Joséphine de Beauharnais - Revision history

Snowman304: /* Duchess of Navarre */ updated citations

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Duchess of Navarre: updated citations

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	[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]		[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]

	After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."<ref>{{~~cite~~ book\|~~author~~ = Roberts, Andrew \| author-link = [[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia~~\|]]~~ \| ~~date = \|~~ title = [[Napoleon: A Life]] \| page = \| ~~location = \| publisher = \| isbn = \| url \| access-~~date = }}</ref> In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>''Recueil général des lois et des arrêts~~, volume 38,~~ Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil, 1859, p. 76~~.''~~</ref>{{primary source inline\|date = August 2024}}		After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Roberts \|first=Andrew \|author-link=Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia \|title=[[Napoleon: A Life]]}}{{page needed\|date=September 2024}}</ref> In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Recueil général des lois et des arrêts \|publisher=Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil \|year=1859 \|volume=38 \|page=76 \|lang=fr}}</ref>{{primary source inline\|date = August 2024}}

	In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome".{{fact\|date = August 2024}} Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".{{cite quote\|date = August 2024}}		In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome".{{fact\|date = August 2024}} Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".{{cite quote\|date = August 2024}}

98.193.42.97: /* Later life and death */ Noting lack of reliable sourcing.

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Later life and death: Noting lack of reliable sourcing.

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	[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]		[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]

	After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."—[[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia\|~~Andrew Roberts~~]], ''[[Napoleon: A Life~~\|Napoleon~~]]~~''.)~~ In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>''Recueil général des lois et des arrêts, volume 38, Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil, 1859, p. 76.''</ref>		After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."<ref>{{cite book\|author = Roberts, Andrew \| author-link = [[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia\|]] \| date = \| title = [[Napoleon: A Life]] \| page = \| location = \| publisher = \| isbn = \| url \| access-date = }}</ref> In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>''Recueil général des lois et des arrêts, volume 38, Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil, 1859, p. 76.''</ref>{{primary source inline\|date = August 2024}}

	In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome". Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".		In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome".{{fact\|date = August 2024}} Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".{{cite quote\|date = August 2024}}

	===Death===		===Death===

	Joséphine died of [[pneumonia]] in [[Rueil-Malmaison]] on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia]] in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.napoleon-empire.net/en/personalities/josephine.php \|title=Empress Josephine's short biography in Napoleon & Empire website, displaying photographs of the castle of Malmaison and the grave of Josephine \|publisher=Napoleon-empire.net \|date=11 June 2011 \|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> in [[Rueil]]. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.		Joséphine died of [[pneumonia]] in [[Rueil-Malmaison]] on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia]] in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.napoleon-empire.net/en/personalities/josephine.php \|title=Empress Josephine's short biography in Napoleon & Empire website, displaying photographs of the castle of Malmaison and the grave of Josephine \|publisher=Napoleon-empire.net \|date=11 June 2011 \|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> in [[Rueil]]. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.{{fact\|date = August 2024}}

	Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on [[Elba]], and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her."<ref>Markham, Felix, ''Napoleon'', p. 245.</ref> Despite numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine." ("{{lang\|fr\|France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine}}").<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40804/40804-h/40804-h.htm#Page_220 \|title=Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 123, March 6, 1852 {{!}} A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. {{!}} Page 220 \|website=[[Project Gutenberg]] \|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>		Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on [[Elba]], and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her."<ref>Markham, Felix, ''Napoleon'', p. 245.</ref> Despite numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine." ("{{lang\|fr\|France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine}}").<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40804/40804-h/40804-h.htm#Page_220 \|title=Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 123, March 6, 1852 {{!}} A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. {{!}} Page 220 \|website=[[Project Gutenberg]] \|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

Monkeysoap: /* Family background */ Removed link to article about British social class, not relevant here

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Family background: Removed link to article about British social class, not relevant here

