Haakon IV - Revision history

GusGusBrus: /* Involvements abroad */ wasnt forced

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Involvements abroad: wasnt forced

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	Haakon pursued a foreign policy that was active in all directions (although foremost to the west and south-east).<ref name="helle197"/> In the north-east, the relationship with [[Novgorod Republic\|Novgorod]] had been tense due to a dispute over the right to tax the [[Sami people]], as well as raiding from both Norwegian and Karelian sides. Eventually, the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']] drove Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] to negotiations with Haakon that likely strengthened Norwegian control of [[Troms]] and [[Finnmark]].<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> An embassy from Novgorod one time asked for the hand of Haakon's daughter [[Christina of Norway, Infanta of Castile\|Christina]], but Haakon refused due to the Mongol threat.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 121–122.</ref> With Norwegian ships from the port of Elven were active in the waters south of Sweden and into the [[Baltic Sea]], Norway increasingly relied on Baltic grain from [[Free City of Lübeck\|Lübeck]]. This trade was halted in the late 1240s by the plundering of Norwegian ships in Danish seas by ships from Lübeck. In 1250, Haakon made a peace and trade agreement with Lübeck, which eventually also opened the city of Bergen to the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name="NBL"/><ref name="helle197">Helle, 1995, p. 197.</ref> During the conflict, Haakon had reportedly been offered control over the city by Emperor Frederick II.<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> In any case, Haakon's policy regarding Northern German ports largely derived from his strategy of attempting to exploit the internal turmoil in Denmark after the death of King Valdemar II in 1241.<ref name="helle197"/>		Haakon pursued a foreign policy that was active in all directions (although foremost to the west and south-east).<ref name="helle197"/> In the north-east, the relationship with [[Novgorod Republic\|Novgorod]] had been tense due to a dispute over the right to tax the [[Sami people]], as well as raiding from both Norwegian and Karelian sides. Eventually, the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']] drove Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] to negotiations with Haakon that likely strengthened Norwegian control of [[Troms]] and [[Finnmark]].<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> An embassy from Novgorod one time asked for the hand of Haakon's daughter [[Christina of Norway, Infanta of Castile\|Christina]], but Haakon refused due to the Mongol threat.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 121–122.</ref> With Norwegian ships from the port of Elven were active in the waters south of Sweden and into the [[Baltic Sea]], Norway increasingly relied on Baltic grain from [[Free City of Lübeck\|Lübeck]]. This trade was halted in the late 1240s by the plundering of Norwegian ships in Danish seas by ships from Lübeck. In 1250, Haakon made a peace and trade agreement with Lübeck, which eventually also opened the city of Bergen to the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name="NBL"/><ref name="helle197">Helle, 1995, p. 197.</ref> During the conflict, Haakon had reportedly been offered control over the city by Emperor Frederick II.<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> In any case, Haakon's policy regarding Northern German ports largely derived from his strategy of attempting to exploit the internal turmoil in Denmark after the death of King Valdemar II in 1241.<ref name="helle197"/>

	In Scandinavia, Haakon regularly met with neighbouring rulers in the border-area around Elven from the late 1240s through the 1250s. He sent grand fleets as embassies; some reportedly numbered over 300 ships.<ref name="helle197"/> Haakon also reconciled with the Swedes when he his son Haakon the Young married [[Rikissa Birgersdotter\|Rikissa]], a daughter of Swedish leader [[Birger Jarl\|Earl Birger]].<ref name="OrfBoy138"/> Haakon sought to expand his kingdom southwards of Elven into the Danish province of [[Halland]]. He thus looked for alliance with the Swedes, as well as ties with opponents of the ruling line of monarchs of Denmark. In 1249, Haakon allied with Earl Birger for a joint Swedish-Norwegian invasion into Halland and [[Scania]], but the agreement was eventually abandoned by the Swedes (''see'' [[Treaty of Lödöse]]). Haakon claimed Halland in 1253, and finally invaded the province on his own in 1256, demanding it as compensation for the looting of Norwegian ships in Danish seas. But he ~~was forced to renounce~~ this claim in a 1257 peace agreement with [[Christopher I of Denmark]]. Haakon thereafter negotiated a marriage between his only remaining son, Magnus, and Christopher's niece [[Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway\|Ingeborg]].<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 197–198.</ref> Haakon's Nordic policies initiated the build-up to the later [[personal union]]s (called the [[Kalmar Union]]), that in the end had dire consequences for Norway as it did not have the economic and military resources to persevere and maintain Haakon's aggressive policies.<ref name="NBL"/>		In Scandinavia, Haakon regularly met with neighbouring rulers in the border-area around Elven from the late 1240s through the 1250s. He sent grand fleets as embassies; some reportedly numbered over 300 ships.<ref name="helle197"/> Haakon also reconciled with the Swedes when he his son Haakon the Young married [[Rikissa Birgersdotter\|Rikissa]], a daughter of Swedish leader [[Birger Jarl\|Earl Birger]].<ref name="OrfBoy138"/> Haakon sought to expand his kingdom southwards of Elven into the Danish province of [[Halland]]. He thus looked for alliance with the Swedes, as well as ties with opponents of the ruling line of monarchs of Denmark. In 1249, Haakon allied with Earl Birger for a joint Swedish-Norwegian invasion into Halland and [[Scania]], but the agreement was eventually abandoned by the Swedes (''see'' [[Treaty of Lödöse]]). Haakon claimed Halland in 1253, and finally invaded the province on his own in 1256, demanding it as compensation for the looting of Norwegian ships in Danish seas. But he renounced this claim in a 1257 peace agreement with [[Christopher I of Denmark]]. Haakon thereafter negotiated a marriage between his only remaining son, Magnus, and Christopher's niece [[Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway\|Ingeborg]].<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 197–198.</ref> Haakon's Nordic policies initiated the build-up to the later [[personal union]]s (called the [[Kalmar Union]]), that in the end had dire consequences for Norway as it did not have the economic and military resources to persevere and maintain Haakon's aggressive policies.<ref name="NBL"/>

