Hypsibema missouriensis - Revision history

Di (they-them): /* Discovery and naming */ fixed sandwiching

2024-09-29T03:47:31Z

Discovery and naming: fixed sandwiching

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:47, 29 September 2024
Line 17:		Line 17:

	==Discovery and naming==		==Discovery and naming==
	[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb~~\|left~~\|Vertebrae]]		[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb\|Vertebrae]]
	Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en\|archive-date=2021-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123172059/https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en\|archive-date=2021-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123172059/https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2024-08-27T19:53:36Z

Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:53, 27 August 2024
Line 18:		Line 18:
	==Discovery and naming==		==Discovery and naming==
	[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Vertebrae]]		[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Vertebrae]]
	Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en}}</ref>		Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en\|archive-date=2021-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123172059/https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	The site where the bones were found was largely untouched by paleontologists until around the 1970s and 1990s, when excavations restarted.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Lindsey\|first=Jason\|date=November 25, 2006\|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur\|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur/\|access-date=December 12, 2021\|website=KFVS12}}</ref> Remains of other dinosaurs, fish, turtles, and plants have also been found, including teeth belonging to a member of the [[Tyrannosauroidea]].<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="GSA" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Bone fragments of a [[Dromaeosauridae\|dromaeosaur]] have also been unearthed in this area.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Monster in the Hollow – The Story of Missouri's Ozark DinosaursAcademy of Science of St. Louis » Connecting Science and the Community Since 1856\|url=https://academyofsciencestl.org/event/monster-in-the-hollow-the-story-of-missouris-ozark-dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|language=en-US}}</ref> Other parts of ''H. missouriensis'', including dental remains<ref name="JVP">{{cite journal\|jstor=4524499\|title=Abstracts of Papers\|last1=Darrough\|first1=Guy\|last2=Fix\|first2=Michael\|last3=Parris\|first3=David\|last4=Granstaff\|first4=Barbara\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=25\|issue=3\|pages=49A–50A\|date=September 2005\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942\|bibcode=2005JVPal..25S...1. \|s2cid=220413556}}</ref> and part of a jaw, have also been found.<ref name="SEM4" /> The variety of [[fauna]]l remnants found at the Chronister site suggest that a large body of water once existed close to the area.<ref name="JVP" />		The site where the bones were found was largely untouched by paleontologists until around the 1970s and 1990s, when excavations restarted.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Lindsey\|first=Jason\|date=November 25, 2006\|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur\|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur/\|access-date=December 12, 2021\|website=KFVS12}}</ref> Remains of other dinosaurs, fish, turtles, and plants have also been found, including teeth belonging to a member of the [[Tyrannosauroidea]].<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="GSA" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Bone fragments of a [[Dromaeosauridae\|dromaeosaur]] have also been unearthed in this area.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Monster in the Hollow – The Story of Missouri's Ozark DinosaursAcademy of Science of St. Louis » Connecting Science and the Community Since 1856\|url=https://academyofsciencestl.org/event/monster-in-the-hollow-the-story-of-missouris-ozark-dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|language=en-US}}</ref> Other parts of ''H. missouriensis'', including dental remains<ref name="JVP">{{cite journal\|jstor=4524499\|title=Abstracts of Papers\|last1=Darrough\|first1=Guy\|last2=Fix\|first2=Michael\|last3=Parris\|first3=David\|last4=Granstaff\|first4=Barbara\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=25\|issue=3\|pages=49A–50A\|date=September 2005\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942\|bibcode=2005JVPal..25S...1. \|s2cid=220413556}}</ref> and part of a jaw, have also been found.<ref name="SEM4" /> The variety of [[fauna]]l remnants found at the Chronister site suggest that a large body of water once existed close to the area.<ref name="JVP" />
Line 102:		Line 102:
	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==
	[[File:Hypsibema_missouriensis_Size_Chart.svg\|thumb\|left\|Size comparison]]		[[File:Hypsibema_missouriensis_Size_Chart.svg\|thumb\|left\|Size comparison]]
	The species is estimated to have had around 1,000 small teeth,<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="DDD" /> weighed {{convert\|3\|-\|4\|ST}}<ref name="KC">{{cite news\|url=http://primebuzz.kcstar.com/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727083633/http://midwestdemocracyproject.org/blogs/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-date=July 27, 2011 \|title=Jetton throws party for fossil, but could it offend his base? \|date=March 2008 \|work=Prime Buzz \|publisher=[[The Kansas City Star]] \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> (or around as much as an elephant today), stood {{convert\|10\|ft\|m}} tall at its back, and stretched about {{convert\|30\|-\|35\|ft\|m}} from head to tail.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118110355/http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-date=November 18, 2015 \|title=A bone to pick for Missouri \|last=Powers \|first=Marc \|date=February 19, 2004 \|work=Southeast Missourian \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=August 29, 2022 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ''H. missouriensis'' lived in what is now southeast Missouri during the [[Campanian]] age<ref name="GSA" /><ref>{{cite journal\|title=Abstract of Papers\|jstor=4523220\|last1=Parris\|first1=David C.\|last2=Grandstaff\|first2=Barbara S.\|last3=Strinchcomb\|first3=Bruce L.\|last4=Denton\|first4=Robert Jr.\|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]\|journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]\|volume=8\|issue=3\|pages=23A\|year=1988\| doi = 10.1080/02724634.1988.10011734 \|bibcode=1988JVPal...8S...1. }}</ref> of the [[Late Cretaceous]] period. It was not a [[carnivore\|carnivorous]] species; however, its teeth were more [[wiktionary:serrated\|serrated]] than other hadrosaurs, an indicator that the vegetation of Missouri at the time was very coarse or tough.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="RFT">{{cite news\|url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123241/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-date=June 29, 2011 \|title=Bush Strikes Out \|date=March 31, 2004 \|work=[[Riverfront Times]] \|publisher=Riverfront Times, LLC \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=New Dinosaur Species Found, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/new-dinosaur-species-found-field-museum-helps-with-dig/ar-AARb26p\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en}}</ref>		The species is estimated to have had around 1,000 small teeth,<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="DDD" /> weighed {{convert\|3\|-\|4\|ST}}<ref name="KC">{{cite news\|url=http://primebuzz.kcstar.com/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727083633/http://midwestdemocracyproject.org/blogs/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-date=July 27, 2011 \|title=Jetton throws party for fossil, but could it offend his base? \|date=March 2008 \|work=Prime Buzz \|publisher=[[The Kansas City Star]] \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> (or around as much as an elephant today), stood {{convert\|10\|ft\|m}} tall at its back, and stretched about {{convert\|30\|-\|35\|ft\|m}} from head to tail.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118110355/http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-date=November 18, 2015 \|title=A bone to pick for Missouri \|last=Powers \|first=Marc \|date=February 19, 2004 \|work=Southeast Missourian \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=August 29, 2022 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ''H. missouriensis'' lived in what is now southeast Missouri during the [[Campanian]] age<ref name="GSA" /><ref>{{cite journal\|title=Abstract of Papers\|jstor=4523220\|last1=Parris\|first1=David C.\|last2=Grandstaff\|first2=Barbara S.\|last3=Strinchcomb\|first3=Bruce L.\|last4=Denton\|first4=Robert Jr.\|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]\|journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]\|volume=8\|issue=3\|pages=23A\|year=1988\| doi = 10.1080/02724634.1988.10011734 \|bibcode=1988JVPal...8S...1. }}</ref> of the [[Late Cretaceous]] period. It was not a [[carnivore\|carnivorous]] species; however, its teeth were more [[wiktionary:serrated\|serrated]] than other hadrosaurs, an indicator that the vegetation of Missouri at the time was very coarse or tough.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="RFT">{{cite news\|url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123241/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-date=June 29, 2011 \|title=Bush Strikes Out \|date=March 31, 2004 \|work=[[Riverfront Times]] \|publisher=Riverfront Times, LLC \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=New Dinosaur Species Found, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/new-dinosaur-species-found-field-museum-helps-with-dig/ar-AARb26p\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en\|archive-date=2021-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123172059/https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	[[Paleontologist]] [[Charles Whitney Gilmore]] and geologist [[Dan R. Stewart]] described the [[caudal vertebrae]] retrieved from Missouri in a 1945 ''[[Journal of Paleontology]]'' report, writing, "Caudal vertebrae amphicoelus; [[body of vertebra\|centra]] longer than wide; ends having concave central areas decorated with radiating ridges and depressions surrounded by a flattened peripheral border; chevron facets only on posterior ends." Of the thirteen adult tail bones, twelve appeared to be consecutive, and the smallest centrum was {{convert\|69\|mm\|in}} long.<ref name="JOP" />		[[Paleontologist]] [[Charles Whitney Gilmore]] and geologist [[Dan R. Stewart]] described the [[caudal vertebrae]] retrieved from Missouri in a 1945 ''[[Journal of Paleontology]]'' report, writing, "Caudal vertebrae amphicoelus; [[body of vertebra\|centra]] longer than wide; ends having concave central areas decorated with radiating ridges and depressions surrounded by a flattened peripheral border; chevron facets only on posterior ends." Of the thirteen adult tail bones, twelve appeared to be consecutive, and the smallest centrum was {{convert\|69\|mm\|in}} long.<ref name="JOP" />

