Janus - Revision history

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	In [[Religion in ancient Rome\|ancient Roman religion]] and [[Roman mythology\|myth]], '''Janus''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ə\|s}} {{respell\|JAY\|nəs}}; {{~~lang-~~la\|Ianvs}} {{IPA\|la\|ˈi̯aːnʊs\|}}) is the [[List of Roman deities\|god]] of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways,<ref>Varro apud Augustine ''De Civitate Dei'' VII 9 and 3; Servius ''Aen.'' I 449; Paulus ex Festus s. v. Chaos p. 45 L</ref> passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces. The month of January is named for Janus (''[[Ianuarius]]'').<ref>Forsythe, ''Time in Roman Religion'', p. 14.</ref> According to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs, [[Juno (mythology)\|Juno]] was mistaken as the [[tutelary deity]] of the month of January,<ref>[[H.H. Scullard]], ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 51.</ref> but Juno is the tutelary deity of the month of June.		In [[Religion in ancient Rome\|ancient Roman religion]] and [[Roman mythology\|myth]], '''Janus''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ə\|s}} {{respell\|JAY\|nəs}}; {{langx\|la\|Ianvs}} {{IPA\|la\|ˈi̯aːnʊs\|}}) is the [[List of Roman deities\|god]] of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways,<ref>Varro apud Augustine ''De Civitate Dei'' VII 9 and 3; Servius ''Aen.'' I 449; Paulus ex Festus s. v. Chaos p. 45 L</ref> passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces. The month of January is named for Janus (''[[Ianuarius]]'').<ref>Forsythe, ''Time in Roman Religion'', p. 14.</ref> According to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs, [[Juno (mythology)\|Juno]] was mistaken as the [[tutelary deity]] of the month of January,<ref>[[H.H. Scullard]], ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 51.</ref> but Juno is the tutelary deity of the month of June.

	Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The gates of a building in Rome named after him (not a temple, as it is often called, but an open enclosure with gates at each end) were opened in time of war, and closed to mark the arrival of peace. As a god of transitions, he had functions pertaining to [[List of Roman birth and childhood deities\|birth]] and to journeys and exchange, and in his association with [[Portunus (mythology)\|Portunus]], a similar harbor and gateway god, he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.		Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The gates of a building in Rome named after him (not a temple, as it is often called, but an open enclosure with gates at each end) were opened in time of war, and closed to mark the arrival of peace. As a god of transitions, he had functions pertaining to [[List of Roman birth and childhood deities\|birth]] and to journeys and exchange, and in his association with [[Portunus (mythology)\|Portunus]], a similar harbor and gateway god, he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.

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	[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg\|thumb\|left\|A [[cylinder seal]] depicting the gods [[Ishtar]], [[Shamash]], [[Enki]], and [[Isimud]], who is shown with two faces (circa 2300 BC)]]		[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg\|thumb\|left\|A [[cylinder seal]] depicting the gods [[Ishtar]], [[Shamash]], [[Enki]], and [[Isimud]], who is shown with two faces (circa 2300 BC)]]
	The ancient [[Sumer]]ian deity [[Isimud]] was commonly portrayed with two faces facing in opposite directions. Sumerian depictions of Isimud are often very similar to the typical portrayals of Janus in ancient [[Roman art]].<ref>{{cite book\|author=Ariel Golan\|date=2003\|title=Prehistoric Religion: Mythology, Symbolism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfgoAAAAYAAJ\|page=333\|publisher=A. Golan \|isbn=9789659055500}}</ref> Unlike Janus, however, Isimud is not a god of doorways. Instead, he is the messenger of [[Enki]], the ancient Sumerian god of water and civilization.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Rafique Ali Jairazbhoy\|date=1965\|title=Oriental influences in Western art\|publisher=Asia Pub. House\|url=https://archive.org/details/orientalinfluenc0000jair\|url-access=registration\|page=[https://archive.org/details/orientalinfluenc0000jair/page/227 227]}}</ref> Reproductions of the image of Isimud, whose Babylonian name was Usimu, on cylinders in Sumero-Accadic art can to be found in H. Frankfort's work ''Cylinder seals'' (London 1939) especially in plates at p. 106, 123, 132, 133, 137, 165, 245, 247, 254. On plate XXI, c, ~~Usmu~~ is seen while introducing worshippers to a seated god.		The ancient [[Sumer]]ian deity [[Isimud]] was commonly portrayed with two faces facing in opposite directions. Sumerian depictions of Isimud are often very similar to the typical portrayals of Janus in ancient [[Roman art]].<ref>{{cite book\|author=Ariel Golan\|date=2003\|title=Prehistoric Religion: Mythology, Symbolism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfgoAAAAYAAJ\|page=333\|publisher=A. Golan \|isbn=9789659055500}}</ref> Unlike Janus, however, Isimud is not a god of doorways. Instead, he is the messenger of [[Enki]], the ancient Sumerian god of water and civilization.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Rafique Ali Jairazbhoy\|date=1965\|title=Oriental influences in Western art\|publisher=Asia Pub. House\|url=https://archive.org/details/orientalinfluenc0000jair\|url-access=registration\|page=[https://archive.org/details/orientalinfluenc0000jair/page/227 227]}}</ref> Reproductions of the image of Isimud, whose Babylonian name was Usimu, on cylinders in Sumero-Accadic art can to be found in H. Frankfort's work ''Cylinder seals'' (London 1939) especially in plates at p. 106, 123, 132, 133, 137, 165, 245, 247, 254. On plate XXI, c, Usimu is seen while introducing worshippers to a seated god.