	More distantly, Haakon sought an alliance with [[Alfonso X of Castile]] (a potential next Holy Roman emperor) chiefly as it would guarantee new supplies of grain to Castile in light of rising prices in [[Kingdom of England\|England]], and possibly giving access to Baltic grain through Norwegian control of Lübeck. Alfonso in turn sought to expand his influence in Northern Europe, as well as to gain Norwegian naval assistance for the campaign or crusade he had proposed in Morocco<ref name="josoc17"/><ref>O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 202.</ref> (seeing that the [[Al-Andalus\|Iberian Moors]] received backing overseas from North Africa).<ref name="helle198"/> Haakon could thus potentially also fulfill his papal vow of crusade, although he likely did not intend to.<ref name="josoc17">O'Callaghan, 2011, p. 17.</ref> He sent an embassy to Castile in 1255. A Castilian ambassador to Norway returned with the embassy, and proposed to establish the "strongest ties of friendship" with Haakon.<ref name="josoc203"/> At the request of Alfonso, Haakon sent his daughter Christina to Castile to marry one of Alfonso's brothers. However, Christina died four years later without children, which marked the effective end of the short-lived alliance,<ref name="josoc17"/><ref name="josoc203">O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 203.</ref> and the proposed crusade fell into the blue.<ref name="helle199"/>		More distantly, Haakon sought an alliance with [[Alfonso X of Castile]] (a potential next Holy Roman emperor) chiefly as it would guarantee new supplies of grain to Castile in light of rising prices in [[Kingdom of England\|England]], and possibly giving access to Baltic grain through Norwegian control of Lübeck. Alfonso in turn sought to expand his influence in Northern Europe, as well as to gain Norwegian naval assistance for the campaign or crusade he had proposed in Morocco<ref name="josoc17"/><ref>O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 202.</ref> (seeing that the [[Al-Andalus\|Iberian Moors]] received backing overseas from North Africa).<ref name="helle198"/> Haakon could thus potentially also fulfill his papal vow of crusade, although he likely did not intend to.<ref name="josoc17">O'Callaghan, 2011, p. 17.</ref> He sent an embassy to Castile in 1255. A Castilian ambassador to Norway returned with the embassy, and proposed to establish the "strongest ties of friendship" with Haakon.<ref name="josoc203"/> At the request of Alfonso, Haakon sent his daughter Christina to Castile to marry one of Alfonso's brothers. However, Christina died four years later without children, which marked the effective end of the short-lived alliance,<ref name="josoc17"/><ref name="josoc203">O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 203.</ref> and the proposed crusade fell into the blue.<ref name="helle199"/>

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	\| burial_place = {{cslist\|[[St Magnus Cathedral]], Kirkwall (until 1264)\|[[Christ Church, Bergen\|Old Cathedral of Bergen]] (destroyed in 1531)}}		\| burial_place = {{cslist\|[[St Magnus Cathedral]], Kirkwall (until 1264)\|[[Christ Church, Bergen\|Old Cathedral of Bergen]] (destroyed in 1531)}}
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	'''Haakon IV Haakonsson''' ({{ca.\|March/April 1204}} – 16 December 1263; {{~~lang-~~non\|Hákon Hákonarson}} {{IPA-non\|ˈhɑːˌkon ˈhɑːˌkonɑrˌson\|}}; {{~~lang-~~no\|Håkon Håkonsson}}), sometimes called '''Haakon the Old''' in contrast to [[Haakon the Young\|his namesake son]], was [[King of Norway]] from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 years, longer than any Norwegian king since [[Harald Fairhair]].<ref name="aftenposten" /> Haakon was born into the troubled [[civil war era in Norway]], but his reign eventually managed to put an end to the internal conflicts. At the start of his reign, during his minority, Earl [[Skule Bårdsson]] served as [[regent]]. As a king of the [[Birkebeiner]] faction, Haakon defeated the uprising of the final [[Bagler]] royal pretender, [[Sigurd Ribbung]], in 1227. He put a definitive end to the civil war era when he had Skule Bårdsson killed in 1240, a year after he had himself proclaimed king in opposition to Haakon. Haakon thereafter formally appointed his own son as his [[co-regent]].		'''Haakon IV Haakonsson''' ({{ca.\|March/April 1204}} – 16 December 1263; {{langx\|non\|Hákon Hákonarson}} {{IPA-non\|ˈhɑːˌkon ˈhɑːˌkonɑrˌson\|}}; {{langx\|no\|Håkon Håkonsson}}), sometimes called '''Haakon the Old''' in contrast to [[Haakon the Young\|his namesake son]], was [[King of Norway]] from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 years, longer than any Norwegian king since [[Harald Fairhair]].<ref name="aftenposten" /> Haakon was born into the troubled [[civil war era in Norway]], but his reign eventually managed to put an end to the internal conflicts. At the start of his reign, during his minority, Earl [[Skule Bårdsson]] served as [[regent]]. As a king of the [[Birkebeiner]] faction, Haakon defeated the uprising of the final [[Bagler]] royal pretender, [[Sigurd Ribbung]], in 1227. He put a definitive end to the civil war era when he had Skule Bårdsson killed in 1240, a year after he had himself proclaimed king in opposition to Haakon. Haakon thereafter formally appointed his own son as his [[co-regent]].

