Heinrich Brüning - Revision history

Butlerblog: Rollback edit(s) by 142.117.224.143 (talk): (from contribs) (RW 16.1)

2025-01-03T13:37:33Z

Rollback edit(s) by 142.117.224.143 (talk): (from contribs) (RW 16.1)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:37, 3 January 2025
Line 52:		Line 52:
	\| education = [[University of Strasbourg]]<br>[[London School of Economics]]<br>[[University of Bonn]]		\| education = [[University of Strasbourg]]<br>[[London School of Economics]]<br>[[University of Bonn]]
	}}		}}
	{{Conservatism in Germany}}
	'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.		'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.

Line 176:		Line 175:
	[[Category:20th-century chancellors of Germany]]		[[Category:20th-century chancellors of Germany]]
	[[Category:Politicians from Münster]]		[[Category:Politicians from Münster]]
	[[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]]
	[[Category:German anti-communists]]		[[Category:German anti-communists]]
	[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]		[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
Line 198:		Line 196:
	[[Category:German monarchists in the German Resistance]]		[[Category:German monarchists in the German Resistance]]
	[[Category:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance]]		[[Category:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance]]
	[[Category:Anti-Masonry]]

142.117.224.143 at 19:04, 22 December 2024

2024-12-22T19:04:03Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:04, 22 December 2024
Line 176:		Line 176:
	[[Category:20th-century chancellors of Germany]]		[[Category:20th-century chancellors of Germany]]
	[[Category:Politicians from Münster]]		[[Category:Politicians from Münster]]
			[[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]]
	[[Category:German anti-communists]]		[[Category:German anti-communists]]
	[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]		[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]
Line 197:		Line 198:
	[[Category:German monarchists in the German Resistance]]		[[Category:German monarchists in the German Resistance]]
	[[Category:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance]]		[[Category:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance]]
			[[Category:Anti-Masonry]]

142.117.224.143 at 19:01, 22 December 2024

2024-12-22T19:01:49Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:01, 22 December 2024
Line 52:		Line 52:
	\| education = [[University of Strasbourg]]<br>[[London School of Economics]]<br>[[University of Bonn]]		\| education = [[University of Strasbourg]]<br>[[London School of Economics]]<br>[[University of Bonn]]
	}}		}}
			{{Conservatism in Germany}}
	'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.		'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.

DoebLoggs: Reverted edits by 91.25.209.92 (talk) to last version by Telephone Directory

2024-11-25T13:40:28Z

Reverted edits by 91.25.209.92 (talk) to last version by Telephone Directory

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:40, 25 November 2024
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| name = ~~Helmut~~ Brüning		\| name = Heinrich Brüning
	\| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning (cropped).jpg		\| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning (cropped).jpg
	\| caption = Brüning {{circa}} 1930		\| caption = Brüning {{circa}} 1930
Line 34:		Line 34:
	\| term_end4 = 12 December 1933		\| term_end4 = 12 December 1933
	\| constituency4 = [[Breslau (electoral district)\|Breslau]] (1924–1932)<br />National list (1932–1933)		\| constituency4 = [[Breslau (electoral district)\|Breslau]] (1924–1932)<br />National list (1932–1933)
	\| birth_name = ~~Helmut~~ Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning		\| birth_name = Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1885\|11\|26\|df=y}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1885\|11\|26\|df=y}}
	\| birth_place = [[Münster]], [[Province of Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]		\| birth_place = [[Münster]], [[Province of Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]

91.25.209.92 at 13:39, 25 November 2024

2024-11-25T13:39:59Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:39, 25 November 2024
Line 34:		Line 34:
	\| term_end4 = 12 December 1933		\| term_end4 = 12 December 1933
	\| constituency4 = [[Breslau (electoral district)\|Breslau]] (1924–1932)<br />National list (1932–1933)		\| constituency4 = [[Breslau (electoral district)\|Breslau]] (1924–1932)<br />National list (1932–1933)
	\| birth_name = ~~Heinrich~~ Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning		\| birth_name = Helmut Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1885\|11\|26\|df=y}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1885\|11\|26\|df=y}}
	\| birth_place = [[Münster]], [[Province of Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]		\| birth_place = [[Münster]], [[Province of Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]

91.25.209.92 at 13:38, 25 November 2024

2024-11-25T13:38:45Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:38, 25 November 2024
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| name = ~~Heinrich~~ Brüning		\| name = Helmut Brüning
	\| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning (cropped).jpg		\| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning (cropped).jpg
	\| caption = Brüning {{circa}} 1930		\| caption = Brüning {{circa}} 1930

