29 September 2007 }}, [http://www.pepysdiary.com The Diary of Samuel Pepys] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301084423/http://www.pepysdiary.com/ \|date=1 March 2021 }} "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ..."</ref> but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ([[Lady Day]]).<ref>Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England The Perpetual Calendar: What about England] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830124531/http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England \|date=30 August 2007 }} Version 29 February 2000</ref> So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of [[Charles I of England\|Charles I]] on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26211#s5\|title= House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)\|publisher=British History Online\|access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/charles_warrant.htm \|title=Death warrant of Charles I \|publisher=National Archives}}</ref>		In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php Tuesday 31 December 1661] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090731/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php \|date=29 September 2007 }}, [http://www.pepysdiary.com The Diary of Samuel Pepys] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301084423/http://www.pepysdiary.com/ \|date=1 March 2021 }} "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ..."</ref> but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ([[Lady Day]]).<ref>Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England The Perpetual Calendar: What about England] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830124531/http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England \|date=30 August 2007 }} Version 29 February 2000</ref> So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of [[Charles I of England\|Charles I]] on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26211#s5\|title= House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)\|publisher=British History Online\|access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/charles_warrant.htm \|title=Death warrant of Charles I \|publisher=National Archives}}</ref>

	Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days). Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section [[#Adoption\|Adoption]]). These two reforms were implemented by the [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]].<ref name="NT-Perpetual-Calendar">Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php The Perpetual Calendar] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032636/http://norbyhus.dk/calendar.php \|date=12 November 2019 }}</ref>		Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days). Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section [[#Adoption\|Adoption]]). These two reforms were implemented by the [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]].<ref name="NT-Perpetual-Calendar">Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php The Perpetual Calendar] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032636/http://norbyhus.dk/calendar.php \|date=12 November 2019 }}</ref>

	In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries, a specific date when a "1 January year" became the norm, can be identified.{{sfnp\|Bond\|1875\|p=91{{ndash}}101}} In other countries, the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs. Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though the latter states that the "[[Golden number (time)\|Golden number]]" of 1752 ends in December and a new year (and new Golden number) begins in January 1753.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Kalendarium Gregorianum perpetuum \|trans-title=Perpetual Gregorian calendar \|date=1752 \|last=Chiesa Cattolica \|language=la \|pages=17, 18 \|chapter=Canon I: De cyclo decennovenalli • aurei numeri \|publisher=apud Ioannes Bapt. Sessam, & fratres \|trans-chapter=Canon I: On the nineteenth yearly cycle • golden numbers \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xzHmKtG1_rgC/page/n17/mode/2up?q=1583 \|quote=''Annus Cycli decennouennalis, qui dr Aureus numerus est 6. terminaturque simulcu ipso anno Domini 1582 in mése Decembri. In mense autem Ianuario initium sumit alius annus Domini , nempe 1583. & in eodem mense Ianuario aslumitur etiam alius annuis Aurei numeri, nimirum 7.'' \|trans-quote=The year of the ten-year cycle, which is the golden number 6, ends at the same time in the year of the Lord 1582 in the month of December. And in the month of January begins another year of the Lord, that is, 1583. And in the same month of January also another year of the golden number is ushered in, namely 7. }}</ref>		In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries, a specific date when a "1 January year" became the norm, can be identified.{{sfnp\|Bond\|1875\|p=91{{ndash}}101}} In other countries, the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs. Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though the latter states that the "[[Golden number (time)\|Golden number]]" of 1752 ends in December and a new year (and new Golden number) begins in January 1753.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Kalendarium Gregorianum perpetuum \|trans-title=Perpetual Gregorian calendar \|date=1752 \|last=Chiesa Cattolica \|language=la \|pages=17, 18 \|chapter=Canon I: De cyclo decennovenalli • aurei numeri \|publisher=apud Ioannes Bapt. Sessam, & fratres \|trans-chapter=Canon I: On the nineteenth yearly cycle • golden numbers \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xzHmKtG1_rgC/page/n17/mode/2up?q=1583 \|quote=''Annus Cycli decennouennalis, qui dr Aureus numerus est 6. terminaturque simulcu ipso anno Domini 1582 in mése Decembri. In mense autem Ianuario initium sumit alius annus Domini , nempe 1583. & in eodem mense Ianuario aslumitur etiam alius annuis Aurei numeri, nimirum 7.'' \|trans-quote=The year of the ten-year cycle, which is the golden number 6, ends at the same time in the year of the Lord 1582 in the month of December. And in the month of January begins another year of the Lord, that is, 1583. And in the same month of January also another year of the golden number is ushered in, namely 7. }}</ref>

Jc3s5h: /* Description */ Remove unencyclopedic trivia. See Talk:Gregorian calendar#Redundant none sense, typical of wikipedia "encyclopedia"....