R. Henrik Nilsson: umknown > unknown

2024-06-10T08:47:08Z

umknown > unknown

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:47, 10 June 2024
Line 75:		Line 75:
	\|[[Ornithomimidae]]		\|[[Ornithomimidae]]
	\|unknown		\|unknown
			\|unknown
	\|umknown
	\|-		\|-
	\|Saurischia		\|Saurischia

CommonsDelinker: Removing Upper_Mississippi_Embayment_Cross_Section.jpg; it has been deleted from Commons by Túrelio because: Copyright violation: This image was taken from
2024-03-26T13:35:50Z

Removing Upper_Mississippi_Embayment_Cross_Section.jpg; it has been deleted from Commons by Túrelio because: Copyright violation: This image was taken from <span la

← Previous revision Revision as of 13:35, 26 March 2024
Line 23: Line 23:

===Geology of the dig site===

===Geology of the dig site===

[[File:Upper Mississippi Embayment Cross Section.jpg|thumb|This generalized cross-section of the Upper Mississippi Embayment shows the stratigraphic units surrounding, both above and below, the Chronister Site, as well as the effects of tectonic activity on the rocks in this area.]]

One [[paleontologist]] from [[St. Louis]] currently working at the dig site said it was "pretty much a miracle" that dinosaur bones were found in Missouri, because the state's soft soil has resulted in the deterioration of most prehistoric remains.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2" /> However, some of the remains found have been damaged by [[erosion]] and other processes.<ref name="GSA">{{cite journal|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm|title=Dinosauria and associated vertebrate fauna of the Late Cretaceous Chronister site of southeast Missouri|last1=Fix|first1=Michael F.|last2=Darrough|first2=Guy|year=2004|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|journal=Abstracts with Programs|volume=36|issue=3|page=14|access-date=2010-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331182124/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm|archive-date=2012-03-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> While much of Missouri lies upon rocks from the [[Paleozoic]] or [[Precambrian]] eras, the Chronister site is situated over [[Mesozoic]] rock.<ref name="AMG">{{cite book|url=http://www.missourigeologists.org/Meeting2006/AMGguidebook2006.pdf|title=Field Trip 1: Chronister Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossil Site Bollinger County, Missouri|editor1-last=Hoffman|editor1-first=David|editor2-last=Stinchcomb|editor2-first=Bruce L.|editor3-last=Palmer|editor3-first=James R.|work=Field Trip Guidebook – 2006 Association of Missouri Geologists Meeting|publisher=Association of Missouri Geologists|date=October 6–7, 2006|access-date=January 12, 2011}}</ref> Stewart, who found the bones after being assigned to study the origins of clay in the southeastern portion of [[the Ozarks]], was able to conclude that part of the region lies upon [[Deposition (geology)|deposits]] from the Upper Cretaceous period, although much of the [[sediment]] from that time period has eroded away.<ref name="JOP">{{cite journal|last1=Gilmore|first1=Charles Whitney|author-link1=Charles Whitney Gilmore|last2=Stewart|first2=Dan R.|title=A New Sauropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Missouri|jstor=1299165|journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]]|publisher=[[Society for Sedimentary Geology]]|volume=19|issue=1|pages=23–29|date=January 1945}}</ref>

One [[paleontologist]] from [[St. Louis]] currently working at the dig site said it was "pretty much a miracle" that dinosaur bones were found in Missouri, because the state's soft soil has resulted in the deterioration of most prehistoric remains.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2" /> However, some of the remains found have been damaged by [[erosion]] and other processes.<ref name="GSA">{{cite journal|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm|title=Dinosauria and associated vertebrate fauna of the Late Cretaceous Chronister site of southeast Missouri|last1=Fix|first1=Michael F.|last2=Darrough|first2=Guy|year=2004|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|journal=Abstracts with Programs|volume=36|issue=3|page=14|access-date=2010-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331182124/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm|archive-date=2012-03-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> While much of Missouri lies upon rocks from the [[Paleozoic]] or [[Precambrian]] eras, the Chronister site is situated over [[Mesozoic]] rock.<ref name="AMG">{{cite book|url=http://www.missourigeologists.org/Meeting2006/AMGguidebook2006.pdf|title=Field Trip 1: Chronister Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossil Site Bollinger County, Missouri|editor1-last=Hoffman|editor1-first=David|editor2-last=Stinchcomb|editor2-first=Bruce L.|editor3-last=Palmer|editor3-first=James R.|work=Field Trip Guidebook – 2006 Association of Missouri Geologists Meeting|publisher=Association of Missouri Geologists|date=October 6–7, 2006|access-date=January 12, 2011}}</ref> Stewart, who found the bones after being assigned to study the origins of clay in the southeastern portion of [[the Ozarks]], was able to conclude that part of the region lies upon [[Deposition (geology)|deposits]] from the Upper Cretaceous period, although much of the [[sediment]] from that time period has eroded away.<ref name="JOP">{{cite journal|last1=Gilmore|first1=Charles Whitney|author-link1=Charles Whitney Gilmore|last2=Stewart|first2=Dan R.|title=A New Sauropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Missouri|jstor=1299165|journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]]|publisher=[[Society for Sedimentary Geology]]|volume=19|issue=1|pages=23–29|date=January 1945}}</ref>