	Under Haakon's rule, medieval Norway is considered to have reached its zenith or golden age. His reputation and formidable naval fleet allowed him to maintain friendships with both the pope and the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], despite their conflict. He was at different points offered the imperial crown by the pope, the [[High King of Ireland\|High Kingship of Ireland]] by a delegation of Irish kings, and the command of the French crusader fleet by the French king. He amplified the influence of European culture in Norway by importing and translating contemporary European literature into [[Old Norse]], and by constructing monumental European-style stone buildings. In conjunction with this he employed an active and aggressive foreign policy, and at the end of his rule added Iceland and the [[Norse Greenland]] community to his kingdom, leaving the [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)\|Norwegian realm]] at its territorial height. Although he for the moment managed to secure Norwegian control of the islands off the northern and western shores of Scotland, plus the [[Isle of Man]], he fell ill and died when wintering in [[Orkney]] following some military engagements with the expanding [[Kingdom of Scotland]].		Under Haakon's rule, medieval Norway is considered to have reached its zenith or golden age. His reputation and formidable naval fleet allowed him to maintain friendships with both the pope and the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], despite their conflict. He was at different points offered the imperial crown by the pope, the [[High King of Ireland\|High Kingship of Ireland]] by a delegation of Irish kings, and the command of the French crusader fleet by the French king. He amplified the influence of European culture in Norway by importing and translating contemporary European literature into [[Old Norse]], and by constructing monumental European-style stone buildings. In conjunction with this he employed an active and aggressive foreign policy, and at the end of his rule added Iceland and the [[Norse Greenland]] community to his kingdom, leaving the [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)\|Norwegian realm]] at its territorial height. Although he for the moment managed to secure Norwegian control of the islands off the northern and western shores of Scotland, plus the [[Isle of Man]], he fell ill and died when wintering in [[Orkney]] following some military engagements with the expanding [[Kingdom of Scotland]].

Mellk: Undid revision 1250525126 by 50.39.101.188 (talk) unsourced

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Undid revision 1250525126 by 50.39.101.188 (talk) unsourced

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	Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>		Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>

	In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks~~. Landing of the Scottish mainland was a somewhat odd way of defending Shetland which is more than 400 miles away~~.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, ~~the Norse suffered a substantial number of deaths.~~ Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>		In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>

	Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>		Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>

50.39.101.188: /* The Scottish expedition and death */ Adding a little context

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The Scottish expedition and death: Adding a little context

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:17, 10 October 2024
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	Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>		Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>

	In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>		In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks. Landing of the Scottish mainland was a somewhat odd way of defending Shetland which is more than 400 miles away.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, the Norse suffered a substantial number of deaths. Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>

	Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>		Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>

FrinkMan: /* The Scottish expedition and death */

2024-06-11T07:50:25Z

The Scottish expedition and death

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:50, 11 June 2024
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	===The Scottish expedition and death===		===The Scottish expedition and death===
	[[File:~~Norway~~ ~~About~~ ~~1265~~.png\|thumb\|left\|280px\|Medieval Norway at its greatest extent, around the time of Haakon's death.]]		[[File:Norwegian Hereditary Empire excluding Greenland.png\|thumb\|left\|280px\|Medieval Norway at its greatest extent, around the time of Haakon's death.]]
	Haakon employed an active and aggressive foreign policy to strengthen Norwegian ties in the west.<ref name="helle194">Helle, 1995, p. 194.</ref> His policy relied on friendship and trade with the King of England; the first known Norwegian trade agreements were made with England in the years 1217–23 (England's first commercial treaties were also made with Norway), and the friendship with [[Henry III of England]] was a cornerstone of Haakon's foreign policy.<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 194–195.</ref><ref name="OrfBoy137">Orfield & Boyer, 2002, p. 137.</ref> As they had become kings around the same time, Haakon wrote to Henry in 1224 that he wished they could maintain the friendship that had existed between their fathers.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Diplomatarium Norvegicum XIX\|page=117\|publisher=University of Oslo\|url=http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=16109&s=n&str=\|work=Dokumentasjonsprosjektet\|access-date=12 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> Haakon sought to defend the Norwegian sovereignty over islands in the west, namely the [[Hebrides]] and [[Isle of Man\|Man]] (under the [[Kingdom of the Isles\|Kingdom of Mann and the Isles]]), [[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]] (under the [[Earldom of Orkney]]), and the [[Faroe Islands]].<ref name="NBL"/> Further, the Norse community in Greenland agreed to submit to the Norwegian crown in 1261, and in 1262 Haakon achieved one of his long-standing ambitions when he incorporated [[Icelandic Commonwealth\|Iceland]] into his kingdom by exploiting the island's internal conflicts in his favour. The dependency on Norwegian maritime trade and their subordination to the [[Archdiocese of Nidaros#Nidaros ecclesiastical province\|Nidaros ecclesiastical province]] were some of the key reasons which allowed Haakon to assert sovereignty over the islands.<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 195–196.</ref> The Norwegian kingdom was at the largest it has ever been by the end of Haakon's reign.<ref name="NBL"/>		Haakon employed an active and aggressive foreign policy to strengthen Norwegian ties in the west.<ref name="helle194">Helle, 1995, p. 194.</ref> His policy relied on friendship and trade with the King of England; the first known Norwegian trade agreements were made with England in the years 1217–23 (England's first commercial treaties were also made with Norway), and the friendship with [[Henry III of England]] was a cornerstone of Haakon's foreign policy.<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 194–195.</ref><ref name="OrfBoy137">Orfield & Boyer, 2002, p. 137.</ref> As they had become kings around the same time, Haakon wrote to Henry in 1224 that he wished they could maintain the friendship that had existed between their fathers.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Diplomatarium Norvegicum XIX\|page=117\|publisher=University of Oslo\|url=http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=16109&s=n&str=\|work=Dokumentasjonsprosjektet\|access-date=12 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> Haakon sought to defend the Norwegian sovereignty over islands in the west, namely the [[Hebrides]] and [[Isle of Man\|Man]] (under the [[Kingdom of the Isles\|Kingdom of Mann and the Isles]]), [[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]] (under the [[Earldom of Orkney]]), and the [[Faroe Islands]].<ref name="NBL"/> Further, the Norse community in Greenland agreed to submit to the Norwegian crown in 1261, and in 1262 Haakon achieved one of his long-standing ambitions when he incorporated [[Icelandic Commonwealth\|Iceland]] into his kingdom by exploiting the island's internal conflicts in his favour. The dependency on Norwegian maritime trade and their subordination to the [[Archdiocese of Nidaros#Nidaros ecclesiastical province\|Nidaros ecclesiastical province]] were some of the key reasons which allowed Haakon to assert sovereignty over the islands.<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 195–196.</ref> The Norwegian kingdom was at the largest it has ever been by the end of Haakon's reign.<ref name="NBL"/>

