Jammu and Kashmir (state) - Revision history

Dn9ahx at 09:42, 5 October 2024

2024-10-05T09:42:38Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:42, 5 October 2024
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	\| flag_s1 =		\| flag_s1 =
	\| flag_s2 =		\| flag_s2 =
	\| symbol_type =		\| symbol_type = Emblem
	\| image_coat =		\| image_coat = Emblem of Jammu & Kashmir.svg
	\| image_map = Kashmir_region_2004.jpg		\| image_map = Kashmir_region_2004.jpg
	\| image_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir		\| image_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir

John of Reading: Typo fixing, replaced: -blity → -bility

2024-09-07T14:54:50Z

Typo fixing, replaced: -blity → -bility

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:54, 7 September 2024
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	In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' to [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir\|Governor]] and ''Wazir-i-Azam'' (Prime Minister) to [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69\|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004\|author=[[Praveen Swami]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=19 October 2006\|isbn=9781134137527 }}</ref>		In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' to [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir\|Governor]] and ''Wazir-i-Azam'' (Prime Minister) to [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69\|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004\|author=[[Praveen Swami]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=19 October 2006\|isbn=9781134137527 }}</ref>

	Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the ~~inseparablity~~ of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965\|armed conflict]],<ref name="Hafeez"/> infiltrating Kashmir during [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the [[Tashkent Declaration]] of 1966.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40\|title= Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession\|author=Matthew J. Webb\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=13 February 2012\|isbn=9781136451454 }}</ref> The government of [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmed Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]\|page=127\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>		Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965\|armed conflict]],<ref name="Hafeez"/> infiltrating Kashmir during [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the [[Tashkent Declaration]] of 1966.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40\|title= Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession\|author=Matthew J. Webb\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=13 February 2012\|isbn=9781136451454 }}</ref> The government of [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmed Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]\|page=127\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>

	The failure of Pakistan in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord]] of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Kaushik Roy\|editor=[[Scott Gates (academic)\|Scott Gates]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=149\|date=2 March 2017\|isbn=9781351877091 }}</ref>		The failure of Pakistan in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord]] of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Kaushik Roy\|editor=[[Scott Gates (academic)\|Scott Gates]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=149\|date=2 March 2017\|isbn=9781351877091 }}</ref>

IvanScrooge98 at 15:35, 6 August 2024

2024-08-06T15:35:30Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:35, 6 August 2024
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	<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->		<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->
	'''Jammu{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} {{respell\|JAM\|oo}} or {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː}} {{respell\|JUM\|oo}}.<ref name="EPD">{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-date=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} and Kashmir'''{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər}} {{respell\|KASH\|meer}} or {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|ˈ\|m\|ɪər}} {{respell\|kash\|MEER}}.<ref name="EPD"/>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="~~Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003~~">{{citation\|last1=Osmańczyk\|first1=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.		'''Jammu{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} {{respell\|JAM\|oo}} or {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː}} {{respell\|JUM\|oo}}.<ref name="EPD">{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-date=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} and Kashmir'''{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər}} {{respell\|KASH\|meer}} or {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|ˈ\|m\|ɪər}} {{respell\|kash\|MEER}}.<ref name="EPD"/>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Osmańczyk2003">{{citation\|last1=Osmańczyk\|first1=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.

	After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.		After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.

IvanScrooge98: divided prons; +respell; fix Osmańczyk

2024-08-06T15:34:46Z

divided prons; +respell; fix Osmańczyk

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:34, 6 August 2024
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	<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->		<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->
	'''Jammu ~~and Kashmir'''~~{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} ~~and~~ {{~~IPAc-en~~\|ˈ\|~~dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː~~}}; {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|~~ʃ\|ˈ~~\|m\|~~ɪər~~}} ~~and~~ {{~~IPAc-en~~\|ˌ\|~~k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər~~}}.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-~~year~~=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation\|last1=~~Jan·Osma鈔czyk~~\|first1~~=Edmund\|last2=Osmańczyk\|first2~~=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.		'''Jammu{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} {{respell\|JAM\|oo}} or {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː}} {{respell\|JUM\|oo}}.<ref name="EPD">{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-date=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} and Kashmir'''{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər}} {{respell\|KASH\|meer}} or {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|ˈ\|m\|ɪər}} {{respell\|kash\|MEER}}.<ref name="EPD"/>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation\|last1=Osmańczyk\|first1=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.