Telephone Directory: Constituency

2024-11-20T04:14:20Z

Constituency

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:14, 20 November 2024
Line 33:		Line 33:
	\| term_start4 = 27 May 1924		\| term_start4 = 27 May 1924
	\| term_end4 = 12 December 1933		\| term_end4 = 12 December 1933
	\| constituency4 = [[~~Wrocław~~\|Breslau]] (1924–1932)<br />National list (1932–1933)		\| constituency4 = [[Breslau (electoral district)\|Breslau]] (1924–1932)<br />National list (1932–1933)
	\| birth_name = Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning		\| birth_name = Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1885\|11\|26\|df=y}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1885\|11\|26\|df=y}}
Line 68:		Line 68:
	Despite his reluctance to speak about his private life, it is assumed that his war experience and the war's aftermath persuaded him not to pursue his academic career, and he preferred to help former soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by assisting them finding employment or further their education.<ref>Luther, Hans (2006). ''Vor dem Abgrund 1930–1933. Reichsbankpräsident in Krisenzeiten'', p. 115. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin.</ref> He collaborated with the social reformer [[Carl Sonnenschein]] and worked in the "Secretariat for social student work". After six months he entered the Prussian welfare department and became a close associate of [[Adam Stegerwald]], the minister. Stegerwald, also the leader of the [[Christian trade unions]], made him chief executive of the unions in 1920,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal \|last=Klein \|first=Fritz \|date=October 1931 \|title=Chancellor Bruening of Germany \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45333803 \|journal=Current History \|publisher=University of California Press \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=26–27 \|doi=10.1525/curh.1931.35.1.25 \|jstor=45333803 \|s2cid=249078721 \|via=JSTOR}}</ref> a post Brüning retained until 1930.		Despite his reluctance to speak about his private life, it is assumed that his war experience and the war's aftermath persuaded him not to pursue his academic career, and he preferred to help former soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by assisting them finding employment or further their education.<ref>Luther, Hans (2006). ''Vor dem Abgrund 1930–1933. Reichsbankpräsident in Krisenzeiten'', p. 115. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin.</ref> He collaborated with the social reformer [[Carl Sonnenschein]] and worked in the "Secretariat for social student work". After six months he entered the Prussian welfare department and became a close associate of [[Adam Stegerwald]], the minister. Stegerwald, also the leader of the [[Christian trade unions]], made him chief executive of the unions in 1920,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal \|last=Klein \|first=Fritz \|date=October 1931 \|title=Chancellor Bruening of Germany \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45333803 \|journal=Current History \|publisher=University of California Press \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=26–27 \|doi=10.1525/curh.1931.35.1.25 \|jstor=45333803 \|s2cid=249078721 \|via=JSTOR}}</ref> a post Brüning retained until 1930.

	As the editor of the union newspaper ''Der Deutsche'' (''The German''),<ref name=":1" /> Brüning advocated a "social popular state" and "Christian democracy",<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|last=Morsey \|first=Rudolf \|date=9 March 2004 \|title=Heinrich Brüning \|url=https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=1585&url_tabelle=tab_person \|access-date=30 June 2023 \|website=Westfälische Geschichte \|language=de}}</ref> based on the ideas of [[Christian corporatism]]. In 1923, Brüning was actively involved in organizing the passive resistance in the "[[Ruhrkampf]]".<ref>{{Cite book \|url={{Google books\|8uxfTF4Lm-kC \|page=184\|plainurl=yes}} \|title=Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History \|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-1851096282 \|editor-last=Adam \|editor-first=Thomas \|volume=1 \|location=London \|pages=184}}</ref> Brüning joined the [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] and in 1924 was elected to the ''[[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]]'', representing [[Breslau]].<ref name="EB" /> In the ''Reichstag'', he quickly made a name for himself as a financial expert and managed to push through the so-called Brüning Law, which restricted the workers' share of income taxes to no more than 1.2 billion ''[[Reichsmark]]s''.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Allied Powers \|title=Report of the Agent General for Reparation Payments. May 30, 1925-[May 21, 1930] \|year=1927 \|pages=142}}</ref>		As the editor of the union newspaper ''Der Deutsche'' (''The German''),<ref name=":1" /> Brüning advocated a "social popular state" and "Christian democracy",<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|last=Morsey \|first=Rudolf \|date=9 March 2004 \|title=Heinrich Brüning \|url=https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=1585&url_tabelle=tab_person \|access-date=30 June 2023 \|website=Westfälische Geschichte \|language=de}}</ref> based on the ideas of [[Christian corporatism]]. In 1923, Brüning was actively involved in organizing the passive resistance in the "[[Ruhrkampf]]".<ref>{{Cite book \|url={{Google books\|8uxfTF4Lm-kC \|page=184\|plainurl=yes}} \|title=Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History \|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-1851096282 \|editor-last=Adam \|editor-first=Thomas \|volume=1 \|location=London \|pages=184}}</ref> Brüning joined the [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] and in 1924 was elected to the ''[[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]]'', representing [[Breslau (electoral district)\|Breslau]].<ref name="EB" /> In the ''Reichstag'', he quickly made a name for himself as a financial expert and managed to push through the so-called Brüning Law, which restricted the workers' share of income taxes to no more than 1.2 billion ''[[Reichsmark]]s''.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Allied Powers \|title=Report of the Agent General for Reparation Payments. May 30, 1925-[May 21, 1930] \|year=1927 \|pages=142}}</ref>