Векочел: /* Background and childhood */

2024-06-09T23:30:51Z

Background and childhood

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:30, 9 June 2024
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	==Background and childhood==		==Background and childhood==
	[[Image:Birkebeinerne ski01.jpg\|thumb\|19th-century impression of the birkebeiner bringing the infant Haakon to safety by [[Knud Bergslien]]]]		[[Image:Birkebeinerne ski01.jpg\|thumb\|19th-century impression of the birkebeiner bringing the infant Haakon to safety by [[Knud Bergslien]]]]
	Haakon was born in [[Folkenborg]] (now in [[Eidsberg]]) to [[Inga of Varteig]] in the summer of 1204, probably in March or April.<ref name="aftenposten"/> The father was widely regarded to have been King [[~~Haakon III of Norway\|~~Haakon Sverresson]], as Inga had been with Haakon in his hostel in Borg (now [[Sarpsborg]]) in late 1203. ~~Haakon~~ ~~Sverresson~~ was the leader of the [[Birkebeiner]] faction in [[Civil war era in Norway\|the ongoing civil war]] against the [[Bagler]] faction. ~~Haakon Sverresson~~ was dead by the time his son Haakon was born (many believed to have been poisoned by his Swedish stepmother [[Margaret of Sweden, Queen of Norway\|Margaret]]), but Inga's claim was supported by several of ~~Haakon~~ ~~Sverresson~~'s followers. Haakon was born in Bagler-controlled territory, and his mother's claim placed them in a dangerous position. When the Baglers started hunting Haakon, a group of Birkebeiners fled with the child in the winter of 1205/06, heading for ~~King~~ [[Inge ~~II of Norway\|Inge Bårdson~~]], the new Birkebeiner king in [[Nidaros]] (now [[Trondheim]]). As the party was struck by a blizzard, two of the best Birkebeiner [[skiing\|skiers]], Torstein Skevla and Skjervald Skrukka, carried on with the child over the mountain from [[Lillehammer]] to [[Østerdalen]]. They eventually managed to bring Haakon to safety with King Inge; this particular event is commemorated in modern-day Norway by the popular annual skiing event ''[[Birkebeinerrennet]]''.<ref name="aftenposten">{{cite news \|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/article1195687.ece \|work=[[Aftenposten]] \|title=Da birkebeinerne skapte historie \|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt \|author-link=Cato Guhnfeldt \|date=19 October 2011 \|access-date=11 April 2012 \|language=no}}</ref><ref name="NBL">{{cite web \|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/H%C3%A5kon_4_H%C3%A5konsson/utdypning \|title=Haakon 4 Haakonsson \|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]] \|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]] \|access-date=1 April 2012 \|language=no}}</ref> Haakon's dramatic childhood was often parallelled with that of former king [[~~Olaf I of Norway\|~~Olaf Tryggvasson]] (who introduced Christianity to Norway),<ref name="bagge95">Bagge, 1996, p. 95.</ref> as well as with the [[gospel]]s and [[Child Jesus]], which served an important ideological function for his kingship.<ref name="aftenposten"/>		Haakon was born in [[Folkenborg]] (now in [[Eidsberg]]) to [[Inga of Varteig]] in the summer of 1204, probably in March or April.<ref name="aftenposten"/> The father was widely regarded to have been King [[Haakon Sverresson]], as Inga had been with Haakon in his hostel in Borg (now [[Sarpsborg]]) in late 1203. King Haakon was the leader of the [[Birkebeiner]] faction in [[Civil war era in Norway\|the ongoing civil war]] against the [[Bagler]] faction. He was dead by the time his son Haakon was born (many believed to have been poisoned by his Swedish stepmother [[Margaret of Sweden, Queen of Norway\|Margaret]]), but Inga's claim was supported by several of the king's followers. Haakon was born in Bagler-controlled territory, and his mother's claim placed them in a dangerous position. When the Baglers started hunting Haakon, a group of Birkebeiners fled with the child in the winter of 1205/06, heading for [[Inge Bårdsson]], the new Birkebeiner king in [[Nidaros]] (now [[Trondheim]]). As the party was struck by a blizzard, two of the best Birkebeiner [[skiing\|skiers]], Torstein Skevla and Skjervald Skrukka, carried on with the child over the mountain from [[Lillehammer]] to [[Østerdalen]]. They eventually managed to bring Haakon to safety with King Inge; this particular event is commemorated in modern-day Norway by the popular annual skiing event ''[[Birkebeinerrennet]]''.<ref name="aftenposten">{{cite news \|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/article1195687.ece \|work=[[Aftenposten]] \|title=Da birkebeinerne skapte historie \|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt \|author-link=Cato Guhnfeldt \|date=19 October 2011 \|access-date=11 April 2012 \|language=no}}</ref><ref name="NBL">{{cite web \|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/H%C3%A5kon_4_H%C3%A5konsson/utdypning \|title=Haakon 4 Haakonsson \|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]] \|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]] \|access-date=1 April 2012 \|language=no}}</ref> Haakon's dramatic childhood was often parallelled with that of former king [[Olaf Tryggvasson]] (who introduced Christianity to Norway),<ref name="bagge95">Bagge, 1996, p. 95.</ref> as well as with the [[gospel]]s and [[Child Jesus]], which served an important ideological function for his kingship.<ref name="aftenposten"/>