	Janus-like heads of gods related to [[Hermes]] have been found in Greece, perhaps suggesting a compound god.<ref>J. Marcadé, "Hermès double", ''Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique'' 76 (1952), pp. 596–624.</ref>		Janus-like heads of gods related to [[Hermes]] have been found in Greece, perhaps suggesting a compound god.<ref>J. Marcadé, "Hermès double", ''Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique'' 76 (1952), pp. 596–624.</ref>

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	The [[Janus Society]] was an early [[homophile movement\|homophile]] organization founded in 1962 and based in [[Philadelphia]]. It is notable as the publisher of ''[[Drum (American magazine)\|DRUM]]'' magazine, one of the earliest gay-interest publications in the United States and most widely circulated in the 1960s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Encyclopedia of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender history in America\|date=2004\|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons/Thomson/Gale\|others=Stein, Marc.\|isbn=0684312611\|location=New York, NY\|oclc=52819577}}</ref> and for its role in organizing many of the nation's [[List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots\|earliest gay rights demonstrations]].<ref>Loughery, John (1998). ''The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History''. New York, Henry Holt and Company. {{ISBN\|0-8050-3896-5}}., p. 270</ref> The organization focused on a policy of militant respectability, a strategy demanding respect by showing the public gay individuals conforming to hetero-normative standards of dress at protests.<ref name=":0" />		The [[Janus Society]] was an early [[homophile movement\|homophile]] organization founded in 1962 and based in [[Philadelphia]]. It is notable as the publisher of ''[[Drum (American magazine)\|DRUM]]'' magazine, one of the earliest gay-interest publications in the United States and most widely circulated in the 1960s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Encyclopedia of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender history in America\|date=2004\|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons/Thomson/Gale\|others=Stein, Marc.\|isbn=0684312611\|location=New York, NY\|oclc=52819577}}</ref> and for its role in organizing many of the nation's [[List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots\|earliest gay rights demonstrations]].<ref>Loughery, John (1998). ''The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History''. New York, Henry Holt and Company. {{ISBN\|0-8050-3896-5}}., p. 270</ref> The organization focused on a policy of militant respectability, a strategy demanding respect by showing the public gay individuals conforming to hetero-normative standards of dress at protests.<ref name=":0" />