Roadrunnerfromhell: That was confirmed to be a mammoth bone

2023-10-18T20:28:10Z

That was confirmed to be a mammoth bone

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:28, 18 October 2023
Line 113:		Line 113:
	In 2005, representatives from Bollinger County businesses and local government officials met in an effort to generate more revenue, and came up with a dinosaur-centered tourism campaign. Some businesses contributed to the creation of a billboard along [[Interstate 55]] that would advertise, "Bollinger County, Home of the Missouri Dinosaur."<ref name="SEM" /> The Bollinger County Museum of Natural History, which displays some of the bones found,<ref name="ERD" /> has said their exhibit on the species has attracted tourists from other parts of the United States,<ref name="SEM2" /> and the museum says the designation of ''H. missouriensis'' as the state dinosaur resulted in a tripling of visitors.<ref name="DDD" />		In 2005, representatives from Bollinger County businesses and local government officials met in an effort to generate more revenue, and came up with a dinosaur-centered tourism campaign. Some businesses contributed to the creation of a billboard along [[Interstate 55]] that would advertise, "Bollinger County, Home of the Missouri Dinosaur."<ref name="SEM" /> The Bollinger County Museum of Natural History, which displays some of the bones found,<ref name="ERD" /> has said their exhibit on the species has attracted tourists from other parts of the United States,<ref name="SEM2" /> and the museum says the designation of ''H. missouriensis'' as the state dinosaur resulted in a tripling of visitors.<ref name="DDD" />

	In March 2008, construction on a full-size model of a ''H. missouriensis'' was completed and placed on display at the museum. Jetton, then [[Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives]], sponsored a dinner event for state legislators to celebrate the completion of the exhibit on March 7, 2008.<ref name="KC" /> The two-year project was directed by Darrough, who was also in charge of excavations at the Chronister excavation site, and is the only permanent museum exhibit to feature the species. At the opening of the exhibit, Jetton mentioned that he hoped the dig site would become part of a [[state park]] one day.<ref name="SEM4" /> Currently, excavation is being conducted by the Missouri Ozark Dinosaur Project.<ref name="BCMNH" /><ref name="AMG" /> The site has been covered to prevent water from flowing over dig material.<ref name="GSA" /><ref name="AMG" /> The Chronister dig site near Glen Allen, currently under private ownership<ref name="SEM3">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/155413.html\|title=Rock of ages – Museum reveals fossil find in Bollinger County\|date=January 31, 2005\|last=Holloway\|first=Brad\|work=Southeast Missourian\|publisher=Southeast Missourian\|access-date=January 14, 2011}}</ref> by Stinchcomb,<ref name="AMG" /> is the only location in Missouri where dinosaur bones have been found,<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2" /> other than a tarsus found in [[Perryville, Missouri\|Perryville]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Galbreath\|first=E. C.\|date=1987\|title=A ceratosauroid tarsus (theropod dinosaur) from southeastern Missouri.\|journal=Papers in Vertebrate Palaeontology\|volume=3\|pages=14–15}}</ref>		In March 2008, construction on a full-size model of a ''H. missouriensis'' was completed and placed on display at the museum. Jetton, then [[Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives]], sponsored a dinner event for state legislators to celebrate the completion of the exhibit on March 7, 2008.<ref name="KC" /> The two-year project was directed by Darrough, who was also in charge of excavations at the Chronister excavation site, and is the only permanent museum exhibit to feature the species. At the opening of the exhibit, Jetton mentioned that he hoped the dig site would become part of a [[state park]] one day.<ref name="SEM4" /> Currently, excavation is being conducted by the Missouri Ozark Dinosaur Project.<ref name="BCMNH" /><ref name="AMG" /> The site has been covered to prevent water from flowing over dig material.<ref name="GSA" /><ref name="AMG" /> The Chronister dig site near Glen Allen, currently under private ownership<ref name="SEM3">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/155413.html\|title=Rock of ages – Museum reveals fossil find in Bollinger County\|date=January 31, 2005\|last=Holloway\|first=Brad\|work=Southeast Missourian\|publisher=Southeast Missourian\|access-date=January 14, 2011}}</ref> by Stinchcomb,<ref name="AMG" /> is the only location in Missouri where dinosaur bones have been found,<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2" />

	==See also==		==See also==

AnomieBOT: Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}

2023-09-08T18:26:20Z

Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:26, 8 September 2023
Line 89:		Line 89:
	\|unknown		\|unknown
	\|}		\|}
	Though this deposit is late Cretaceous in age, several varieties of paleozoic sediments were found associated with the bone-bearing clays; material from the middle Ordovician Plattin and Kimmswick Limestones, late Ordovician Maquoketa formation, early Silurian Bainbridge Group limestones, as well as early Devonian Bailey Formation limestones have all been recognized by geologists studying the deposit. These sediments are similar both in composition and age to the sediments found in both the Marble Hill and Glen Allen structures and are, most likely, tectonically related. Late Cretaceous leaf impressions have been found in laminated Cretaceous clays in the Marble Hill structure, but no vertebrate material has been recovered.{{citation needed}}		Though this deposit is late Cretaceous in age, several varieties of paleozoic sediments were found associated with the bone-bearing clays; material from the middle Ordovician Plattin and Kimmswick Limestones, late Ordovician Maquoketa formation, early Silurian Bainbridge Group limestones, as well as early Devonian Bailey Formation limestones have all been recognized by geologists studying the deposit. These sediments are similar both in composition and age to the sediments found in both the Marble Hill and Glen Allen structures and are, most likely, tectonically related. Late Cretaceous leaf impressions have been found in laminated Cretaceous clays in the Marble Hill structure, but no vertebrate material has been recovered.{{citation needed\|date=September 2023}}

	===Identification===		===Identification===

SilverTiger12 at 18:05, 8 September 2023

2023-09-08T18:05:17Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:05, 8 September 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Extinct species of dinosaur}}		{{Short description\|Extinct species of dinosaur}}
	{{Good article}}		{{Good article}}
	{{merge\|Parrosaurus\|date=June 2023}}
	{{Speciesbox		{{Speciesbox
	\| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range\|Campanian}}		\| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range\|Campanian}}
Line 19:		Line 18:
	==Discovery and naming==		==Discovery and naming==
	[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Vertebrae]]		[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Vertebrae]]
	Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart,<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2~~" /> later nicknamed "Dinosaur Dan."<ref name="SEM3~~" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en}}</ref>		Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en}}</ref>