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	==Family background==		==Family background==
	The Taschers were an ancient French family of [[country gentry]], and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in [[Le Carbet]] on [[Martinique]] in 1726.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Knapton \|first=Ernest John \|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/home.html \|title=Empress Josephine \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|year=1963 \|isbn=978-0674252011 \|location=New York \|pages=15-16, 18, 20, 22-23 \|language=en-US \|chapter=Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 \|oclc=1740591 \|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/2*.html}}</ref> He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) as a [[Page (servant)\|page]] in the household of the [[Dauphine of France\|''Dauphine'' of France]], [[Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France\|Maria Josepha of Saxony]].<ref name=":3" />		The Taschers were an ancient French family of country gentry, and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in [[Le Carbet]] on [[Martinique]] in 1726.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Knapton \|first=Ernest John \|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/home.html \|title=Empress Josephine \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|year=1963 \|isbn=978-0674252011 \|location=New York \|pages=15-16, 18, 20, 22-23 \|language=en-US \|chapter=Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 \|oclc=1740591 \|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/2*.html}}</ref> He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) as a [[Page (servant)\|page]] in the household of the [[Dauphine of France\|''Dauphine'' of France]], [[Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France\|Maria Josepha of Saxony]].<ref name=":3" />

	After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish.<ref name=":1" /> Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the island, and the Tascher family home near [[Les Trois-Îlets]], a [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean\|sugar plantation]], which is now a museum,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/martinique/trois-ilets-1317142/attractions\|title=Sights in Trois-Îlets\|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> was part of her [[dowry]].		After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish.<ref name=":1" /> Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the island, and the Tascher family home near [[Les Trois-Îlets]], a [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean\|sugar plantation]], which is now a museum,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/martinique/trois-ilets-1317142/attractions\|title=Sights in Trois-Îlets\|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> was part of her [[dowry]].

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	'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and as such [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).		'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA\|fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and as such [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA\|fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).

	Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.		Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.

TheCatCollective: Punctuation and spacing wrt refs

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	== Name ==		== Name ==
	Although she is often referred to as "Joséphine de Beauharnais", it is not a name she herself used. "Beauharnais" is the name of her first husband, which she ceased to use upon her marriage to Napoleon, taking the last name "Bonaparte".<ref>{{cite book\| title=Josephine: Le Paradoxe du Cygne \|last1=Branda \|first1=Pierre \|date=2016 \|publisher=Perrin \|location=Paris \|page=9}}</ref> And she did not use the name "Joséphine" before meeting Napoleon, who was the first to call her such, perhaps from her middle name, Josèphe. Before she met Napoleon, she went by the name of Rose, or Marie-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, later de Beauharnais. She sometimes reverted to using her [[Maiden and married names\|maiden name]] in later life. After her marriage to then-General Bonaparte, she adopted the name Joséphine Bonaparte. The [[misnomer]] "Joséphine de Beauharnais" emerged during the [[Bourbon Restoration in France\|restoration of the Bourbons]], who were hesitant to refer to her by either Napoleon's surname or her imperial title. {{citation needed\|date=January 2021}}		Although she is often referred to as "Joséphine de Beauharnais", it is not a name she herself used. "Beauharnais" is the name of her first husband, which she ceased to use upon her marriage to Napoleon, taking the last name "Bonaparte".<ref>{{cite book\| title=Josephine: Le Paradoxe du Cygne \|last1=Branda \|first1=Pierre \|date=2016 \|publisher=Perrin \|location=Paris \|page=9}}</ref> And she did not use the name "Joséphine" before meeting Napoleon, who was the first to call her such, perhaps from her middle name, Josèphe. Before she met Napoleon, she went by the name of Rose, or Marie-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, later de Beauharnais. She sometimes reverted to using her [[Maiden and married names\|maiden name]] in later life. After her marriage to then-General Bonaparte, she adopted the name Joséphine Bonaparte. The [[misnomer]] "Joséphine de Beauharnais" emerged during the [[Bourbon Restoration in France\|restoration of the Bourbons]], who were hesitant to refer to her by either Napoleon's surname or her imperial title.{{citation needed\|date=January 2021}}