2024-05-29T14:06:00Z

Description: Remove unencyclopedic trivia. See Talk:Gregorian calendar#Redundant none sense, typical of wikipedia "encyclopedia"....

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:06, 29 May 2024
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	{{clear}}		{{clear}}

	Calendar cycles repeat completely every 400 years, which equals 146,097 days.{{efn\|The cycle described applies to the solar, or civil, calendar. If one also considers the ecclesiastical lunar rules, the lunisolar Easter ''computus'' cycle repeats only after 5,700,000 years of 2,081,882,250 days in 70,499,183 lunar months, based on an assumed mean lunar month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes {{sfrac\|2\|49928114\|70499183}} seconds. (Seidelmann (1992), p. 582) [To properly function as an Easter ''[[computus]]'', this lunisolar cycle must have the same mean year as the Gregorian solar cycle, and indeed that is exactly the case.]}}{{efn\|The extreme length of the Gregorian Easter ''computus'' is due to its being the product of the 19-year [[Metonic cycle]], the thirty different possible values of the [[epact]], and the least common multiple (10,000) of the 400-year and 2,500-year solar and lunar correction cycles.{{sfnp\|Walker\|1945\|page=218}}}} Of these 400 years, 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days. A mean calendar year is {{sfrac\|365\|97\|400}} days = 365.2425 days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.{{efn\|The same result is obtained by summing the fractional parts implied by the rule: {{nowrap\|1= 365 + {{sfrac\|1\|4}} − {{sfrac\|1\|100}} + {{sfrac\|1\|400}} = 365 + 0.25 − 0.01 + 0.0025 = 365.2425}}}} During intervals that do not contain any century common years (such as 1800, 1900 and 2100), the calendar repeats every 28 years, during which 29 February will fall on each of the seven days of the week once and only once. All other dates of the year fall on each day exactly four times, each day of the week having gaps of 6 years, 5 years, 6 years, and 11 years, in that order.		Calendar cycles repeat completely every 400 years, which equals 146,097 days.{{efn\|The cycle described applies to the solar, or civil, calendar. If one also considers the ecclesiastical lunar rules, the lunisolar Easter ''computus'' cycle repeats only after 5,700,000 years of 2,081,882,250 days in 70,499,183 lunar months, based on an assumed mean lunar month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes {{sfrac\|2\|49928114\|70499183}} seconds. (Seidelmann (1992), p. 582) [To properly function as an Easter ''[[computus]]'', this lunisolar cycle must have the same mean year as the Gregorian solar cycle, and indeed that is exactly the case.]}}{{efn\|The extreme length of the Gregorian Easter ''computus'' is due to its being the product of the 19-year [[Metonic cycle]], the thirty different possible values of the [[epact]], and the least common multiple (10,000) of the 400-year and 2,500-year solar and lunar correction cycles.{{sfnp\|Walker\|1945\|page=218}}}} Of these 400 years, 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days. A mean calendar year is {{sfrac\|365\|97\|400}} days = 365.2425 days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.{{efn\|The same result is obtained by summing the fractional parts implied by the rule: {{nowrap\|1= 365 + {{sfrac\|1\|4}} − {{sfrac\|1\|100}} + {{sfrac\|1\|400}} = 365 + 0.25 − 0.01 + 0.0025 = 365.2425}}}}

	==Gregorian reform==		==Gregorian reform==

Whoop whoop pull up: /* Adoption */ Fixing link.

2024-05-29T00:11:13Z

Adoption: Fixing link.

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	The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.		The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

	On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy)\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>		On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>

	Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>		Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>

Kablammo: /* Adoption */ ce

2024-05-26T13:42:12Z

Adoption: ce

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:42, 26 May 2024
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	===Adoption <span class="anchor" id="Timeline"></span>===		===Adoption <span class="anchor" id="Timeline"></span>===
	{{main\|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar}}		{{main\|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar}}
	Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church (of which he was the supreme religious authority) and the [[Papal States]] (which he personally ruled). The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, ~~over~~ which ~~he had no authority. They~~ required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect.		Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church (of which he was the supreme religious authority) and the [[Papal States]] (which he personally ruled). The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, which required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect.