	The site where the bones were found was largely untouched by paleontologists until around the 1970s and 1990s, when excavations restarted.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Lindsey\|first=Jason\|date=November 25, 2006\|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur\|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur/\|access-date=December 12, 2021\|website=KFVS12}}</ref> Remains of other dinosaurs, fish, turtles, and plants have also been found, including teeth belonging to a member of the [[Tyrannosauroidea]].<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="GSA" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Bone fragments of a [[Dromaeosauridae\|dromaeosaur]] have also been unearthed in this area.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Monster in the Hollow – The Story of Missouri's Ozark DinosaursAcademy of Science of St. Louis » Connecting Science and the Community Since 1856\|url=https://academyofsciencestl.org/event/monster-in-the-hollow-the-story-of-missouris-ozark-dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|language=en-US}}</ref> Other parts of ''H. missouriensis'', including dental remains<ref name="JVP">{{cite journal\|jstor=4524499\|title=Abstracts of Papers\|last1=Darrough\|first1=Guy\|last2=Fix\|first2=Michael\|last3=Parris\|first3=David\|last4=Granstaff\|first4=Barbara\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=25\|issue=3\|pages=49A–50A\|date=September 2005\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942\|bibcode=2005JVPal..25S...1. \|s2cid=220413556}}</ref> and part of a jaw, have also been found.<ref name="SEM4" /> The variety of [[fauna]]l remnants found at the Chronister site suggest that a large body of water once existed close to the area.<ref name="JVP" />		The site where the bones were found was largely untouched by paleontologists until around the 1970s and 1990s, when excavations restarted.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Lindsey\|first=Jason\|date=November 25, 2006\|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur\|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur/\|access-date=December 12, 2021\|website=KFVS12}}</ref> Remains of other dinosaurs, fish, turtles, and plants have also been found, including teeth belonging to a member of the [[Tyrannosauroidea]].<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="GSA" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Bone fragments of a [[Dromaeosauridae\|dromaeosaur]] have also been unearthed in this area.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Monster in the Hollow – The Story of Missouri's Ozark DinosaursAcademy of Science of St. Louis » Connecting Science and the Community Since 1856\|url=https://academyofsciencestl.org/event/monster-in-the-hollow-the-story-of-missouris-ozark-dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|language=en-US}}</ref> Other parts of ''H. missouriensis'', including dental remains<ref name="JVP">{{cite journal\|jstor=4524499\|title=Abstracts of Papers\|last1=Darrough\|first1=Guy\|last2=Fix\|first2=Michael\|last3=Parris\|first3=David\|last4=Granstaff\|first4=Barbara\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=25\|issue=3\|pages=49A–50A\|date=September 2005\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942\|bibcode=2005JVPal..25S...1. \|s2cid=220413556}}</ref> and part of a jaw, have also been found.<ref name="SEM4" /> The variety of [[fauna]]l remnants found at the Chronister site suggest that a large body of water once existed close to the area.<ref name="JVP" />

SilverTiger12: Add: bibcode. | Use this tool. Report bugs. | #UCB_Gadget

2023-09-08T17:58:11Z

Add: bibcode. | Use this tool. Report bugs. | #UCB_Gadget

Show changes

Citation bot: Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

2023-08-25T20:30:54Z

Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:30, 25 August 2023
Line 15:		Line 15:
	}}		}}

	'''''Hypsibema missouriensis''''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|h\|ɪ\|p\|s\|ᵻ\|ˈ\|b\|iː\|m\|ə\|_\|m\|ᵻ\|ˌ\|z\|ʊər\|i\|ˈ\|ɛ\|n\|s\|ɪ\|s}};<ref name="ERD">{{cite web\|url=http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-symbols/missouri/dinosaur.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710162109/http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-symbols/missouri/dinosaur.html \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 \|title=Missouri State Dinosaur \|year=2010 \|work=e-ReferenceDesk \|publisher=Web Marketing Services, Inc. LLC \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> originally '''''Neosaurus missouriensis''''', first renamed to '''''[[Parrosaurus]] missouriensis''''',<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="DD">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6616&Itemid=67\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913215441/http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6616&Itemid=67\|archive-date=September 13, 2011\|title=''Hypsibema missouriensis'' \|year=2011 \|work~~=DinoData \|publisher~~=DinoData \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=live}}</ref> also spelled '''''Hypsibema missouriense'''''<ref name="SEM4">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/1318379.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308204437/http://www.semissourian.com/story/1318379.html \|archive-date=March 8, 2011 \|title=Dinosaur replica unveiled at Bollinger County museum \|last=Hale-Davis \|first=Candice \|date=March 15, 2008 \|work=[[Southeast Missourian]] \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a species of [[herbivore\|plant-eating]] [[dinosaur]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Hypsibema]]'', and the [[state dinosaur]] of the [[U.S. state]] [[Missouri]].<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/1114972.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416013237/http://www.semissourian.com/story/1114972.html \|archive-date=April 16, 2018 \|title=Bollinger County trying to cash in on the ''Hypsibema'' hype \|last=Obert \|first=Jim \|date=August 22, 2005 \|work=Southeast Missourian \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Lindsey \|first=Jason \|date=2006-11-25 \|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur \|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur \|access-date=2023-05-14 \|website=www.kfvs12.com \|language=en}}</ref> One of the few official state dinosaurs, bones of the species were discovered in 1942, at what later became known as the Chronister Dinosaur Site near [[Glen Allen, Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Salter\|first=Jim\|title=Duck-billed dinosaur may be one of many at Missouri site\|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-11-duck-billed-dinosaur-missouri-site.html\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=phys.org\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Barker \|first=Tim \|date=March 27, 2011 \|title=Missouri dinosaur gets exposure on Discovery cable series \|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/missouri-dinosaur-gets-exposure-on-discovery-cable-series/article_09f7dae6-fd65-520b-b444-1bc061bdc299.html \|access-date=2023-05-14 \|website=STLtoday.com \|language=en}}</ref> The remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' at the site, which marked the first known discovery of dinosaur remains in Missouri, are the only ones to have ever been found. Although first thought to be a [[sauropod]], later study determined that it was a [[hadrosaur]], or "duck-billed" dinosaur, whose snouts bear likeness to ducks' bills.<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="SOS">{{cite web\|url=http://www.sos.mo.gov/symbols/symbols.asp?symbol=dino\|title=The State Dinosaur\|work=State Symbols of Missouri\|publisher=[[Missouri Secretary of State]]\|access-date=January 12, 2011}}</ref> Some of the species' bones found at the Chronister Dinosaur Site are housed in [[Washington, D.C.]]'s [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name="ERD" />		'''''Hypsibema missouriensis''''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|h\|ɪ\|p\|s\|ᵻ\|ˈ\|b\|iː\|m\|ə\|_\|m\|ᵻ\|ˌ\|z\|ʊər\|i\|ˈ\|ɛ\|n\|s\|ɪ\|s}};<ref name="ERD">{{cite web\|url=http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-symbols/missouri/dinosaur.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710162109/http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-symbols/missouri/dinosaur.html \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 \|title=Missouri State Dinosaur \|year=2010 \|work=e-ReferenceDesk \|publisher=Web Marketing Services, Inc. LLC \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> originally '''''Neosaurus missouriensis''''', first renamed to '''''[[Parrosaurus]] missouriensis''''',<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="DD">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6616&Itemid=67\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913215441/http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6616&Itemid=67\|archive-date=September 13, 2011\|title=''Hypsibema missouriensis'' \|year=2011 \|work=DinoData \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=live}}</ref> also spelled '''''Hypsibema missouriense'''''<ref name="SEM4">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/1318379.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308204437/http://www.semissourian.com/story/1318379.html \|archive-date=March 8, 2011 \|title=Dinosaur replica unveiled at Bollinger County museum \|last=Hale-Davis \|first=Candice \|date=March 15, 2008 \|work=[[Southeast Missourian]] \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a species of [[herbivore\|plant-eating]] [[dinosaur]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Hypsibema]]'', and the [[state dinosaur]] of the [[U.S. state]] [[Missouri]].<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/1114972.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416013237/http://www.semissourian.com/story/1114972.html \|archive-date=April 16, 2018 \|title=Bollinger County trying to cash in on the ''Hypsibema'' hype \|last=Obert \|first=Jim \|date=August 22, 2005 \|work=Southeast Missourian \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Lindsey \|first=Jason \|date=2006-11-25 \|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur \|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur \|access-date=2023-05-14 \|website=www.kfvs12.com \|language=en}}</ref> One of the few official state dinosaurs, bones of the species were discovered in 1942, at what later became known as the Chronister Dinosaur Site near [[Glen Allen, Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Salter\|first=Jim\|title=Duck-billed dinosaur may be one of many at Missouri site\|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-11-duck-billed-dinosaur-missouri-site.html\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=phys.org\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Barker \|first=Tim \|date=March 27, 2011 \|title=Missouri dinosaur gets exposure on Discovery cable series \|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/missouri-dinosaur-gets-exposure-on-discovery-cable-series/article_09f7dae6-fd65-520b-b444-1bc061bdc299.html \|access-date=2023-05-14 \|website=STLtoday.com \|language=en}}</ref> The remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' at the site, which marked the first known discovery of dinosaur remains in Missouri, are the only ones to have ever been found. Although first thought to be a [[sauropod]], later study determined that it was a [[hadrosaur]], or "duck-billed" dinosaur, whose snouts bear likeness to ducks' bills.<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="SOS">{{cite web\|url=http://www.sos.mo.gov/symbols/symbols.asp?symbol=dino\|title=The State Dinosaur\|work=State Symbols of Missouri\|publisher=[[Missouri Secretary of State]]\|access-date=January 12, 2011}}</ref> Some of the species' bones found at the Chronister Dinosaur Site are housed in [[Washington, D.C.]]'s [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name="ERD" />