	From 1928 to 1930, Brüning served as a member of the [[Landtag of Prussia]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1929, after his election as leader of the Centre Party group in the ''Reichstag'',<ref name="EB" /> his party's agreement to the [[Young Plan]] was made conditional on a guarantee of tax increases that would ensure a balanced budget.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Patch \|first=William L. \|url={{Google books\|mMwtksPDkIkC\|page=62\|plainurl=yes}} \|title=Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0521025416 \|location=Cambridge \|pages=62 f}}</ref> This earned him President [[Paul von Hindenburg]]'s attention.		From 1928 to 1930, Brüning served as a member of the [[Landtag of Prussia]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1929, after his election as leader of the Centre Party group in the ''Reichstag'',<ref name="EB" /> his party's agreement to the [[Young Plan]] was made conditional on a guarantee of tax increases that would ensure a balanced budget.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Patch \|first=William L. \|url={{Google books\|mMwtksPDkIkC\|page=62\|plainurl=yes}} \|title=Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0521025416 \|location=Cambridge \|pages=62 f}}</ref> This earned him President [[Paul von Hindenburg]]'s attention.

Векочел at 12:16, 6 October 2024

2024-10-06T12:16:24Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:16, 6 October 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{~~short~~ description\|~~German~~ ~~politician~~ ~~and~~ ~~Chancellor~~ of ~~Weimar-era Germany~~ ~~(1885–1970)~~}}		{{Short description\|Chancellor of Germany from 1930 to 1932}}
	{{use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder

Dimadick at 23:09, 21 September 2024

2024-09-21T23:09:13Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:09, 21 September 2024
Line 54:		Line 54:
	'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.		'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.

	A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His [[austerity ~~policies~~]] in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees. Brüning resigned in response to the refusal.		A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His [[austerity]] policies in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees. Brüning resigned in response to the refusal.

	After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].		After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].

Dimadick at 23:08, 21 September 2024

2024-09-21T23:08:52Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:08, 21 September 2024
Line 54:		Line 54:
	'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.		'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.

	A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His austerity policies in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees~~, and~~ Brüning resigned.		A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His [[austerity policies]] in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees. Brüning resigned in response to the refusal.

	After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].		After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:09, 21 September 2024
Line 54:		Line 54:
	'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.		'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.

	A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His [[austerity ~~policies~~]] in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees. Brüning resigned in response to the refusal.		A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His [[austerity]] policies in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees. Brüning resigned in response to the refusal.

	After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].		After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:08, 21 September 2024
Line 54:		Line 54:
	'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.		'''Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈbʁyːnɪŋ\|pron\|Heinrich Brüning.ogg}}; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German [[Centre Party (Germany)\|Centre Party]] politician and academic, who served as the [[Chancellor of Germany#Weimar Republic (1919–1933)\|chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.

	A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His austerity policies in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees~~, and~~ Brüning resigned.		A political scientist and Christian social activist, he entered politics in the 1920s and was elected to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)\|Reichstag]] in 1924. In 1930, he was appointed interim chancellor, just as the [[Great Depression]] took hold. His [[austerity policies]] in response were unpopular, with most of the ''Reichstag'' opposed, so he governed by [[Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)\|emergency decrees]] issued by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]], overriding the ''Reichstag''. This lasted until May 1932, when his land distribution policy offended Hindenburg, who refused to issue any more decrees. Brüning resigned in response to the refusal.

	After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].		After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power\|Hitler took power]], Brüning fled Germany in 1934. He eventually settled in the United States. From 1937 to 1952, he was a professor at [[Harvard University]]. He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the [[University of Cologne]] but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in [[Vermont]].