	The [[Society of Janus]] is the second [[BDSM]] organization founded in the United States (after [[The Eulenspiegel Society]]<ref name="Weiss2011">{{cite book\|author=Margot Weiss\|title=Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR7bTc1aXbcC&pg=PA8\|date=20 December 2011\|publisher=Duke University Press\|isbn=978-0-8223-5159-7\|page=8}}</ref>), and is a San Francisco, California based BDSM education and support group. It was founded in August 1974 by the late [[Cynthia Slater]] and Larry Olsen. According to the Leather Hall of Fame biography of Slater, she said of the Society of Janus:<ref name="LHF">{{Cite web \|title=Cynthia Slater - Leather Hall of Fame \|url=https://leatherhalloffame.com/inductees-list/21-cynthia-slater \|access-date=2022-08-25 \|website=leatherhalloffame.com}}</ref><blockquote>There were three basic reasons why we chose Janus. First of all, Janus has two faces, which we interpreted as the duality of [[sadomasochism\|SM]] (~~one’s~~ dominant and submissive sides). Second, ~~he’s~~ the Roman god of portals, and more importantly, of beginnings and endings. To us, it represents the beginning of ~~one’s~~ acceptance of self, the beginning of freedom from guilt, and the eventual ending of self-loathing and fear over ~~one’s~~ SM desires. And third, Janus is the Roman god of war—the war we fight against stereotypes commonly held against us.</blockquote>In the 1987 [[Thriller (genre)\|thriller]] novel ''[[The Janus Man]]'' by British novelist [[Raymond Harold Sawkins]], Janus is used as a metaphor for a Soviet agent infiltrated into British Secret Intelligence Service – "The Janus Man who faces both East and West".		The [[Society of Janus]] is the second [[BDSM]] organization founded in the United States (after [[The Eulenspiegel Society]]<ref name="Weiss2011">{{cite book\|author=Margot Weiss\|title=Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR7bTc1aXbcC&pg=PA8\|date=20 December 2011\|publisher=Duke University Press\|isbn=978-0-8223-5159-7\|page=8}}</ref>), and is a San Francisco, California based BDSM education and support group. It was founded in August 1974 by the late [[Cynthia Slater]] and Larry Olsen. According to the Leather Hall of Fame biography of Slater, she said of the Society of Janus:<ref name="LHF">{{Cite web \|title=Cynthia Slater - Leather Hall of Fame \|url=https://leatherhalloffame.com/inductees-list/21-cynthia-slater \|access-date=2022-08-25 \|website=leatherhalloffame.com}}</ref><blockquote>There were three basic reasons why we chose Janus. First of all, Janus has two faces, which we interpreted as the duality of [[sadomasochism\|SM]] (one's dominant and submissive sides). Second, he's the Roman god of portals, and more importantly, of beginnings and endings. To us, it represents the beginning of one's acceptance of self, the beginning of freedom from guilt, and the eventual ending of self-loathing and fear over one's SM desires. And third, Janus is the Roman god of war—the war we fight against stereotypes commonly held against us.</blockquote>In the 1987 [[Thriller (genre)\|thriller]] novel ''[[The Janus Man]]'' by British novelist [[Raymond Harold Sawkins]], Janus is used as a metaphor for a Soviet agent infiltrated into British Secret Intelligence Service – "The Janus Man who faces both East and West".

	In the 1995 spy film ''[[GoldenEye]]'' in the James Bond film series, the main antagonist Alec Trevelyan calls himself the code name "Janus" after he betrays Bond and subsequently MI6 after learning he is a Lienz Cossack. Bond, portrayed by [[Pierce Brosnan]], goes on to state, "Hence, Janus. The two-faced Roman god come to life," after learning of Trevelyan's betrayal.		In the 1995 spy film ''[[GoldenEye]]'' in the James Bond film series, the main antagonist Alec Trevelyan calls himself the code name "Janus" after he betrays Bond and subsequently MI6 after learning he is a Lienz Cossack. Bond, portrayed by [[Pierce Brosnan]], goes on to state, "Hence, Janus. The two-faced Roman god come to life," after learning of Trevelyan's betrayal.