	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==
Line 101:		Line 101:
	Gilmore, at the Smithsonian, along with Stewart, first described the species as a sauropod in the January 1945 issue of the ''Journal of Paleontology'',<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/collection/nmnh_collections/specimen_n1.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108142542/http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/collection/nmnh_collections/specimen_n1.html \|archive-date=January 8, 2011 \|title=''Neosaurus missouriensis'' – Gilmore 1945 \|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] \|work=[[National Museum of Natural History]] \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> a classification made in error and without positive evidence.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6gRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Parrosaurus+missouriensis%22\|title=Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia\|last=Glut\|first=Donald F.\|year=1997\|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]\|page=485\|isbn=978-0-89950-917-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wByTP8UbVrkC&q=%22Hypsibema+missouriensis%22&pg=PA217\|title=Report of a sauropod with amphiplatyan mid-caudal vertebrae from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén Province (Argentina)\|last1=Salgado\|first1=Leonardo\|last2=Calvo\|first2=Jorge Orlando\|year=1993\|journal=[[Ameghiniana]]\|volume=30\|issue=2\|page=217\|issn=0002-7014}}</ref> Gilmore only deemed the species a sauropod by [[process of elimination]]; when he was left with the possibilities of [[Hadrosauridae]] and [[Sauropoda]], he dismissed the former, saying, "The more elongate centra of the Chronister specimen, with the possible exception of ''Hypsibema crassicauda'' Cope, and the presence of chevron facets only on the posterior end appear sufficient to show that these vertebral centra do not pertain to a member of the Hadrosauridae."<ref name="JOP" />		Gilmore, at the Smithsonian, along with Stewart, first described the species as a sauropod in the January 1945 issue of the ''Journal of Paleontology'',<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/collection/nmnh_collections/specimen_n1.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108142542/http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/collection/nmnh_collections/specimen_n1.html \|archive-date=January 8, 2011 \|title=''Neosaurus missouriensis'' – Gilmore 1945 \|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] \|work=[[National Museum of Natural History]] \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> a classification made in error and without positive evidence.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6gRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Parrosaurus+missouriensis%22\|title=Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia\|last=Glut\|first=Donald F.\|year=1997\|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]\|page=485\|isbn=978-0-89950-917-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wByTP8UbVrkC&q=%22Hypsibema+missouriensis%22&pg=PA217\|title=Report of a sauropod with amphiplatyan mid-caudal vertebrae from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén Province (Argentina)\|last1=Salgado\|first1=Leonardo\|last2=Calvo\|first2=Jorge Orlando\|year=1993\|journal=[[Ameghiniana]]\|volume=30\|issue=2\|page=217\|issn=0002-7014}}</ref> Gilmore only deemed the species a sauropod by [[process of elimination]]; when he was left with the possibilities of [[Hadrosauridae]] and [[Sauropoda]], he dismissed the former, saying, "The more elongate centra of the Chronister specimen, with the possible exception of ''Hypsibema crassicauda'' Cope, and the presence of chevron facets only on the posterior end appear sufficient to show that these vertebral centra do not pertain to a member of the Hadrosauridae."<ref name="JOP" />

	The species, first called ''Neosaurus missouriensis'', was renamed to ''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' later that year by Gilmore and Stewart<ref name="DD" /> because the name "''Neosaurus''" was [[synonym (taxonomy)\|preoccupied]].<ref name="DD" /><ref>{{cite journal\|jstor=1299009\|title=''Parrosaurus'', N. Name, Replacing ''Neosaurus'' Gilmore, 1945\|last=Gilmore\|first=Charles Whitney\|journal=Journal of Paleontology\|volume=19\|issue=5\|date=September 1945\|page=540\|publisher=Society for Sedimentary Geology}}</ref> However, Gilmore died soon after, and the bones were left untouched for several decades.<ref name="DD2">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|title=The Leader of the Search for Illinois Dinosaurs \|last=Brusatte \|first=Steve \|year=2011 \|work~~=DinoData \|publisher~~=DinoData \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324093154/http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref>		The species, first called ''Neosaurus missouriensis'', was renamed to ''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' later that year by Gilmore and Stewart<ref name="DD" /> because the name "''Neosaurus''" was [[synonym (taxonomy)\|preoccupied]].<ref name="DD" /><ref>{{cite journal\|jstor=1299009\|title=''Parrosaurus'', N. Name, Replacing ''Neosaurus'' Gilmore, 1945\|last=Gilmore\|first=Charles Whitney\|journal=Journal of Paleontology\|volume=19\|issue=5\|date=September 1945\|page=540\|publisher=Society for Sedimentary Geology}}</ref> However, Gilmore died soon after, and the bones were left untouched for several decades.<ref name="DD2">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|title=The Leader of the Search for Illinois Dinosaurs \|last=Brusatte \|first=Steve \|year=2011 \|work=DinoData \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324093154/http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref>

	''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' was once again moved in 1979, to the genus ''Hypsibema'', this time by Donald Baird and [[John R. Horner]].<ref name="DD" /><ref name="BCMNH" /> In the late 1970s, Bruce L. Stinchcomb, a geologist, traveled to the Chronister site after reading about Gilmore's report in the 1950s. He was able to purchase the property from a member of the Chronister family,<ref name="DD2" /> and in the 1980s, test excavations were performed by Stinchcomb, David Parris, and Barbara Grandstaff, leading them to conclude that ''H. missouriensis'' was actually a hadrosaur rather than a sauropod.<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="DC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130453/http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 \|title=''Hypsibema'' \|date=January 8, 2011 \|work~~=DinoChecker \|publisher~~=DinoChecker \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Thomas Holtz has suggested reverting to ''Parrosaurus'' for this species.<ref name="Holtz2008">{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Holtz \|first=Thomas R. Jr. \|year=2011 \|encyclopedia=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages \|url=http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2010.pdf \|title=Winter 2010 Appendix \|access-date=November 26, 2011}}</ref> In 2018, some paleontologists decided that ''Parrosaurus'' was indeed a valid genus of dinosaur.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-11-26\|title=New Dinosaur Found In Missouri, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://patch.com/illinois/chicago/rare-dinosaurs-representing-new-genus-found-missouri\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Chicago, IL Patch\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Brownstein \|first=Chase \|date=2018 \|title=The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia ~~\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/801~~ \|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica \|pages=1–56 \|doi=10.26879/801 \|issn=1935-3952\|doi-access=free }}</ref>		''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' was once again moved in 1979, to the genus ''Hypsibema'', this time by Donald Baird and [[John R. Horner]].<ref name="DD" /><ref name="BCMNH" /> In the late 1970s, Bruce L. Stinchcomb, a geologist, traveled to the Chronister site after reading about Gilmore's report in the 1950s. He was able to purchase the property from a member of the Chronister family,<ref name="DD2" /> and in the 1980s, test excavations were performed by Stinchcomb, David Parris, and Barbara Grandstaff, leading them to conclude that ''H. missouriensis'' was actually a hadrosaur rather than a sauropod.<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="DC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130453/http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 \|title=''Hypsibema'' \|date=January 8, 2011 \|work=DinoChecker \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Thomas Holtz has suggested reverting to ''Parrosaurus'' for this species.<ref name="Holtz2008">{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Holtz \|first=Thomas R. Jr. \|year=2011 \|encyclopedia=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages \|url=http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2010.pdf \|title=Winter 2010 Appendix \|access-date=November 26, 2011}}</ref> In 2018, some paleontologists decided that ''Parrosaurus'' was indeed a valid genus of dinosaur.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-11-26\|title=New Dinosaur Found In Missouri, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://patch.com/illinois/chicago/rare-dinosaurs-representing-new-genus-found-missouri\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Chicago, IL Patch\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Brownstein \|first=Chase \|date=2018 \|title=The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia \|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica \|pages=1–56 \|doi=10.26879/801 \|issn=1935-3952\|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	=== New remains ===		=== New remains ===