	==Family background==		==Family background==
	The Taschers were an ancient French family of [[country gentry]], and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in [[Le Carbet]] on [[Martinique]] in 1726.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Knapton \|first=Ernest John \|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/home.html \|title=Empress Josephine \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|year=1963 \|isbn=978-0674252011 \|location=New York \|pages=15-16, 18, 20, 22-23 \|language=en-US \|chapter=Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 \|oclc=1740591 \|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/2*.html}}</ref> He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) as a [[Page (servant)\|page]] in the household of the [[Dauphine of France\|''Dauphine'' of France]], [[Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France\|Maria Josepha of Saxony]].<ref name=":3" />		The Taschers were an ancient French family of [[country gentry]], and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in [[Le Carbet]] on [[Martinique]] in 1726.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Knapton \|first=Ernest John \|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/home.html \|title=Empress Josephine \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|year=1963 \|isbn=978-0674252011 \|location=New York \|pages=15-16, 18, 20, 22-23 \|language=en-US \|chapter=Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands \|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 \|oclc=1740591 \|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/2*.html}}</ref> He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) as a [[Page (servant)\|page]] in the household of the [[Dauphine of France\|''Dauphine'' of France]], [[Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France\|Maria Josepha of Saxony]].<ref name=":3" />

	After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish.<ref name=":1" /> Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the island, and the Tascher family home near [[Les Trois-Îlets]], a [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean\|sugar plantation]], which is now a museum, <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/martinique/trois-ilets-1317142/attractions\|title=Sights in Trois-Îlets\|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> was part of her [[dowry]].		After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish.<ref name=":1" /> Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the island, and the Tascher family home near [[Les Trois-Îlets]], a [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean\|sugar plantation]], which is now a museum,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/martinique/trois-ilets-1317142/attractions\|title=Sights in Trois-Îlets\|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> was part of her [[dowry]].

	On Martinique, Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the ''[[Troupes de marine]]'', apart from a small pension for his previous work in the royal household. He was almost always close to [[bankruptcy]] and suffered from ill health.<ref name=":3" />		On Martinique, Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the ''[[Troupes de marine]]'', apart from a small pension for his previous work in the royal household. He was almost always close to [[bankruptcy]] and suffered from ill health.<ref name=":3" />

Johnbod: Reverted edit by Dolphin51 (talk) to last version by Alex LX281

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Reverted edit by Dolphin51 (talk) to last version by Alex LX281

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:10, 14 August 2024
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	}}		}}

	'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and ~~consequently~~ [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).		'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and as such [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).

	Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.		Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.

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	'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and ~~as such~~ [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).		'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and consequently [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).

	Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.		Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.

Alex LX281 at 21:24, 12 August 2024

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	Modern hybridization of roses through artificial, controlled pollination began with Joséphine's horticulturalist Andre Dupont.<ref name="bechtel" /> Prior to this, most new rose cultivars were spontaneous mutations or accidental, bee-induced hybrids, and appeared rarely. With controlled pollination, the appearance of new cultivars grew exponentially. Of the roughly 200 types of roses known to Joséphine, Dupont had created 25 while in her employ. Subsequent French hybridizers created over 1000 new rose cultivars in the 30 years following Joséphine's death. In 1910, less than 100 years after her death, there were about 8000 rose types in Gravereaux's garden. Bechtel also feels that the popularity of roses as garden plants was boosted by Joséphine's patronage. She was a popular ruler and fashionable people copied her.		Modern hybridization of roses through artificial, controlled pollination began with Joséphine's horticulturalist Andre Dupont.<ref name="bechtel" /> Prior to this, most new rose cultivars were spontaneous mutations or accidental, bee-induced hybrids, and appeared rarely. With controlled pollination, the appearance of new cultivars grew exponentially. Of the roughly 200 types of roses known to Joséphine, Dupont had created 25 while in her employ. Subsequent French hybridizers created over 1000 new rose cultivars in the 30 years following Joséphine's death. In 1910, less than 100 years after her death, there were about 8000 rose types in Gravereaux's garden. Bechtel also feels that the popularity of roses as garden plants was boosted by Joséphine's patronage. She was a popular ruler and fashionable people copied her.

	Brenner and Scanniello call her the "Godmother of modern rosomaniacs" and attribute her with our modern style of vernacular cultivar names as opposed to Latinized, pseudo-scientific cultivar names. For instance, ''R. alba incarnata'' became "Cuisse de Nymphe Emue" in her garden. After Joséphine's death in 1814 the house was vacant at times, the garden and house ransacked and vandalised, and the garden's remains were destroyed in a battle in 1870.		Brenner and Scanniello call her the "Godmother of modern rosomaniacs" and attribute her with our modern style of vernacular cultivar names as opposed to Latinized, pseudo-scientific cultivar names. For instance, ''R. alba incarnata'' became "Cuisse de Nymphe Emue" in her garden. After Joséphine's death in 1814 the house was vacant at times, the garden and house ransacked and vandalised, and the garden's remains were destroyed in a battle in 1870.

	[[File:Rosa 'Empress Josephine'.jpg\|thumb\|''[[:fr:Impératrice_Joséphine_(rose)\|Impératrice Joséphine]]''\|upright]]		[[File:Rosa 'Empress Josephine'.jpg\|thumb\|''[[:fr:Impératrice_Joséphine_(rose)\|Impératrice Joséphine]]''\|upright]]

Silverwhistle: /* Music */ June Tabor reference

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Music: June Tabor reference

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	===Music===		===Music===
	* The love song 'Josephine' from [[The Magnetic Fields]]' 1991 album ''[[Distant Plastic Trees]]'': "If I were Napoleon, you could be my Josephine ..."		* The love song 'Josephine' from [[The Magnetic Fields]]' 1991 album ''[[Distant Plastic Trees]]'': "If I were Napoleon, you could be my Josephine ..."
	* The song 'Josephine' from [[Frank Turner]]'s 2015 album ''[[Positive Songs for Negative People]]'' references Joséphine~~ ~~— as well as [[Josephine Brunsvik]]~~ ~~— to portray Turner's wish that he has his own muse to influence him.		* The song 'Josephine' from [[Frank Turner]]'s 2015 album ''[[Positive Songs for Negative People]]'' references Joséphine — as well as [[Josephine Brunsvik]] — to portray Turner's wish that he has his own muse to influence him.
	* The song ‘Impressed’ from [[Charlie Sexton]]’s 1985 album ''[[Pictures for Pleasure]]'' references Napoleon and Josephine in the opening lines.		* The song ‘Impressed’ from [[Charlie Sexton]]’s 1985 album ''[[Pictures for Pleasure]]'' references Napoleon and Josephine in the opening lines.
	*The song 'Josephine' from [[Tori Amos]]' 1999 partially live album ''[[To Venus and Back]]'' references the pop-culture expression, supposedly spoken by Napoleon: "Not tonight, Joséphine".		*The song 'Josephine' from [[Tori Amos]]' 1999 partially live album ''[[To Venus and Back]]'' references the pop-culture expression, supposedly spoken by Napoleon: "Not tonight, Joséphine" and his military career.
			*The song 'Paint me, Redouté' from [[June Tabor]]'s 2001 album [[Rosa Mundi (album)\|''Rosa Mundi'']], in which Josephine narrates her life to Redouté, and talks of her love of roses.

	===Fashion===		===Fashion===

Векочел at 11:24, 9 July 2024

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	}}		}}

	'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and as such, [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).		'''Joséphine Bonaparte''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt\|lang}}, born '''Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie'''; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of [[Emperor Napoleon I]] and as such [[Empress of the French]] from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also [[List of Italian royal consorts\|Queen of Italy]] from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as '''Joséphine de Beauharnais''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ\|lang}}).

	Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.		Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]], was [[guillotine]]d during the [[Reign of Terror]], and she was imprisoned in the [[Carmes Prison]] until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of [[Emperor Napoleon III of France]] and [[Empress Amélie of Brazil]]. Members of the current [[Dynasty\|royal families]] of [[Swedish royal family\|Sweden]], [[Danish royal family\|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Belgium\|Belgium]], and [[Norwegian royal family\|Norway]] and the [[grand ducal family of Luxembourg]] also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous [[love letter]]s written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.

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	[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]		[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]

	After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."<ref>{{~~cite~~ book\|~~author~~ = Roberts, Andrew \| author-link = [[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia~~\|]]~~ \| ~~date = \|~~ title = [[Napoleon: A Life]] \| page = \| ~~location = \| publisher = \| isbn = \| url \| access-~~date = }}</ref> In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>''Recueil général des lois et des arrêts~~, volume 38,~~ Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil, 1859, p. 76~~.''~~</ref>{{primary source inline\|date = August 2024}}		After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Roberts \|first=Andrew \|author-link=Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia \|title=[[Napoleon: A Life]]}}{{page needed\|date=September 2024}}</ref> In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Recueil général des lois et des arrêts \|publisher=Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil \|year=1859 \|volume=38 \|page=76 \|lang=fr}}</ref>{{primary source inline\|date = August 2024}}

	In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome".{{fact\|date = August 2024}} Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".{{cite quote\|date = August 2024}}		In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome".{{fact\|date = August 2024}} Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".{{cite quote\|date = August 2024}}

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	[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]		[[File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg\|thumb\|Château de Malmaison near Paris]]

	After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."—[[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia\|~~Andrew Roberts~~]], ''[[Napoleon: A Life~~\|Napoleon~~]]~~''.)~~ In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>''Recueil général des lois et des arrêts, volume 38, Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil, 1859, p. 76.''</ref>		After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."<ref>{{cite book\|author = Roberts, Andrew \| author-link = [[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia\|]] \| date = \| title = [[Napoleon: A Life]] \| page = \| location = \| publisher = \| isbn = \| url \| access-date = }}</ref> In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<ref>''Recueil général des lois et des arrêts, volume 38, Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil, 1859, p. 76.''</ref>{{primary source inline\|date = August 2024}}

	In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome". Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".		In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, [[Napoleon II]], to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome".{{fact\|date = August 2024}} Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".{{cite quote\|date = August 2024}}

	===Death===		===Death===

	Joséphine died of [[pneumonia]] in [[Rueil-Malmaison]] on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia]] in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.napoleon-empire.net/en/personalities/josephine.php \|title=Empress Josephine's short biography in Napoleon & Empire website, displaying photographs of the castle of Malmaison and the grave of Josephine \|publisher=Napoleon-empire.net \|date=11 June 2011 \|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> in [[Rueil]]. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.		Joséphine died of [[pneumonia]] in [[Rueil-Malmaison]] on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia]] in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.napoleon-empire.net/en/personalities/josephine.php \|title=Empress Josephine's short biography in Napoleon & Empire website, displaying photographs of the castle of Malmaison and the grave of Josephine \|publisher=Napoleon-empire.net \|date=11 June 2011 \|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> in [[Rueil]]. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.{{fact\|date = August 2024}}

	Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on [[Elba]], and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her."<ref>Markham, Felix, ''Napoleon'', p. 245.</ref> Despite numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine." ("{{lang\|fr\|France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine}}").<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40804/40804-h/40804-h.htm#Page_220 \|title=Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 123, March 6, 1852 {{!}} A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. {{!}} Page 220 \|website=[[Project Gutenberg]] \|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>		Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on [[Elba]], and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her."<ref>Markham, Felix, ''Napoleon'', p. 245.</ref> Despite numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine." ("{{lang\|fr\|France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine}}").<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40804/40804-h/40804-h.htm#Page_220 \|title=Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 123, March 6, 1852 {{!}} A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. {{!}} Page 220 \|website=[[Project Gutenberg]] \|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>