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	Janus had no [[flamen]] or specialised priest ''([[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#sacerdos\|sacerdos]])'' assigned to him, but the King of the Sacred Rites ''([[rex sacrorum]])'' himself carried out his ceremonies. Janus had a ubiquitous presence in religious ceremonies throughout the year. As such, Janus was ritually invoked at the beginning of each ceremony, regardless of the main deity honored on any particular occasion.{{citation needed\|date=November 2017}}		Janus had no [[flamen]] or specialised priest ''([[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#sacerdos\|sacerdos]])'' assigned to him, but the King of the Sacred Rites ''([[rex sacrorum]])'' himself carried out his ceremonies. Janus had a ubiquitous presence in religious ceremonies throughout the year. As such, Janus was ritually invoked at the beginning of each ceremony, regardless of the main deity honored on any particular occasion.{{citation needed\|date=November 2017}}

	While the [[religion in ancient Greece\|ancient Greeks]] had no known [[interpretatio graeca\|equivalent]] to Janus ~~but perhaps [[Caos]]~~, there is considerable overlap with [[culsans\|Culśanś]] of the Etruscan pantheon.		While the [[religion in ancient Greece\|ancient Greeks]] had no known [[interpretatio graeca\|equivalent]] to Janus, there is considerable overlap with [[culsans\|Culśanś]] of the Etruscan pantheon.

	== Name of Janus ==		== Name of Janus ==

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	A similar solar interpretation has been offered by A. Audin who interprets the god as the issue of a long process of development, starting with the [[Sumeric]] cultures, from the two solar pillars located on the eastern side of temples, each of them marking the direction of the rising sun at the dates of the two [[solstices]]: the southeastern corresponding to the Winter and the northeastern to the Summer solstice. These two pillars would be at the origin of the theology of the [[divine twins]], one of whom is mortal (related to the NE pillar, nearest the Northern region where the sun does not shine) and the other is immortal (related to the SE pillar and the Southern region where the sun always shines). Later these iconographic models evolved in the Middle East and Egypt into a single column representing two torsos and finally a single body with two heads looking at opposite directions.<ref>{{cite journal \|first=A. \|last=Audin \|year=1956 \|title=Dianus bifrons ou les deux stations solaires, piliers jumeaux et portiques solsticiaux \|journal=Revue de géographie de Lyon \|volume=31 \|issue=3 \|pages=191–198\|doi=10.3406/geoca.1956.2090 }}</ref>		A similar solar interpretation has been offered by A. Audin who interprets the god as the issue of a long process of development, starting with the [[Sumeric]] cultures, from the two solar pillars located on the eastern side of temples, each of them marking the direction of the rising sun at the dates of the two [[solstices]]: the southeastern corresponding to the Winter and the northeastern to the Summer solstice. These two pillars would be at the origin of the theology of the [[divine twins]], one of whom is mortal (related to the NE pillar, nearest the Northern region where the sun does not shine) and the other is immortal (related to the SE pillar and the Southern region where the sun always shines). Later these iconographic models evolved in the Middle East and Egypt into a single column representing two torsos and finally a single body with two heads looking at opposite directions.<ref>{{cite journal \|first=A. \|last=Audin \|year=1956 \|title=Dianus bifrons ou les deux stations solaires, piliers jumeaux et portiques solsticiaux \|journal=Revue de géographie de Lyon \|volume=31 \|issue=3 \|pages=191–198\|doi=10.3406/geoca.1956.2090 }}</ref>


	[[Numa Pompilius\|Numa]], in his regulation of the [[Roman calendar]], called the first month ''[[Ianuarius\|Januarius]]'' after Janus, according to tradition considered the highest divinity at the time.		[[Numa Pompilius\|Numa]], in his regulation of the [[Roman calendar]], called the first month ''[[Ianuarius\|Januarius]]'' after Janus, according to tradition considered the highest divinity at the time.

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	''Janus'' is the name of a [[Janus (time-reversible computing programming language)\|time-reversible programming language]]. It is also the name of a [[Janus (concurrent constraint programming language)\|concurrent constraint programming language]].		''Janus'' is the name of a [[Janus (time-reversible computing programming language)\|time-reversible programming language]]. It is also the name of a [[Janus (concurrent constraint programming language)\|concurrent constraint programming language]].