OAbot: Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.

2023-08-18T22:56:46Z

Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:56, 18 August 2023
Line 103:		Line 103:
	The species, first called ''Neosaurus missouriensis'', was renamed to ''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' later that year by Gilmore and Stewart<ref name="DD" /> because the name "''Neosaurus''" was [[synonym (taxonomy)\|preoccupied]].<ref name="DD" /><ref>{{cite journal\|jstor=1299009\|title=''Parrosaurus'', N. Name, Replacing ''Neosaurus'' Gilmore, 1945\|last=Gilmore\|first=Charles Whitney\|journal=Journal of Paleontology\|volume=19\|issue=5\|date=September 1945\|page=540\|publisher=Society for Sedimentary Geology}}</ref> However, Gilmore died soon after, and the bones were left untouched for several decades.<ref name="DD2">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|title=The Leader of the Search for Illinois Dinosaurs \|last=Brusatte \|first=Steve \|year=2011 \|work=DinoData \|publisher=DinoData \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324093154/http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref>		The species, first called ''Neosaurus missouriensis'', was renamed to ''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' later that year by Gilmore and Stewart<ref name="DD" /> because the name "''Neosaurus''" was [[synonym (taxonomy)\|preoccupied]].<ref name="DD" /><ref>{{cite journal\|jstor=1299009\|title=''Parrosaurus'', N. Name, Replacing ''Neosaurus'' Gilmore, 1945\|last=Gilmore\|first=Charles Whitney\|journal=Journal of Paleontology\|volume=19\|issue=5\|date=September 1945\|page=540\|publisher=Society for Sedimentary Geology}}</ref> However, Gilmore died soon after, and the bones were left untouched for several decades.<ref name="DD2">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|title=The Leader of the Search for Illinois Dinosaurs \|last=Brusatte \|first=Steve \|year=2011 \|work=DinoData \|publisher=DinoData \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324093154/http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=25 \|archive-date=March 24, 2012 }}</ref>

	''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' was once again moved in 1979, to the genus ''Hypsibema'', this time by Donald Baird and [[John R. Horner]].<ref name="DD" /><ref name="BCMNH" /> In the late 1970s, Bruce L. Stinchcomb, a geologist, traveled to the Chronister site after reading about Gilmore's report in the 1950s. He was able to purchase the property from a member of the Chronister family,<ref name="DD2" /> and in the 1980s, test excavations were performed by Stinchcomb, David Parris, and Barbara Grandstaff, leading them to conclude that ''H. missouriensis'' was actually a hadrosaur rather than a sauropod.<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="DC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130453/http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 \|title=''Hypsibema'' \|date=January 8, 2011 \|work=DinoChecker \|publisher=DinoChecker \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Thomas Holtz has suggested reverting to ''Parrosaurus'' for this species.<ref name="Holtz2008">{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Holtz \|first=Thomas R. Jr. \|year=2011 \|encyclopedia=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages \|url=http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2010.pdf \|title=Winter 2010 Appendix \|access-date=November 26, 2011}}</ref> In 2018, some paleontologists decided that ''Parrosaurus'' was indeed a valid genus of dinosaur.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-11-26\|title=New Dinosaur Found In Missouri, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://patch.com/illinois/chicago/rare-dinosaurs-representing-new-genus-found-missouri\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Chicago, IL Patch\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Brownstein \|first=Chase \|date=2018 \|title=The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/801 \|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica \|pages=1–56 \|doi=10.26879/801 \|issn=1935-3952}}</ref>		''Parrosaurus missouriensis'' was once again moved in 1979, to the genus ''Hypsibema'', this time by Donald Baird and [[John R. Horner]].<ref name="DD" /><ref name="BCMNH" /> In the late 1970s, Bruce L. Stinchcomb, a geologist, traveled to the Chronister site after reading about Gilmore's report in the 1950s. He was able to purchase the property from a member of the Chronister family,<ref name="DD2" /> and in the 1980s, test excavations were performed by Stinchcomb, David Parris, and Barbara Grandstaff, leading them to conclude that ''H. missouriensis'' was actually a hadrosaur rather than a sauropod.<ref name="ERD" /><ref name="DC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130453/http://www.dinochecker.com/dinosaurs/HYPSIBEMA \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 \|title=''Hypsibema'' \|date=January 8, 2011 \|work=DinoChecker \|publisher=DinoChecker \|access-date=January 14, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Thomas Holtz has suggested reverting to ''Parrosaurus'' for this species.<ref name="Holtz2008">{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Holtz \|first=Thomas R. Jr. \|year=2011 \|encyclopedia=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages \|url=http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2010.pdf \|title=Winter 2010 Appendix \|access-date=November 26, 2011}}</ref> In 2018, some paleontologists decided that ''Parrosaurus'' was indeed a valid genus of dinosaur.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-11-26\|title=New Dinosaur Found In Missouri, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://patch.com/illinois/chicago/rare-dinosaurs-representing-new-genus-found-missouri\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Chicago, IL Patch\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Brownstein \|first=Chase \|date=2018 \|title=The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/801 \|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica \|pages=1–56 \|doi=10.26879/801 \|issn=1935-3952\|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	=== New remains ===		=== New remains ===