	In the saga, Haakon is described as bright and witty, and as being small for his age.<ref name="NBL"/><ref name="bagge95"/> When he was three years old, ~~Haakon~~ was captured by the Baglers but refused to call the Bagler king [[Philip Simonsson]] his lord (he nonetheless came from the capture unharmed). When he learned at the age of eight that ~~the Birkebeiner~~ King [[Inge Bårdsson]] and his brother Earl [[Haakon the Crazy]] had made an agreement for the succession to the throne that excluded himself, he pointed out that the agreement was invalid due to his attorney not having been present. He subsequently identified his attorney as "God and [[~~Olaf II of Norway\|~~Saint Olaf]]."<ref name="bagge95"/> Haakon was notably the first Norwegian king to receive formal education at a school. From the late civil war era, the government administration relied increasingly on written communication, which in turn demanded literate leaders. When Haakon was in [[Bergen]] under the care of Haakon the Crazy, he began his education at the age of seven, likely at the [[Bergen Cathedral School]]. He continued his education under King Inge at the [[Trondheim Cathedral School]] after the Earl's death in 1214.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 169–170.</ref> Haakon was brought up alongside Inge's son Guttorm, and they were treated as the same.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 95–96.</ref> When he was eleven, some of Haakon's friends provoked the king by asking him to give Haakon a region to govern. When Haakon was approached by the men and was urged to take up arms against Inge, he rejected it in part because of his young age and its bad prospects, as well as because he believed it would be morally wrong to fight Inge and thus split the Birkebeiner. He instead said that he prayed that God would give him his share of his father's inheritance when the time was right.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 96.</ref>		In the saga, Haakon is described as bright and witty, and as being small for his age.<ref name="NBL"/><ref name="bagge95"/> When he was three years old, he was captured by the Baglers but refused to call the Bagler king [[Philip Simonsson]] his lord (he nonetheless came from the capture unharmed). When he learned at the age of eight that King Inge Bårdsson and his brother Earl [[Haakon the Crazy]] had made an agreement for the succession to the throne that excluded himself, Haakon pointed out that the agreement was invalid due to his attorney not having been present. He subsequently identified his attorney as "God and [[Saint Olaf]]."<ref name="bagge95"/> Haakon was notably the first Norwegian king to receive formal education at a school. From the late civil war era, the government administration relied increasingly on written communication, which in turn demanded literate leaders. When Haakon was in [[Bergen]] under the care of Haakon the Crazy, he began his education at the age of seven, likely at the [[Bergen Cathedral School]]. He continued his education under King Inge at the [[Trondheim Cathedral School]] after the Earl's death in 1214.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 169–170.</ref> Haakon was brought up alongside Inge's son Guttorm, and they were treated as the same.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 95–96.</ref> When he was eleven, some of Haakon's friends provoked the king by asking him to give Haakon a region to govern. When Haakon was approached by the men and was urged to take up arms against Inge, he rejected it in part because of his young age and its bad prospects, as well as because he believed it would be morally wrong to fight Inge and thus split the Birkebeiner. He instead said that he prayed that God would give him his share of his father's inheritance when the time was right.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 96.</ref>

	==Reign==		==Reign==

Векочел: removed Category:Roman Catholic monarchs using HotCat

2024-05-18T15:17:03Z

removed Category:Roman Catholic monarchs using HotCat

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	[[Category:13th-century Norwegian monarchs]]		[[Category:13th-century Norwegian monarchs]]
	[[Category:Norwegian Roman Catholics]]		[[Category:Norwegian Roman Catholics]]
	[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
	[[Category:Fairhair dynasty]]		[[Category:Fairhair dynasty]]
	[[Category:Civil wars in Norway]]		[[Category:Civil wars in Norway]]