	[[List of South Park characters\|William Janus]] is a minor character in the American sitcom [[South Park\|''~~South Park'']]~~ who suffers from [[dissociative identity disorder]]; his surname is derived from the Roman god.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=South Park: "City Sushi" \|url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-city-sushi-1798168437 \|access-date=2024-07-29 \|website=AV Club \|language=en-US}}</ref>		[[List of South Park characters\|William Janus]] is a minor character in the American sitcom ''[[South Park]]'' who suffers from [[dissociative identity disorder]]; his surname is derived from the Roman god.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=South Park: "City Sushi" \|url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-city-sushi-1798168437 \|access-date=2024-07-29 \|website=AV Club \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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	====Pater====		====Pater====
	''Pater'' is perhaps the most frequent epithet of Janus, found also in the composition ''Ianuspater''. While numerous gods share this cultic epithet it seems the Romans felt it was typically pertinent to Janus.<ref>[[Atheneus]] ''Deipnosophistes'' 15, 692d: Masurius says: "The god Janus is considered among ourselves also as our father."</ref> When invoked along with other gods, usually only he is called pater.<ref>Virgil ''Aen.'' VIII 357: "Hanc Ianus Pater , hanc Saturnus condidit arcem"; Horace ''Epistulae'' I 16, 59: " "Iane pater" clare, clare cum dixit "Apollo" "; Seneca ''Apolocyntosis''IX 2: "primus interrogatur sententiam Ianus pater"; Arnobius ''Ad Nationes'' III 29: "Incipiamus ...sollemniter ab Iano et nos patre".</ref> For Janus the title is not just a term of respect; principally it marks his primordial role. He is the first of the gods and thus their father: the formula ''quasi deorum deum'' corresponds to ''diuum deus'' of the carmen Saliare.<ref>Macrobius above I 9, 14.</ref> Similarly, in the expression ''duonus Cerus'', Cerus means creator and is considered a masculine form related to [[Ceres (Roman mythology)\|Ceres]].<ref>Paulus p. 109L; Probus ''In Vergilii Gergicae'' I 7; Servius ibidem.</ref>		''Pater'' is perhaps the most frequent epithet of Janus, found also in the composition ''Ianuspater''. While numerous gods share this cultic epithet it seems the Romans felt it was typically pertinent to Janus.<ref>[[Atheneus]] ''Deipnosophistes'' 15, 692d: Masurius says: "The god Janus is considered among ourselves also as our father."</ref> When invoked along with other gods, usually only he is called pater.<ref>Virgil ''Aen.'' VIII 357: "Hanc Ianus Pater , hanc Saturnus condidit arcem"; Horace ''Epistulae'' I 16, 59: " "Iane pater" clare, clare cum dixit "Apollo" "; Seneca ''Apolocyntosis''IX 2: "primus interrogatur sententiam Ianus pater"; Arnobius ''Ad Nationes'' III 29: "Incipiamus ...sollemniter ab Iano et nos patre".</ref> For Janus the title is not just a term of respect; principally it marks his primordial role. He is the first of the gods and thus their father: the formula ''quasi deorum deum'' corresponds to ''diuum deus'' of the carmen Saliare.<ref>Macrobius above I 9, 14.</ref> Similarly, in the expression ''duonus Cerus'', Cerus means creator and is considered a masculine form related to [[Ceres (Roman mythology)\|Ceres]].<ref>Paulus p. 109L; Probus ''In Vergilii Gergicae'' I 7; Servius ibidem.</ref>
	Lydus gives Πατρίκιος (Patricius) and explains it as ''autóchthon'': since he does not give another epithet corresponding to Pater it may be inferred that Lydus understands Patricius as a synonym of Pater.<ref>Cf. Lydus ''Mag.'' I 16 p. 20, 24 W on Romulus and the patres called patricii, considered equivalent to ευπατρίδας ; similar confusion in other Greek authors as Plutarch ''Romulus'' XIII 2 and 3; Zonaras ''Histor.'' VII 3.</ref> There is no evidence connecting Janus to gentilician~~{{clarify\|date=September 2014}}~~ cults or identifying him as a national god particularly venerated by the oldest patrician families.<ref>This hypothesis is advanced by L. Preller- H. Jordan ''Römische Mythologie'' Berlin 1881 2nd p. 171.</ref>		Lydus gives Πατρίκιος (Patricius) and explains it as ''autóchthon'': since he does not give another epithet corresponding to Pater it may be inferred that Lydus understands Patricius as a synonym of Pater.<ref>Cf. Lydus ''Mag.'' I 16 p. 20, 24 W on Romulus and the patres called patricii, considered equivalent to ευπατρίδας ; similar confusion in other Greek authors as Plutarch ''Romulus'' XIII 2 and 3; Zonaras ''Histor.'' VII 3.</ref> There is no evidence connecting Janus to gentilician cults or identifying him as a national god particularly venerated by the oldest patrician families.<ref>This hypothesis is advanced by L. Preller- H. Jordan ''Römische Mythologie'' Berlin 1881 2nd p. 171.</ref>