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:53, 27 August 2024
Line 18:		Line 18:
	==Discovery and naming==		==Discovery and naming==
	[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Vertebrae]]		[[File:Parrosaurus.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Vertebrae]]
	Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en}}</ref>		Remains of ''Hypsibema missouriensis'' were first discovered in [[Bollinger County, Missouri]] by members of the Chronister family while they were digging a [[cistern]], and were subsequently collected by Stewart.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="SEM2" /> In 1942, Stewart, of the [[Missouri Geological Survey]], had been examining [[clay]] near Glen Allen when he came upon a boy who led him to the family at work digging.<ref name="SEM3" /><ref name="BCMNH">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104050/http://www.bcmnh.org/missouridinosaurstory.html \|archive-date=July 16, 2011 \|title=The Missouri Dinosaur Story \|year=2010 \|publisher=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Stewart, property owner Lulu Chronister had found several "unusual" bones while digging and had saved them. They had been found about {{convert\|8\|ft\|m}} deep in the Chronisters' well, which had an overall depth of {{convert\|24\|ft\|m}}, "imbedded in a black plastic clay."<ref name="JOP" /> Stewart reported his discovery to the Smithsonian Institution, which bought the remains—thirteen [[vertebrae]] of a dinosaur's tail—from Chronister for [[US$]]50, which was later used to purchase a cow.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Two other bones, of unknown type, were also recovered from the site, while one additional vertebrae had been given by Lulu Chronister to a friend.<ref name="JOP" /> At the Smithsonian, the bones were analyzed but the species from which they originated was incorrectly identified.<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="SEM3" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en\|archive-date=2021-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123172059/https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	The site where the bones were found was largely untouched by paleontologists until around the 1970s and 1990s, when excavations restarted.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Lindsey\|first=Jason\|date=November 25, 2006\|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur\|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur/\|access-date=December 12, 2021\|website=KFVS12}}</ref> Remains of other dinosaurs, fish, turtles, and plants have also been found, including teeth belonging to a member of the [[Tyrannosauroidea]].<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="GSA" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Bone fragments of a [[Dromaeosauridae\|dromaeosaur]] have also been unearthed in this area.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Monster in the Hollow – The Story of Missouri's Ozark DinosaursAcademy of Science of St. Louis » Connecting Science and the Community Since 1856\|url=https://academyofsciencestl.org/event/monster-in-the-hollow-the-story-of-missouris-ozark-dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|language=en-US}}</ref> Other parts of ''H. missouriensis'', including dental remains<ref name="JVP">{{cite journal\|jstor=4524499\|title=Abstracts of Papers\|last1=Darrough\|first1=Guy\|last2=Fix\|first2=Michael\|last3=Parris\|first3=David\|last4=Granstaff\|first4=Barbara\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=25\|issue=3\|pages=49A–50A\|date=September 2005\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942\|bibcode=2005JVPal..25S...1. \|s2cid=220413556}}</ref> and part of a jaw, have also been found.<ref name="SEM4" /> The variety of [[fauna]]l remnants found at the Chronister site suggest that a large body of water once existed close to the area.<ref name="JVP" />		The site where the bones were found was largely untouched by paleontologists until around the 1970s and 1990s, when excavations restarted.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Lindsey\|first=Jason\|date=November 25, 2006\|title=Missouri's ONLY Dinosaur\|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/5726376/missouris-only-dinosaur/\|access-date=December 12, 2021\|website=KFVS12}}</ref> Remains of other dinosaurs, fish, turtles, and plants have also been found, including teeth belonging to a member of the [[Tyrannosauroidea]].<ref name="SEM2" /><ref name="GSA" /><ref name="SEM3" /> Bone fragments of a [[Dromaeosauridae\|dromaeosaur]] have also been unearthed in this area.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Monster in the Hollow – The Story of Missouri's Ozark DinosaursAcademy of Science of St. Louis » Connecting Science and the Community Since 1856\|url=https://academyofsciencestl.org/event/monster-in-the-hollow-the-story-of-missouris-ozark-dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|language=en-US}}</ref> Other parts of ''H. missouriensis'', including dental remains<ref name="JVP">{{cite journal\|jstor=4524499\|title=Abstracts of Papers\|last1=Darrough\|first1=Guy\|last2=Fix\|first2=Michael\|last3=Parris\|first3=David\|last4=Granstaff\|first4=Barbara\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=25\|issue=3\|pages=49A–50A\|date=September 2005\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942\|bibcode=2005JVPal..25S...1. \|s2cid=220413556}}</ref> and part of a jaw, have also been found.<ref name="SEM4" /> The variety of [[fauna]]l remnants found at the Chronister site suggest that a large body of water once existed close to the area.<ref name="JVP" />
Line 102:		Line 102:
	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==
	[[File:Hypsibema_missouriensis_Size_Chart.svg\|thumb\|left\|Size comparison]]		[[File:Hypsibema_missouriensis_Size_Chart.svg\|thumb\|left\|Size comparison]]
	The species is estimated to have had around 1,000 small teeth,<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="DDD" /> weighed {{convert\|3\|-\|4\|ST}}<ref name="KC">{{cite news\|url=http://primebuzz.kcstar.com/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727083633/http://midwestdemocracyproject.org/blogs/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-date=July 27, 2011 \|title=Jetton throws party for fossil, but could it offend his base? \|date=March 2008 \|work=Prime Buzz \|publisher=[[The Kansas City Star]] \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> (or around as much as an elephant today), stood {{convert\|10\|ft\|m}} tall at its back, and stretched about {{convert\|30\|-\|35\|ft\|m}} from head to tail.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118110355/http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-date=November 18, 2015 \|title=A bone to pick for Missouri \|last=Powers \|first=Marc \|date=February 19, 2004 \|work=Southeast Missourian \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=August 29, 2022 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ''H. missouriensis'' lived in what is now southeast Missouri during the [[Campanian]] age<ref name="GSA" /><ref>{{cite journal\|title=Abstract of Papers\|jstor=4523220\|last1=Parris\|first1=David C.\|last2=Grandstaff\|first2=Barbara S.\|last3=Strinchcomb\|first3=Bruce L.\|last4=Denton\|first4=Robert Jr.\|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]\|journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]\|volume=8\|issue=3\|pages=23A\|year=1988\| doi = 10.1080/02724634.1988.10011734 \|bibcode=1988JVPal...8S...1. }}</ref> of the [[Late Cretaceous]] period. It was not a [[carnivore\|carnivorous]] species; however, its teeth were more [[wiktionary:serrated\|serrated]] than other hadrosaurs, an indicator that the vegetation of Missouri at the time was very coarse or tough.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="RFT">{{cite news\|url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123241/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-date=June 29, 2011 \|title=Bush Strikes Out \|date=March 31, 2004 \|work=[[Riverfront Times]] \|publisher=Riverfront Times, LLC \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=New Dinosaur Species Found, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/new-dinosaur-species-found-field-museum-helps-with-dig/ar-AARb26p\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en}}</ref>		The species is estimated to have had around 1,000 small teeth,<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="DDD" /> weighed {{convert\|3\|-\|4\|ST}}<ref name="KC">{{cite news\|url=http://primebuzz.kcstar.com/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727083633/http://midwestdemocracyproject.org/blogs/entries/jetton-throws-party-for-fossil-but-could-it-offend-his-base/ \|archive-date=July 27, 2011 \|title=Jetton throws party for fossil, but could it offend his base? \|date=March 2008 \|work=Prime Buzz \|publisher=[[The Kansas City Star]] \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> (or around as much as an elephant today), stood {{convert\|10\|ft\|m}} tall at its back, and stretched about {{convert\|30\|-\|35\|ft\|m}} from head to tail.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2">{{cite news\|url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118110355/http://www.semissourian.com/story/131418.html \|archive-date=November 18, 2015 \|title=A bone to pick for Missouri \|last=Powers \|first=Marc \|date=February 19, 2004 \|work=Southeast Missourian \|publisher=Southeast Missourian \|access-date=August 29, 2022 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ''H. missouriensis'' lived in what is now southeast Missouri during the [[Campanian]] age<ref name="GSA" /><ref>{{cite journal\|title=Abstract of Papers\|jstor=4523220\|last1=Parris\|first1=David C.\|last2=Grandstaff\|first2=Barbara S.\|last3=Strinchcomb\|first3=Bruce L.\|last4=Denton\|first4=Robert Jr.\|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]\|journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]\|volume=8\|issue=3\|pages=23A\|year=1988\| doi = 10.1080/02724634.1988.10011734 \|bibcode=1988JVPal...8S...1. }}</ref> of the [[Late Cretaceous]] period. It was not a [[carnivore\|carnivorous]] species; however, its teeth were more [[wiktionary:serrated\|serrated]] than other hadrosaurs, an indicator that the vegetation of Missouri at the time was very coarse or tough.<ref name="SOS" /><ref name="RFT">{{cite news\|url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123241/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2004-03-31/news/bush-strikes-out/ \|archive-date=June 29, 2011 \|title=Bush Strikes Out \|date=March 31, 2004 \|work=[[Riverfront Times]] \|publisher=Riverfront Times, LLC \|access-date=January 12, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=New Dinosaur Species Found, Field Museum Helps With Dig\|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/new-dinosaur-species-found-field-museum-helps-with-dig/ar-AARb26p\|access-date=2021-12-05\|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dinosaurs\|url=https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|access-date=2021-12-12\|website=Bollinger County Museum of Natural History\|language=en\|archive-date=2021-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123172059/https://www.bcmnh.org/exhibits/dinosaurs/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	[[Paleontologist]] [[Charles Whitney Gilmore]] and geologist [[Dan R. Stewart]] described the [[caudal vertebrae]] retrieved from Missouri in a 1945 ''[[Journal of Paleontology]]'' report, writing, "Caudal vertebrae amphicoelus; [[body of vertebra\|centra]] longer than wide; ends having concave central areas decorated with radiating ridges and depressions surrounded by a flattened peripheral border; chevron facets only on posterior ends." Of the thirteen adult tail bones, twelve appeared to be consecutive, and the smallest centrum was {{convert\|69\|mm\|in}} long.<ref name="JOP" />		[[Paleontologist]] [[Charles Whitney Gilmore]] and geologist [[Dan R. Stewart]] described the [[caudal vertebrae]] retrieved from Missouri in a 1945 ''[[Journal of Paleontology]]'' report, writing, "Caudal vertebrae amphicoelus; [[body of vertebra\|centra]] longer than wide; ends having concave central areas decorated with radiating ridges and depressions surrounded by a flattened peripheral border; chevron facets only on posterior ends." Of the thirteen adult tail bones, twelve appeared to be consecutive, and the smallest centrum was {{convert\|69\|mm\|in}} long.<ref name="JOP" />