	The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.		The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:10, 16 September 2024
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	The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.		The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

	On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> ~~(ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]] and [[Stephen Báthory]])~~ and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>		On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>

	Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>		Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:05, 31 August 2024
Line 101:		Line 101:
	The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.		The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

	On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>		On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]] and [[Stephen Báthory]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>

	Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>		Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:46, 29 May 2024
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	\|-		\|-
	\| Denmark \|\| Gradual change from<br />13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp. 48–50.</ref> \|\| 1700		\| Denmark \|\| Gradual change from<br />13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp. 48–50.</ref> \|\| 1700
			\|-
		⚫	\| [[Republic of Venice]] \|\| 1522 <!-- 1797 is not correct. This is the date when Venice fell to the French Empire and changed to the French system. --> \|\| 1582
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Papal States]] \|\| 1583 \|\| 1582		\| [[Papal States]] \|\| 1583 \|\| 1582
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	\| [[Kingdom of Great Britain\|Great Britain]] and<br />the [[British Empire]]<br />except Scotland \|\| 1752<ref name=Blackburn/> \|\| 1752		\| [[Kingdom of Great Britain\|Great Britain]] and<br />the [[British Empire]]<br />except Scotland \|\| 1752<ref name=Blackburn/> \|\| 1752
	\|-		\|-
⚫	\| [[Republic of Venice]] \|\| 1522 <!-- 1797 is not correct. This is the date when Venice fell to the French Empire and changed to the French system. --> \|\| 1582
	\|}		\|}
	The year used in dates during the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]] was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm#eponymous \|title=Roman Dates: Eponymous Years \|publisher=Tyndalehouse.com \|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the [[new year]]. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.		The year used in dates during the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]] was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm#eponymous \|title=Roman Dates: Eponymous Years \|publisher=Tyndalehouse.com \|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the [[new year]]. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

	During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December ([[Christmas]]), 25 March ([[Annunciation]]), or Easter,<ref name=MS>{{cite web\| first1=Mike \|last1= Spathaky \|url=http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm \| title= Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists}}</ref> while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.<ref>S. I. Seleschnikow: ''Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr?'' (Aulis-Verlag, Leipzig/Jena/Berlin 1981, p. 149), which is a German translation of С. И. Селешников: ''История календаря и хронология'' (Издательство "Наука", Moscow 1977). The relevant chapter is available online here: [http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017163723/http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm \|date=17 October 2009 }}. Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from {{nowrap\|1 March 1492}} to {{nowrap\|31 August 1492}}. {{in lang\|ru}}</ref>		During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December ([[Christmas]]), 25 March ([[Annunciation]]), or Easter,<ref name=MS>{{cite web\| first1=Mike \|last1= Spathaky \|url=http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm \| title= Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists}}</ref> while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.<ref>S. I. Seleschnikow: ''Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr?'' (Aulis-Verlag, Leipzig/Jena/Berlin 1981, p. 149), which is a German translation of С. И. Селешников: ''История календаря и хронология'' (Издательство "Наука", Moscow 1977). The relevant chapter is available online here: [http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017163723/http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm \|date=17 October 2009 }}. Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from {{nowrap\|1 March 1492}} to {{nowrap\|31 August 1492}}. {{in lang\|ru}}</ref>

	In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php Tuesday 31 December 1661] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090731/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php \|date=29 September 2007 }}, [http://www.pepysdiary.com The Diary of Samuel Pepys] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301084423/http://www.pepysdiary.com/ \|date=1 March 2021 }} "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ..."</ref> but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ([[Lady Day]]).<ref>Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England The Perpetual Calendar: What about England] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830124531/http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England \|date=30 August 2007 }} Version 29 February 2000</ref> So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of [[Charles I of England\|Charles I]] on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26211#s5\|title= House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)\|publisher=British History Online\|access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/charles_warrant.htm \|title=Death warrant of Charles I \|publisher=National Archives}}</ref>		In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php Tuesday 31 December 1661] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090731/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php \|date=29 September 2007 }}, [http://www.pepysdiary.com The Diary of Samuel Pepys] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301084423/http://www.pepysdiary.com/ \|date=1 March 2021 }} "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ..."</ref> but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ([[Lady Day]]).<ref>Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England The Perpetual Calendar: What about England] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830124531/http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England \|date=30 August 2007 }} Version 29 February 2000</ref> So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of [[Charles I of England\|Charles I]] on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26211#s5\|title= House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)\|publisher=British History Online\|access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/charles_warrant.htm \|title=Death warrant of Charles I \|publisher=National Archives}}</ref>

	Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days). Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section [[#Adoption\|Adoption]]). These two reforms were implemented by the [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]].<ref name="NT-Perpetual-Calendar">Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php The Perpetual Calendar] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032636/http://norbyhus.dk/calendar.php \|date=12 November 2019 }}</ref>		Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days). Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section [[#Adoption\|Adoption]]). These two reforms were implemented by the [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]].<ref name="NT-Perpetual-Calendar">Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php The Perpetual Calendar] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032636/http://norbyhus.dk/calendar.php \|date=12 November 2019 }}</ref>

	In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries, a specific date when a "1 January year" became the norm, can be identified.{{sfnp\|Bond\|1875\|p=91{{ndash}}101}} In other countries, the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs. Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though the latter states that the "[[Golden number (time)\|Golden number]]" of 1752 ends in December and a new year (and new Golden number) begins in January 1753.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Kalendarium Gregorianum perpetuum \|trans-title=Perpetual Gregorian calendar \|date=1752 \|last=Chiesa Cattolica \|language=la \|pages=17, 18 \|chapter=Canon I: De cyclo decennovenalli • aurei numeri \|publisher=apud Ioannes Bapt. Sessam, & fratres \|trans-chapter=Canon I: On the nineteenth yearly cycle • golden numbers \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xzHmKtG1_rgC/page/n17/mode/2up?q=1583 \|quote=''Annus Cycli decennouennalis, qui dr Aureus numerus est 6. terminaturque simulcu ipso anno Domini 1582 in mése Decembri. In mense autem Ianuario initium sumit alius annus Domini , nempe 1583. & in eodem mense Ianuario aslumitur etiam alius annuis Aurei numeri, nimirum 7.'' \|trans-quote=The year of the ten-year cycle, which is the golden number 6, ends at the same time in the year of the Lord 1582 in the month of December. And in the month of January begins another year of the Lord, that is, 1583. And in the same month of January also another year of the golden number is ushered in, namely 7. }}</ref>		In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries, a specific date when a "1 January year" became the norm, can be identified.{{sfnp\|Bond\|1875\|p=91{{ndash}}101}} In other countries, the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs. Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though the latter states that the "[[Golden number (time)\|Golden number]]" of 1752 ends in December and a new year (and new Golden number) begins in January 1753.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Kalendarium Gregorianum perpetuum \|trans-title=Perpetual Gregorian calendar \|date=1752 \|last=Chiesa Cattolica \|language=la \|pages=17, 18 \|chapter=Canon I: De cyclo decennovenalli • aurei numeri \|publisher=apud Ioannes Bapt. Sessam, & fratres \|trans-chapter=Canon I: On the nineteenth yearly cycle • golden numbers \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xzHmKtG1_rgC/page/n17/mode/2up?q=1583 \|quote=''Annus Cycli decennouennalis, qui dr Aureus numerus est 6. terminaturque simulcu ipso anno Domini 1582 in mése Decembri. In mense autem Ianuario initium sumit alius annus Domini , nempe 1583. & in eodem mense Ianuario aslumitur etiam alius annuis Aurei numeri, nimirum 7.'' \|trans-quote=The year of the ten-year cycle, which is the golden number 6, ends at the same time in the year of the Lord 1582 in the month of December. And in the month of January begins another year of the Lord, that is, 1583. And in the same month of January also another year of the golden number is ushered in, namely 7. }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:11, 29 May 2024
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	The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.		The bull {{lang\|la\|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism\|Protestant Churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

	On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy)\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>		On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=Henry \|date=1998 \|title=Philip of Spain \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar\|publisher=Yale University Press \|page=248 \|isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union\|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy\|much of Italy]]. In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Cohen\|first=Jennie\|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar\|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar\|access-date=23 July 2021\|website=HISTORY\|date=23 August 2018 \|language=en}}</ref> (ruled by [[Anna Jagiellon]]) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang\|la\|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web\| url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2837 \|title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year \|year =1584 \| publisher= [[World Digital Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. {{Dead link\|date=May 2022}}</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php\|publisher=Tondering.dk\|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar\|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>

	Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>		Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 \|title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3\|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain \| via=National Archives}}</ref>