	After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.		After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.

Włodzimierz Lewoniewski (UEP): Enrichment of source information. doi: 10.1017/S0020818300007256

2024-07-21T20:58:51Z

Enrichment of source information. doi: 10.1017/S0020818300007256

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:58, 21 July 2024
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	=== Sources ===		=== Sources ===
	* {{citation \|last=Korbel \|first=Josef \|author-link=Josef Korbel \|title=The Kashmir dispute after six years \|journal=[[International Organization]] \|volume=7 \|pages=498–510 \|number=4 \|year=1953 \|doi=10.1017/S0020818300007256 \|s2cid=155022750 }}		* {{citation \|last=Korbel \|first=Josef \|author-link=Josef Korbel \|title=The Kashmir dispute after six years \|journal=[[International Organization]] \|volume=7 \|pages=498–510 \|number=4 \|year=1953 \|doi=10.1017/S0020818300007256 \|s2cid=155022750 \|issn=0020-8183 }}
	* {{citation \|last=Korbel \|first=Josef \|author-link=Josef Korbel \|title=Danger in Kashmir \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|edition=second \|year=1966 \|orig-year=first published 1954 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ \|ref={{sfnref\|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir\|1966}}\|isbn=9781400875238 }}		* {{citation \|last=Korbel \|first=Josef \|author-link=Josef Korbel \|title=Danger in Kashmir \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|edition=second \|year=1966 \|orig-year=first published 1954 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ \|ref={{sfnref\|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir\|1966}}\|isbn=9781400875238 }}
	* {{citation		* {{citation

Fuddle: Removing {{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}} using Cold Default Sort | WP:SORTKEY

2024-07-13T02:10:20Z

Removing {{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}} using Cold Default Sort | WP:SORTKEY

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:10, 13 July 2024
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	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}}
	[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state)\| ]]		[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state)\| ]]
	[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]		[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

XTheBedrockX: new key for Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state): " " using HotCat

2024-06-26T21:00:59Z

new key for Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state): " " using HotCat

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:00, 26 June 2024
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}}
	[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state)]]		[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state)\| ]]
	[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]		[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]
	[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]		[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]

Rodw: Disambiguating links to Dogra (link changed to Dogri language) using DisamAssist.

2024-05-31T06:56:18Z

Disambiguating links to Dogra (link changed to Dogri language) using DisamAssist.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:56, 31 May 2024
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	The state's official language was [[Urdu]], which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Bhat\|first1=M. Ashraf\|title=Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir\|date=9 September 2011\|publisher=LANGUAGE IN INDIA\|edition=11}}</ref> The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Farouqi\|first1=Ather\|title=Redefining Urdu Politics in India\|date=2006\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Pandharipande"/> The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family.<ref name="Pandharipande">{{citation \|last=Pandharipande \|first=Rajeshwari \|title=Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India \|url=http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf \|journal=International Journal on Multicultural Societies \|volume=4 \|number=2 \|year=2002 \|pages=3–4 \|access-date=21 June 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615133850/http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf \|archive-date=15 June 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{citation\|last1=Kachru\|first1=Braj B.\|last2=Kachru\|first2=Yamuna\|last3=Sridhar\|first3=S. N.\|title=Language in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA132\|date=27 March 2008\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2\|pages=132–}}</ref>		The state's official language was [[Urdu]], which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Bhat\|first1=M. Ashraf\|title=Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir\|date=9 September 2011\|publisher=LANGUAGE IN INDIA\|edition=11}}</ref> The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Farouqi\|first1=Ather\|title=Redefining Urdu Politics in India\|date=2006\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Pandharipande"/> The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family.<ref name="Pandharipande">{{citation \|last=Pandharipande \|first=Rajeshwari \|title=Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India \|url=http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf \|journal=International Journal on Multicultural Societies \|volume=4 \|number=2 \|year=2002 \|pages=3–4 \|access-date=21 June 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615133850/http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf \|archive-date=15 June 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{citation\|last1=Kachru\|first1=Braj B.\|last2=Kachru\|first2=Yamuna\|last3=Sridhar\|first3=S. N.\|title=Language in South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA132\|date=27 March 2008\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2\|pages=132–}}</ref>