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:35, 26 March 2024
Line 23:		Line 23:

	===Geology of the dig site===		===Geology of the dig site===
	[[File:Upper Mississippi Embayment Cross Section.jpg\|thumb\|This generalized cross-section of the Upper Mississippi Embayment shows the stratigraphic units surrounding, both above and below, the Chronister Site, as well as the effects of tectonic activity on the rocks in this area.]]
	One [[paleontologist]] from [[St. Louis]] currently working at the dig site said it was "pretty much a miracle" that dinosaur bones were found in Missouri, because the state's soft soil has resulted in the deterioration of most prehistoric remains.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2" /> However, some of the remains found have been damaged by [[erosion]] and other processes.<ref name="GSA">{{cite journal\|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm\|title=Dinosauria and associated vertebrate fauna of the Late Cretaceous Chronister site of southeast Missouri\|last1=Fix\|first1=Michael F.\|last2=Darrough\|first2=Guy\|year=2004\|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]\|journal=Abstracts with Programs\|volume=36\|issue=3\|page=14\|access-date=2010-04-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331182124/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm\|archive-date=2012-03-31\|url-status=dead}}</ref> While much of Missouri lies upon rocks from the [[Paleozoic]] or [[Precambrian]] eras, the Chronister site is situated over [[Mesozoic]] rock.<ref name="AMG">{{cite book\|url=http://www.missourigeologists.org/Meeting2006/AMGguidebook2006.pdf\|title=Field Trip 1: Chronister Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossil Site Bollinger County, Missouri\|editor1-last=Hoffman\|editor1-first=David\|editor2-last=Stinchcomb\|editor2-first=Bruce L.\|editor3-last=Palmer\|editor3-first=James R.\|work=Field Trip Guidebook – 2006 Association of Missouri Geologists Meeting\|publisher=Association of Missouri Geologists\|date=October 6–7, 2006\|access-date=January 12, 2011}}</ref> Stewart, who found the bones after being assigned to study the origins of clay in the southeastern portion of [[the Ozarks]], was able to conclude that part of the region lies upon [[Deposition (geology)\|deposits]] from the Upper Cretaceous period, although much of the [[sediment]] from that time period has eroded away.<ref name="JOP">{{cite journal\|last1=Gilmore\|first1=Charles Whitney\|author-link1=Charles Whitney Gilmore\|last2=Stewart\|first2=Dan R.\|title=A New Sauropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Missouri\|jstor=1299165\|journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]]\|publisher=[[Society for Sedimentary Geology]]\|volume=19\|issue=1\|pages=23–29\|date=January 1945}}</ref>		One [[paleontologist]] from [[St. Louis]] currently working at the dig site said it was "pretty much a miracle" that dinosaur bones were found in Missouri, because the state's soft soil has resulted in the deterioration of most prehistoric remains.<ref name="DDD" /><ref name="SEM2" /> However, some of the remains found have been damaged by [[erosion]] and other processes.<ref name="GSA">{{cite journal\|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm\|title=Dinosauria and associated vertebrate fauna of the Late Cretaceous Chronister site of southeast Missouri\|last1=Fix\|first1=Michael F.\|last2=Darrough\|first2=Guy\|year=2004\|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]\|journal=Abstracts with Programs\|volume=36\|issue=3\|page=14\|access-date=2010-04-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331182124/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NC/finalprogram/abstract_71688.htm\|archive-date=2012-03-31\|url-status=dead}}</ref> While much of Missouri lies upon rocks from the [[Paleozoic]] or [[Precambrian]] eras, the Chronister site is situated over [[Mesozoic]] rock.<ref name="AMG">{{cite book\|url=http://www.missourigeologists.org/Meeting2006/AMGguidebook2006.pdf\|title=Field Trip 1: Chronister Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossil Site Bollinger County, Missouri\|editor1-last=Hoffman\|editor1-first=David\|editor2-last=Stinchcomb\|editor2-first=Bruce L.\|editor3-last=Palmer\|editor3-first=James R.\|work=Field Trip Guidebook – 2006 Association of Missouri Geologists Meeting\|publisher=Association of Missouri Geologists\|date=October 6–7, 2006\|access-date=January 12, 2011}}</ref> Stewart, who found the bones after being assigned to study the origins of clay in the southeastern portion of [[the Ozarks]], was able to conclude that part of the region lies upon [[Deposition (geology)\|deposits]] from the Upper Cretaceous period, although much of the [[sediment]] from that time period has eroded away.<ref name="JOP">{{cite journal\|last1=Gilmore\|first1=Charles Whitney\|author-link1=Charles Whitney Gilmore\|last2=Stewart\|first2=Dan R.\|title=A New Sauropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Missouri\|jstor=1299165\|journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]]\|publisher=[[Society for Sedimentary Geology]]\|volume=19\|issue=1\|pages=23–29\|date=January 1945}}</ref>