Jay1279: fix link

2024-04-26T01:55:16Z

fix link

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:55, 26 April 2024
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	While the Church in Norway initially had refused to recognise Haakon as King of Norway, it had largely turned to support his claim to the throne by the 1223 meeting, although later disagreements occurred.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 119–120.</ref> Despite being the undisputed ruler of Norway after 1240, Haakon was still not approved as king by the pope due to his illegitimate birth. He nonetheless had a strong personal desire to be approved fully as a European king.<ref name="NBL"/> Several papal commissions were appointed to investigate the matter, and Haakon declared his legitimate son Haakon the Young his successor instead of an older living illegitimate son.<ref name="helle180"/> Although Haakon had children with his mistress Kanga the Young prior to his marriage with Margrete, it was his children with Margrete who were designated as his successors in accordance with a papal recognition. The Catholic principle of [[Legitimacy (family law)\|legitimacy]] was thus established in the Norwegian order of succession, although Haakon's new law still maintained that illegitimate children could be designated as successor in the absence of any legitimate children or grandchildren—contrary to Catholic principles. While his strong position allowed him to set boundaries to the Church's political influence, he was on the other hand prepared to give the Church much autonomy in internal affairs and relations with the rural society.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 181–183.</ref>		While the Church in Norway initially had refused to recognise Haakon as King of Norway, it had largely turned to support his claim to the throne by the 1223 meeting, although later disagreements occurred.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 119–120.</ref> Despite being the undisputed ruler of Norway after 1240, Haakon was still not approved as king by the pope due to his illegitimate birth. He nonetheless had a strong personal desire to be approved fully as a European king.<ref name="NBL"/> Several papal commissions were appointed to investigate the matter, and Haakon declared his legitimate son Haakon the Young his successor instead of an older living illegitimate son.<ref name="helle180"/> Although Haakon had children with his mistress Kanga the Young prior to his marriage with Margrete, it was his children with Margrete who were designated as his successors in accordance with a papal recognition. The Catholic principle of [[Legitimacy (family law)\|legitimacy]] was thus established in the Norwegian order of succession, although Haakon's new law still maintained that illegitimate children could be designated as successor in the absence of any legitimate children or grandchildren—contrary to Catholic principles. While his strong position allowed him to set boundaries to the Church's political influence, he was on the other hand prepared to give the Church much autonomy in internal affairs and relations with the rural society.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 181–183.</ref>

	Haakon also attempted to strengthen his ties with the papacy by taking a vow to go on [[Crusade]].<ref name="NBL"/> In 1241 he converted this into a vow of waging war against pagan peoples in the north in light of the [[Mongol invasion of Europe]]. When a group of [[Karelians]] ("Bjarmians") had been forced westwards by the Mongols, Haakon allowed them to stay in [[Malangen]] and had them Christianized—something that would please the papacy.<ref name="helle198"/> Later, in 1248, [[Louis IX of France]] proposed (by Matthew Paris as messenger) to Haakon to join him for a Crusade, with Haakon as commander of the fleet, but Haakon declined.<ref name="helle199">Helle, 1995, p. 199.</ref> While Haakon had been unsuccessful in gaining the recognition of [[Pope Gregory IX]], he quickly gained the support from [[Pope Innocent IV]] who sought alliances in his struggle with [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\|Frederick II]]. Haakon finally achieved royal recognition by Pope Innocent in 1246, and [[Cardinal William of Sabina]] was sent to Bergen and crowned Haakon in 1247.<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 180–181.</ref>		Haakon also attempted to strengthen his ties with the papacy by taking a vow to go on [[Crusade]].<ref name="NBL"/> In 1241 he converted this into a vow of waging war against pagan peoples in the north in light of the [[Mongol invasion of Europe]]. When a group of [[Karelians]] ("Bjarmians") had been forced westwards by the Mongols, Haakon allowed them to stay in the area surrounding the [[Malangen (fjord)\|Malangen]] fjord and had them Christianized—something that would please the papacy.<ref name="helle198"/> Later, in 1248, [[Louis IX of France]] proposed (by Matthew Paris as messenger) to Haakon to join him for a Crusade, with Haakon as commander of the fleet, but Haakon declined.<ref name="helle199">Helle, 1995, p. 199.</ref> While Haakon had been unsuccessful in gaining the recognition of [[Pope Gregory IX]], he quickly gained the support from [[Pope Innocent IV]] who sought alliances in his struggle with [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\|Frederick II]]. Haakon finally achieved royal recognition by Pope Innocent in 1246, and [[Cardinal William of Sabina]] was sent to Bergen and crowned Haakon in 1247.<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 180–181.</ref>

	===Cultural influence and legal reforms===		===Cultural influence and legal reforms===

Векочел: added Category:Illegitimate children of Norwegian monarchs using HotCat

2024-03-20T22:26:20Z

added Category:Illegitimate children of Norwegian monarchs using HotCat

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:26, 20 March 2024
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	[[Category:People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School]]		[[Category:People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School]]
	[[Category:Sons of kings]]		[[Category:Sons of kings]]
			[[Category:Illegitimate children of Norwegian monarchs]]

