Laozi - Revision history

2601:19B:4A7E:86A0:41C1:849:B6EB:D992: removed extra ‘an’

2024-10-24T20:20:58Z

removed extra ‘an’

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:20, 24 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts addend him as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}}, born in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]]. Serving as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), he met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, composing the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts addend him as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}}, born in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]]. Serving as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), he met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, composing the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref>		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref>

FourLights: paragraph enjoyment

2024-10-15T06:54:18Z

paragraph enjoyment

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:54, 15 October 2024
Line 88:		Line 88:
	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts addend him as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}}, born in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]]. Serving as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), he met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, composing the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts addend him as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}}, born in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]]. Serving as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), he met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, composing the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref>

			The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

	{{anchor\|Name\|Etymology\|Meaning}}		{{anchor\|Name\|Etymology\|Meaning}}

FourLights at 05:28, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T05:28:49Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:28, 15 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts ~~say~~ ~~he was born~~ as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] ~~in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC~~ during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], ~~served~~ as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, ~~and composed~~ the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts addend him as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}}, born in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]]. Serving as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), he met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, composing the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

FourLights at 05:24, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T05:24:56Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:24, 15 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is ~~the~~ [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

FourLights at 05:08, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T05:08:55Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:08, 15 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is the [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

FourLights at 05:07, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T05:07:06Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:07, 15 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

FourLights: put that then

2024-10-15T05:05:53Z

put that then

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:05, 15 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. ~~Typically~~ translated as "the Old Master", ~~Laozi~~ is a [[~~Chinese honorific~~]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as ~~invented~~, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

Folly Mox: the Daodejing is actually considerably genre breaking in that it doesn't have a central Master figure. see Denecke 2011, already cited in this article. also italicise book title (although introducing the a.k.a. of the Daodejing in the lead sentence may be confusing to complete newcomers to the topic, given the article title)

2024-10-15T01:15:15Z

the Daodejing is actually considerably genre breaking in that it *doesn't have* a central Master figure. see Denecke 2011, already cited in this article. also italicise book title (although introducing the a.k.a. of the Daodejing in the lead sentence may be confusing to complete newcomers to the topic, given the article title)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:15, 15 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], ~~and associated Master (Zi) or~~ author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (Laozi), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. Typically translated as "the Old Master", Laozi is a [[Chinese honorific]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. Typically translated as "the Old Master", Laozi is a [[Chinese honorific]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

FourLights at 21:28, 14 October 2024

2024-10-14T21:28:39Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:28, 14 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], and associated Master (Zi) or author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (or Laozi), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. Typically translated as "the Old Master", Laozi is a [[Chinese honorific]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], and associated Master (Zi) or author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (Laozi), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. Typically translated as "the Old Master", Laozi is a [[Chinese honorific]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

FourLights at 18:00, 14 October 2024

2024-10-14T18:00:12Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:00, 14 October 2024
Line 86:		Line 86:
	{{Taoism}}		{{Taoism}}

	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], and associated Master or author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (or Laozi), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. Typically translated as "the Old Master ~~(Zi)~~", Laozi is a [[Chinese honorific]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]], and associated Master (Zi) or author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (or Laozi), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. Typically translated as "the Old Master", Laozi is a [[Chinese honorific]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}} in the [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]], served as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

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	'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts addend him as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}}, born in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]]. Serving as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), he met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, composing the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.		'''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|l\|au\|d\|z\|ə}}, {{lang-zh\|{{linktext\|老子}}}}), also romanized as '''Lao Tzu''' and [[#Name\|various other ways]], is a [[Chinese legend\|semi-legendary]] [[ancient China\|ancient Chinese]] [[Chinese philosophy\|philosopher]] and author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Laozi''), the foundational text of [[Taoism]] along with the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)\|Zhuangzi]]''. A [[Chinese honorific]] typically translated as "the Old Master (zi)", the name and text were likely intended to an portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with [[Confucianism]]. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts addend him as {{nowrap\|'''Li Er'''}}, born in the 6th century{{nbsp}}BC [[ancient Chinese state\|state]] of [[state of Chu\|Chu]] during China's [[Spring and Autumn period]]. Serving as the royal [[archives\|archivist]] for the [[Zhou dynasty\|Zhou]] court at [[Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)\|Wangcheng]] (in modern [[Luoyang]]), he met and impressed [[Confucius]] on one occasion, composing the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.

	A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref> The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.		A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and [[ancestor veneration in China\|revered]] as the ancestor of the 7th{{ndash}}10th century [[Tang dynasty]] and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular [[Li (surname 李)\|surname Li]]. In some sects of Taoism, [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Chinese folk religion]], it is held that he then became an [[Taoist immortal\|immortal]] [[hermit]].<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 \|editor-last=Wright \|editor-first=Edmund \|location=New York \|pages=365}}</ref> Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god [[Laojun]], one of the [[Three Pure Ones]] of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Goldin \|first=Paul R. \|title=The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691200811 \|page=110 \|doi=10.1515/9780691200811-008 \|s2cid=242423709}}</ref>

			The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on [[religion in China\|Chinese religious movements]] and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, [[textual criticism]] by [[Chinese historiography\|modern historians]] led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC [[Warring States period]], and was the product of multiple authors.

	{{anchor\|Name\|Etymology\|Meaning}}		{{anchor\|Name\|Etymology\|Meaning}}