	====Geminus====		====Geminus====

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	A similar solar interpretation has been offered by A. Audin who interprets the god as the issue of a long process of development, starting with the [[Sumeric]] cultures, from the two solar pillars located on the eastern side of temples, each of them marking the direction of the rising sun at the dates of the two [[solstices]]: the southeastern corresponding to the Winter and the northeastern to the Summer solstice. These two pillars would be at the origin of the theology of the [[divine twins]], one of whom is mortal (related to the NE pillar, nearest the Northern region where the sun does not shine) and the other is immortal (related to the SE pillar and the Southern region where the sun always shines). Later these iconographic models evolved in the Middle East and Egypt into a single column representing two torsos and finally a single body with two heads looking at opposite directions.<ref>{{cite journal \|first=A. \|last=Audin \|year=1956 \|title=Dianus bifrons ou les deux stations solaires, piliers jumeaux et portiques solsticiaux \|journal=Revue de géographie de Lyon \|volume=31 \|issue=3 \|pages=191–198\|doi=10.3406/geoca.1956.2090 }}</ref>		A similar solar interpretation has been offered by A. Audin who interprets the god as the issue of a long process of development, starting with the [[Sumeric]] cultures, from the two solar pillars located on the eastern side of temples, each of them marking the direction of the rising sun at the dates of the two [[solstices]]: the southeastern corresponding to the Winter and the northeastern to the Summer solstice. These two pillars would be at the origin of the theology of the [[divine twins]], one of whom is mortal (related to the NE pillar, nearest the Northern region where the sun does not shine) and the other is immortal (related to the SE pillar and the Southern region where the sun always shines). Later these iconographic models evolved in the Middle East and Egypt into a single column representing two torsos and finally a single body with two heads looking at opposite directions.<ref>{{cite journal \|first=A. \|last=Audin \|year=1956 \|title=Dianus bifrons ou les deux stations solaires, piliers jumeaux et portiques solsticiaux \|journal=Revue de géographie de Lyon \|volume=31 \|issue=3 \|pages=191–198\|doi=10.3406/geoca.1956.2090 }}</ref>

	[[Numa Pompilius\|Numa]], in his regulation of the [[Roman calendar]], called the first month ''[[Ianuarius\|Januarius]]'' after Janus, according to tradition considered the highest divinity at the time.~~{{clarify\|reason=Conflicts with "January dedicated to Juno, not Janus" in introduction\|date=April 2020}}~~		[[Numa Pompilius\|Numa]], in his regulation of the [[Roman calendar]], called the first month ''[[Ianuarius\|Januarius]]'' after Janus, according to tradition considered the highest divinity at the time.

	== Temples ==		== Temples ==

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	}}		}}

	In [[Religion in ancient Rome\|ancient Roman religion]] and [[Roman mythology\|myth]], '''Janus''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ə\|s}} {{respell\|JAY\|nəs}}; {{lang-la\|Ianvs}} {{IPA-la\|ˈi̯aːnʊs\|}}) is the [[List of Roman deities\|god]] of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways,<ref>Varro apud Augustine ''De Civitate Dei'' VII 9 and 3; Servius ''Aen.'' I 449; Paulus ex Festus s. v. Chaos p. 45 L</ref> passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces. The month of January is named for Janus (''[[Ianuarius]]'').<ref>Forsythe, ''Time in Roman Religion'', p. 14.</ref> According to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs, [[Juno (mythology)\|Juno]] was mistaken as the [[tutelary deity]] of the month of January,<ref>[[H.H. Scullard]], ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 51.</ref> but Juno is the tutelary deity of the month of June.		In [[Religion in ancient Rome\|ancient Roman religion]] and [[Roman mythology\|myth]], '''Janus''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|dʒ\|eɪ\|n\|ə\|s}} {{respell\|JAY\|nəs}}; {{lang-la\|Ianvs}} {{IPA\|la\|ˈi̯aːnʊs\|}}) is the [[List of Roman deities\|god]] of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways,<ref>Varro apud Augustine ''De Civitate Dei'' VII 9 and 3; Servius ''Aen.'' I 449; Paulus ex Festus s. v. Chaos p. 45 L</ref> passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces. The month of January is named for Janus (''[[Ianuarius]]'').<ref>Forsythe, ''Time in Roman Religion'', p. 14.</ref> According to ancient Roman farmers' almanacs, [[Juno (mythology)\|Juno]] was mistaken as the [[tutelary deity]] of the month of January,<ref>[[H.H. Scullard]], ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 51.</ref> but Juno is the tutelary deity of the month of June.

	Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The gates of a building in Rome named after him (not a temple, as it is often called, but an open enclosure with gates at each end) were opened in time of war, and closed to mark the arrival of peace. As a god of transitions, he had functions pertaining to [[List of Roman birth and childhood deities\|birth]] and to journeys and exchange, and in his association with [[Portunus (mythology)\|Portunus]], a similar harbor and gateway god, he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.		Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The gates of a building in Rome named after him (not a temple, as it is often called, but an open enclosure with gates at each end) were opened in time of war, and closed to mark the arrival of peace. As a god of transitions, he had functions pertaining to [[List of Roman birth and childhood deities\|birth]] and to journeys and exchange, and in his association with [[Portunus (mythology)\|Portunus]], a similar harbor and gateway god, he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.

Stanley Joseph "Stan": /* Legacy */

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Legacy

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	''Janus'' is the name of a [[Janus (time-reversible computing programming language)\|time-reversible programming language]]. It is also the name of a [[Janus (concurrent constraint programming language)\|concurrent constraint programming language]].		''Janus'' is the name of a [[Janus (time-reversible computing programming language)\|time-reversible programming language]]. It is also the name of a [[Janus (concurrent constraint programming language)\|concurrent constraint programming language]].

			[[List of South Park characters\|William Janus]] is a minor character in the American sitcom [[South Park\|''South Park'']] who suffers from [[dissociative identity disorder]]; his surname is derived from the Roman god.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=South Park: "City Sushi" \|url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-city-sushi-1798168437 \|access-date=2024-07-29 \|website=AV Club \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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	Janus had no [[flamen]] or specialised priest ''([[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#sacerdos\|sacerdos]])'' assigned to him, but the King of the Sacred Rites ''([[rex sacrorum]])'' himself carried out his ceremonies. Janus had a ubiquitous presence in religious ceremonies throughout the year. As such, Janus was ritually invoked at the beginning of each ceremony, regardless of the main deity honored on any particular occasion.{{citation needed\|date=November 2017}}		Janus had no [[flamen]] or specialised priest ''([[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#sacerdos\|sacerdos]])'' assigned to him, but the King of the Sacred Rites ''([[rex sacrorum]])'' himself carried out his ceremonies. Janus had a ubiquitous presence in religious ceremonies throughout the year. As such, Janus was ritually invoked at the beginning of each ceremony, regardless of the main deity honored on any particular occasion.{{citation needed\|date=November 2017}}

	While the [[religion in ancient Greece\|ancient Greeks]] had no known [[interpretatio graeca\|equivalent]] to Janus, there is considerable overlap with [[culsans\|Culśanś]] of the Etruscan pantheon.		While the [[religion in ancient Greece\|ancient Greeks]] had no known [[interpretatio graeca\|equivalent]] to Janus but perhaps [[Caos]], there is considerable overlap with [[culsans\|Culśanś]] of the Etruscan pantheon.

	== Name of Janus ==		== Name of Janus ==