Векочел: added Category:Sons of kings using HotCat

2024-03-20T22:25:56Z

added Category:Sons of kings using HotCat

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:25, 20 March 2024
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	[[Category:People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School]]		[[Category:People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School]]
	[[Category:People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School]]		[[Category:People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School]]
			[[Category:Sons of kings]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:21, 29 October 2024
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	Haakon pursued a foreign policy that was active in all directions (although foremost to the west and south-east).<ref name="helle197"/> In the north-east, the relationship with [[Novgorod Republic\|Novgorod]] had been tense due to a dispute over the right to tax the [[Sami people]], as well as raiding from both Norwegian and Karelian sides. Eventually, the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']] drove Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] to negotiations with Haakon that likely strengthened Norwegian control of [[Troms]] and [[Finnmark]].<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> An embassy from Novgorod one time asked for the hand of Haakon's daughter [[Christina of Norway, Infanta of Castile\|Christina]], but Haakon refused due to the Mongol threat.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 121–122.</ref> With Norwegian ships from the port of Elven were active in the waters south of Sweden and into the [[Baltic Sea]], Norway increasingly relied on Baltic grain from [[Free City of Lübeck\|Lübeck]]. This trade was halted in the late 1240s by the plundering of Norwegian ships in Danish seas by ships from Lübeck. In 1250, Haakon made a peace and trade agreement with Lübeck, which eventually also opened the city of Bergen to the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name="NBL"/><ref name="helle197">Helle, 1995, p. 197.</ref> During the conflict, Haakon had reportedly been offered control over the city by Emperor Frederick II.<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> In any case, Haakon's policy regarding Northern German ports largely derived from his strategy of attempting to exploit the internal turmoil in Denmark after the death of King Valdemar II in 1241.<ref name="helle197"/>		Haakon pursued a foreign policy that was active in all directions (although foremost to the west and south-east).<ref name="helle197"/> In the north-east, the relationship with [[Novgorod Republic\|Novgorod]] had been tense due to a dispute over the right to tax the [[Sami people]], as well as raiding from both Norwegian and Karelian sides. Eventually, the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']] drove Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] to negotiations with Haakon that likely strengthened Norwegian control of [[Troms]] and [[Finnmark]].<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> An embassy from Novgorod one time asked for the hand of Haakon's daughter [[Christina of Norway, Infanta of Castile\|Christina]], but Haakon refused due to the Mongol threat.<ref>Bagge, 1996, pp. 121–122.</ref> With Norwegian ships from the port of Elven were active in the waters south of Sweden and into the [[Baltic Sea]], Norway increasingly relied on Baltic grain from [[Free City of Lübeck\|Lübeck]]. This trade was halted in the late 1240s by the plundering of Norwegian ships in Danish seas by ships from Lübeck. In 1250, Haakon made a peace and trade agreement with Lübeck, which eventually also opened the city of Bergen to the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name="NBL"/><ref name="helle197">Helle, 1995, p. 197.</ref> During the conflict, Haakon had reportedly been offered control over the city by Emperor Frederick II.<ref name="helle198">Helle, 1995, p. 198.</ref> In any case, Haakon's policy regarding Northern German ports largely derived from his strategy of attempting to exploit the internal turmoil in Denmark after the death of King Valdemar II in 1241.<ref name="helle197"/>

	In Scandinavia, Haakon regularly met with neighbouring rulers in the border-area around Elven from the late 1240s through the 1250s. He sent grand fleets as embassies; some reportedly numbered over 300 ships.<ref name="helle197"/> Haakon also reconciled with the Swedes when he his son Haakon the Young married [[Rikissa Birgersdotter\|Rikissa]], a daughter of Swedish leader [[Birger Jarl\|Earl Birger]].<ref name="OrfBoy138"/> Haakon sought to expand his kingdom southwards of Elven into the Danish province of [[Halland]]. He thus looked for alliance with the Swedes, as well as ties with opponents of the ruling line of monarchs of Denmark. In 1249, Haakon allied with Earl Birger for a joint Swedish-Norwegian invasion into Halland and [[Scania]], but the agreement was eventually abandoned by the Swedes (''see'' [[Treaty of Lödöse]]). Haakon claimed Halland in 1253, and finally invaded the province on his own in 1256, demanding it as compensation for the looting of Norwegian ships in Danish seas. But he ~~was forced to renounce~~ this claim in a 1257 peace agreement with [[Christopher I of Denmark]]. Haakon thereafter negotiated a marriage between his only remaining son, Magnus, and Christopher's niece [[Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway\|Ingeborg]].<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 197–198.</ref> Haakon's Nordic policies initiated the build-up to the later [[personal union]]s (called the [[Kalmar Union]]), that in the end had dire consequences for Norway as it did not have the economic and military resources to persevere and maintain Haakon's aggressive policies.<ref name="NBL"/>		In Scandinavia, Haakon regularly met with neighbouring rulers in the border-area around Elven from the late 1240s through the 1250s. He sent grand fleets as embassies; some reportedly numbered over 300 ships.<ref name="helle197"/> Haakon also reconciled with the Swedes when he his son Haakon the Young married [[Rikissa Birgersdotter\|Rikissa]], a daughter of Swedish leader [[Birger Jarl\|Earl Birger]].<ref name="OrfBoy138"/> Haakon sought to expand his kingdom southwards of Elven into the Danish province of [[Halland]]. He thus looked for alliance with the Swedes, as well as ties with opponents of the ruling line of monarchs of Denmark. In 1249, Haakon allied with Earl Birger for a joint Swedish-Norwegian invasion into Halland and [[Scania]], but the agreement was eventually abandoned by the Swedes (''see'' [[Treaty of Lödöse]]). Haakon claimed Halland in 1253, and finally invaded the province on his own in 1256, demanding it as compensation for the looting of Norwegian ships in Danish seas. But he renounced this claim in a 1257 peace agreement with [[Christopher I of Denmark]]. Haakon thereafter negotiated a marriage between his only remaining son, Magnus, and Christopher's niece [[Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway\|Ingeborg]].<ref>Helle, 1995, pp. 197–198.</ref> Haakon's Nordic policies initiated the build-up to the later [[personal union]]s (called the [[Kalmar Union]]), that in the end had dire consequences for Norway as it did not have the economic and military resources to persevere and maintain Haakon's aggressive policies.<ref name="NBL"/>