	The most widely spoken language is [[Kashmiri language\|Kashmiri]], the mother tongue of {{sigfig\|53.27\|2}}% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include [[Dogri]] ({{sigfig\|20.04\|2}}%), [[Gojri language\|Gojri]] ({{sigfig\|9.05\|2}}%), [[Pahari language (Kashmir)\|Pahari]] ({{sigfig\|7.8\|2}}%), [[Hindi]] ({{sigfig\|2.43\|2}}%), [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] ({{sigfig\|1.75\|2}}%),<ref name="census2011-C16"/> [[Balti language\|Balti]], [[Bateri language\|Bateri]], [[Bhadarwahi language\|Bhadarwahi]], [[Brokskat]], [[Changthang]], [[Ladakhi language\|Ladakhi]], [[Purik language\|Purik]], [[Sheikhgal]], [[Spiti Bhoti language\|Spiti Bhoti]], and [[Zangskari language\|Zangskari]]. Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: [[Bhattiyali language\|Bhattiyali]], [[Chambeali language\|Chambeali]], [[Churahi language\|Churahi]], [[Gaddi language\|Gaddi]], [[Hindko]], [[Lahul Lohar language\|Lahul Lohar]], [[Pangwali language\|Pangwali]], [[Pattani language\|Pattani]], [[Sansi language\|Sansi]], and [[Shina language\|Shina]].<ref>{{Ethnologue21}}<!--Khowar not included: [[Talk:Khowar_language#Khowar_in_India]]; Domari not included: see https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/doma1258 inter alia; Sheikhgal and Hindko not listed by ethnologue but see refs in the respective wikipedia articles--></ref>		The most widely spoken language is [[Kashmiri language\|Kashmiri]], the mother tongue of {{sigfig\|53.27\|2}}% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include [[Dogri language\|Dogri]] ({{sigfig\|20.04\|2}}%), [[Gojri language\|Gojri]] ({{sigfig\|9.05\|2}}%), [[Pahari language (Kashmir)\|Pahari]] ({{sigfig\|7.8\|2}}%), [[Hindi]] ({{sigfig\|2.43\|2}}%), [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] ({{sigfig\|1.75\|2}}%),<ref name="census2011-C16"/> [[Balti language\|Balti]], [[Bateri language\|Bateri]], [[Bhadarwahi language\|Bhadarwahi]], [[Brokskat]], [[Changthang]], [[Ladakhi language\|Ladakhi]], [[Purik language\|Purik]], [[Sheikhgal]], [[Spiti Bhoti language\|Spiti Bhoti]], and [[Zangskari language\|Zangskari]]. Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: [[Bhattiyali language\|Bhattiyali]], [[Chambeali language\|Chambeali]], [[Churahi language\|Churahi]], [[Gaddi language\|Gaddi]], [[Hindko]], [[Lahul Lohar language\|Lahul Lohar]], [[Pangwali language\|Pangwali]], [[Pattani language\|Pattani]], [[Sansi language\|Sansi]], and [[Shina language\|Shina]].<ref>{{Ethnologue21}}<!--Khowar not included: [[Talk:Khowar_language#Khowar_in_India]]; Domari not included: see https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/doma1258 inter alia; Sheikhgal and Hindko not listed by ethnologue but see refs in the respective wikipedia articles--></ref>

	==Government==		==Government==

RyanW1995 at 16:09, 3 February 2024

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	\| conventional_long_name = State of Jammu and Kashmir		\| conventional_long_name = State of Jammu and Kashmir
	\| nation = India		\| nation = India
	\| status_text = [[States and union territories of India#Former states\|~~A region~~ formerly administered by India as a state]]		\| status_text = [[States and union territories of India#Former states\|Region formerly administered by India as a state]]
	\| capital = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece \|title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? \|author=The Hindu Net Desk \|date=8 May 2017 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|language=en-IN \|access-date=23 February 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece \|archive-date=10 November 2017 \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{clarify\|reason=Why?\|date=August 2022}}		\| capital = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece \|title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? \|author=The Hindu Net Desk \|date=8 May 2017 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|language=en-IN \|access-date=23 February 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece \|archive-date=10 November 2017 \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{clarify\|reason=Why?\|date=August 2022}}
	\| year_start = 1952		\| year_start = 1952

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	<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->		<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->
	'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː}}; {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|ˈ\|m\|ɪər}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-year=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|~~accessdate~~=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation\|last1=Jan·Osma鈔czyk\|first1=Edmund\|last2=Osmańczyk\|first2=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.		'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː}}; {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|ˈ\|m\|ɪər}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-year=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation\|last1=Jan·Osma鈔czyk\|first1=Edmund\|last2=Osmańczyk\|first2=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.

	After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.		After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.
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	Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the [[Constitution of India]] regarding citizenship and [[fundamental rights]] to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|pages=91–93\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>		Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the [[Constitution of India]] regarding citizenship and [[fundamental rights]] to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|pages=91–93\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>

	The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200\|title=Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=200\|date=6 December 2012\|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the ~~Constitutent~~ Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939]] was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent [[Karan Singh]] was formally elected as the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' or head of state by the ~~Constitutent~~ Assembly and was later recognized by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=94\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim\|author1=Daya Sagar\|author2=Daya Ram\|publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]]\|page=222\|date=15 June 2020\|isbn=9788184303131 }}</ref>		The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200\|title=Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=200\|date=6 December 2012\|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939]] was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent [[Karan Singh]] was formally elected as the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and was later recognized by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=94\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim\|author1=Daya Sagar\|author2=Daya Ram\|publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]]\|page=222\|date=15 June 2020\|isbn=9788184303131 }}</ref>

	===Integration with India===		===Integration with India===

	Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179\|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia\|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray\|year=2012 \|department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir\|page=179\|editor=Michelle Ann Miller\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Presidential Order]] was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the ~~Constitutent~~ Assembly.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712\|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability\|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|page=712\|date=5 December 2005\|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb\|Schofield\|2003\|p=94}}</ref>		Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179\|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia\|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray\|year=2012 \|department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir\|page=179\|editor=Michelle Ann Miller\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Presidential Order]] was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712\|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability\|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|page=712\|date=5 December 2005\|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb\|Schofield\|2003\|p=94}}</ref>

	The new [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250\|title=Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question\|author=Fozia Nazir Lone\|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]\|page=250\|date=17 May 2018\|isbn=9789004359994 }}</ref> Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election\|elections]] were held for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly\|legislative assembly]] in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39\|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict\|author=[[Sumantra Bose]]\|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]\|page=39\|isbn=9780300256871\|year=2021}}</ref>		The new [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250\|title=Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question\|author=Fozia Nazir Lone\|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]\|page=250\|date=17 May 2018\|isbn=9789004359994 }}</ref> Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election\|elections]] were held for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly\|legislative assembly]] in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39\|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict\|author=[[Sumantra Bose]]\|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]\|page=39\|isbn=9780300256871\|year=2021}}</ref>

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	In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' to [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir\|Governor]] and ''Wazir-i-Azam'' (Prime Minister) to [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69\|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004\|author=[[Praveen Swami]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=19 October 2006\|isbn=9781134137527 }}</ref>		In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' to [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir\|Governor]] and ''Wazir-i-Azam'' (Prime Minister) to [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69\|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004\|author=[[Praveen Swami]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=19 October 2006\|isbn=9781134137527 }}</ref>

	Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the ~~inseparablity~~ of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965\|armed conflict]],<ref name="Hafeez"/> infiltrating Kashmir during [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the [[Tashkent Declaration]] of 1966.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40\|title= Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession\|author=Matthew J. Webb\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=13 February 2012\|isbn=9781136451454 }}</ref> The government of [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmed Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]\|page=127\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>		Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965\|armed conflict]],<ref name="Hafeez"/> infiltrating Kashmir during [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the [[Tashkent Declaration]] of 1966.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40\|title= Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession\|author=Matthew J. Webb\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=69\|date=13 February 2012\|isbn=9781136451454 }}</ref> The government of [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmed Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]\|page=127\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>

	The failure of Pakistan in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord]] of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Kaushik Roy\|editor=[[Scott Gates (academic)\|Scott Gates]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=149\|date=2 March 2017\|isbn=9781351877091 }}</ref>		The failure of Pakistan in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord]] of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149\|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Kaushik Roy\|editor=[[Scott Gates (academic)\|Scott Gates]]\|publisher=[[Routledge]]\|page=149\|date=2 March 2017\|isbn=9781351877091 }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:58, 31 January 2024
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	<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->		<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->
	'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː}}; {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|ˈ\|m\|ɪər}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-year=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|~~accessdate~~=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation\|last1=Jan·Osma鈔czyk\|first1=Edmund\|last2=Osmańczyk\|first2=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.		'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn\|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|æ\|m\|uː}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|ʌ\|m\|uː}}; {{IPAc-en\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|ˈ\|m\|ɪər}} and {{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|k\|æ\|ʃ\|m\|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Jones \|first=Daniel \|author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) \|title= English Pronouncing Dictionary \|editor=Peter Roach \|editor2=James Hartmann \|editor3=Jane Setter \|place=Cambridge \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|orig-year=1917 \|year=2003 \|isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation\|last1=Akhtar\|first1=Rais\|last2=Kirk\|first2=William\|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India\|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir \|access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation\|last1=Jan·Osma鈔czyk\|first1=Edmund\|last2=Osmańczyk\|first2=Edmund Jan\|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191\|year=2003\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5\|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.

	After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.		After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory\|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories\|newspaper=The Times of India\|language=en\|access-date=5 August 2019\|agency=PTI\|date=5 August 2019\|archive-date=5 August 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.
Line 63:		Line 63:
	Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the [[Constitution of India]] regarding citizenship and [[fundamental rights]] to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|pages=91–93\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>		Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the [[Constitution of India]] regarding citizenship and [[fundamental rights]] to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|pages=91–93\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>

	The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200\|title=Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=200\|date=6 December 2012\|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the ~~Constitutent~~ Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939]] was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent [[Karan Singh]] was formally elected as the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' or head of state by the ~~Constitutent~~ Assembly and was later recognized by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=94\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim\|author1=Daya Sagar\|author2=Daya Ram\|publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]]\|page=222\|date=15 June 2020\|isbn=9788184303131 }}</ref>		The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200\|title=Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=200\|date=6 December 2012\|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939]] was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent [[Karan Singh]] was formally elected as the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and was later recognized by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91\|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir\|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi\|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]\|page=94\|date=17 June 2021\|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222\|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim\|author1=Daya Sagar\|author2=Daya Ram\|publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]]\|page=222\|date=15 June 2020\|isbn=9788184303131 }}</ref>

	===Integration with India===		===Integration with India===

	Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179\|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia\|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray\|year=2012 \|department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir\|page=179\|editor=Michelle Ann Miller\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Presidential Order]] was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the ~~Constitutent~~ Assembly.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712\|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability\|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|page=712\|date=5 December 2005\|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb\|Schofield\|2003\|p=94}}</ref>		Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179\|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia\|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray\|year=2012 \|department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir\|page=179\|editor=Michelle Ann Miller\|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies\|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India\|Presidential Order]] was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712\|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability\|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|page=712\|date=5 December 2005\|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb\|Schofield\|2003\|p=94}}</ref>

	The new [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250\|title=Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question\|author=Fozia Nazir Lone\|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]\|page=250\|date=17 May 2018\|isbn=9789004359994 }}</ref> Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election\|elections]] were held for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly\|legislative assembly]] in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39\|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict\|author=[[Sumantra Bose]]\|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]\|page=39\|isbn=9780300256871\|year=2021}}</ref>		The new [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250\|title=Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question\|author=Fozia Nazir Lone\|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]\|page=250\|date=17 May 2018\|isbn=9789004359994 }}</ref> Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election\|elections]] were held for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly\|legislative assembly]] in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39\|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict\|author=[[Sumantra Bose]]\|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]\|page=39\|isbn=9780300256871\|year=2021}}</ref>