	More distantly, Haakon sought an alliance with [[Alfonso X of Castile]] (a potential next Holy Roman emperor) chiefly as it would guarantee new supplies of grain to Castile in light of rising prices in [[Kingdom of England\|England]], and possibly giving access to Baltic grain through Norwegian control of Lübeck. Alfonso in turn sought to expand his influence in Northern Europe, as well as to gain Norwegian naval assistance for the campaign or crusade he had proposed in Morocco<ref name="josoc17"/><ref>O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 202.</ref> (seeing that the [[Al-Andalus\|Iberian Moors]] received backing overseas from North Africa).<ref name="helle198"/> Haakon could thus potentially also fulfill his papal vow of crusade, although he likely did not intend to.<ref name="josoc17">O'Callaghan, 2011, p. 17.</ref> He sent an embassy to Castile in 1255. A Castilian ambassador to Norway returned with the embassy, and proposed to establish the "strongest ties of friendship" with Haakon.<ref name="josoc203"/> At the request of Alfonso, Haakon sent his daughter Christina to Castile to marry one of Alfonso's brothers. However, Christina died four years later without children, which marked the effective end of the short-lived alliance,<ref name="josoc17"/><ref name="josoc203">O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 203.</ref> and the proposed crusade fell into the blue.<ref name="helle199"/>		More distantly, Haakon sought an alliance with [[Alfonso X of Castile]] (a potential next Holy Roman emperor) chiefly as it would guarantee new supplies of grain to Castile in light of rising prices in [[Kingdom of England\|England]], and possibly giving access to Baltic grain through Norwegian control of Lübeck. Alfonso in turn sought to expand his influence in Northern Europe, as well as to gain Norwegian naval assistance for the campaign or crusade he had proposed in Morocco<ref name="josoc17"/><ref>O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 202.</ref> (seeing that the [[Al-Andalus\|Iberian Moors]] received backing overseas from North Africa).<ref name="helle198"/> Haakon could thus potentially also fulfill his papal vow of crusade, although he likely did not intend to.<ref name="josoc17">O'Callaghan, 2011, p. 17.</ref> He sent an embassy to Castile in 1255. A Castilian ambassador to Norway returned with the embassy, and proposed to establish the "strongest ties of friendship" with Haakon.<ref name="josoc203"/> At the request of Alfonso, Haakon sent his daughter Christina to Castile to marry one of Alfonso's brothers. However, Christina died four years later without children, which marked the effective end of the short-lived alliance,<ref name="josoc17"/><ref name="josoc203">O'Callaghan, 1993, p. 203.</ref> and the proposed crusade fell into the blue.<ref name="helle199"/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:47, 11 October 2024
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	Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>		Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>

	In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks~~. Landing of the Scottish mainland was a somewhat odd way of defending Shetland which is more than 400 miles away~~.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, ~~the Norse suffered a substantial number of deaths.~~ Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>		In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>

	Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>		Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:17, 10 October 2024
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	Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>		Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides, and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the [[Scandinavian Scotland\|community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland]], Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland.<ref>Derry, 2000, p. 48.</ref> Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since [[Magnus III of Norway\|Magnus Barefoot]].<ref name="helle196">Helle, 1995, p. 196.</ref> As part of a new development the Scottish king [[Alexander II of Scotland\|Alexander II]] claimed the Hebrides and asked to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son [[Alexander III of Scotland\|Alexander III]] continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.<ref>Bagge, 1996, p. 126.</ref>

	In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>		In 1263, the [[Scottish–Norwegian War\|dispute with the Scottish king]] over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Haakon learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands. In 1263 Haakon mounted an expedition with his formidable ''[[leidang]]'' fleet of at least 120 ships.<ref name="helle196"/> He had become accustomed to negotiating while backed by an intimidating fleet.<ref name="helle197"/> The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August, where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Alexander started negotiations after Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but the Scots purposely prolonged the talks. Landing of the Scottish mainland was a somewhat odd way of defending Shetland which is more than 400 miles away.<ref name="helle196"/> The Scots waited until September and October for weather that would be trouble for Haakon's fleet. A Scottish force met a smaller Norwegian force at the [[Battle of Largs]] (2 October). Although the battle was inconclusive, the Norse suffered a substantial number of deaths. Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter.<ref name="helle196"/><ref>Derry, 2000, p. 49.</ref> A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to become the [[High King of Ireland]] and expel the [[Lordship of Ireland\|Anglo-Norman settlers]] in Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.<ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 118.</ref><ref>Lydon, 1998, p. 78.</ref><ref>Fry & Fry, 1991, p. 85.</ref>

	Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>		Haakon over-wintered at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall\|Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney]], with plans to resume his campaign the next year.<ref name="FOP262">Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 2005, p. 262.</ref> During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263.<ref>Helle, 1995, p. 173.</ref><ref>Barrow, 1981 p. 119.</ref> Haakon was buried in the [[St Magnus Cathedral]] in Kirkwall for the winter; in spring, his body was exhumed and taken back to Norway,<ref name="FOP262"/> where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen.<ref name="NBL"/> Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of [[Bergenhus]], [[Eske Bille]], for military purposes<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/Eske_Bille\|title=Eske Bille\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Tord_Roed/utdypning\|title=Tord Roed\|publisher=[[Store norske leksikon]]\|work=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]\|access-date=26 April 2012\|language=no}}</ref> in connection with the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein\|Protestant Reformation]], and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.<ref name="NBL"/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1470628.ece\|work=[[Aftenposten]]\|title=En norsk kongegrav\|first=Cato\|last=Guhnfeldt\|language=no\|date=19 October 2011\|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref>