Lisinopril - Revision history

Whywhenwhohow: move old alternative approval

2024-08-30T22:03:49Z

move old alternative approval

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:03, 30 August 2024
Line 113:		Line 113:

	<!-- Society and culture -->		<!-- Society and culture -->
	Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2022, it was the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 82{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2022 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022 \| website = ClinCalc \| url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> It is available in combination with [[amlodipine]] (as [[lisinopril/amlodipine]]) and in combination with [[hydrochlorothiazide]] (as [[lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide]]).		Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2022, it was the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 82{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2022 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022 \| website = ClinCalc \| url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> It is available in combination with [[amlodipine]] (as [[lisinopril/amlodipine]]) and in combination with [[hydrochlorothiazide]] (as [[lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide]]).

	== Medical uses ==		== Medical uses ==
Line 165:		Line 165:

	The US patents expired in 2002.<ref name=Expirations>Express Scripts. [https://www.express-scripts.com/pharmacist/notifications/docs/genericdrugs.htm Patent expirations]</ref> Since then, lisinopril has been available under many brand names worldwide; it is also available in [[combination drug]]s with [[diuretic]] [[hydrochlorothiazide]] (as [[lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide]]), and with [[calcium channel blocker]] [[amlodipine]] (as [[lisinopril/amlodipine]]).<ref name=Brands>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril \|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref>		The US patents expired in 2002.<ref name=Expirations>Express Scripts. [https://www.express-scripts.com/pharmacist/notifications/docs/genericdrugs.htm Patent expirations]</ref> Since then, lisinopril has been available under many brand names worldwide; it is also available in [[combination drug]]s with [[diuretic]] [[hydrochlorothiazide]] (as [[lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide]]), and with [[calcium channel blocker]] [[amlodipine]] (as [[lisinopril/amlodipine]]).<ref name=Brands>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril \|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref>

			== Society and culture ==
			=== Legal status ===
			In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

Whywhenwhohow: /* top */ combos

2024-08-30T22:02:07Z

top: combos

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:02, 30 August 2024
Line 113:		Line 113:

	<!-- Society and culture -->		<!-- Society and culture -->
	Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2022, it was the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 82{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2022 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022 \| website = ClinCalc \| url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>		Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2022, it was the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 82{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2022 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022 \| website = ClinCalc \| url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> It is available in combination with [[amlodipine]] (as [[lisinopril/amlodipine]]) and in combination with [[hydrochlorothiazide]] (as [[lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide]]).

	== Medical uses ==		== Medical uses ==

Whywhenwhohow: rank

2024-08-30T21:27:31Z

rank

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:27, 30 August 2024
Line 113:		Line 113:

	<!-- Society and culture -->		<!-- Society and culture -->
	Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2022, it was the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 82{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2022 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril - Drug Usage Statistics \| website = ClinCalc \| url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>		Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2022, it was the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 82{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2022 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022 \| website = ClinCalc \| url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

	== Medical uses ==		== Medical uses ==

Whywhenwhohow: templates

2024-08-30T21:16:42Z

templates

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:16, 30 August 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Medication used to treat hypertension and heart failure}}		{{Short description\|Medication used to treat hypertension and heart failure}}
		⚫	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2024}}
	{{cs1 config\|name-list-style=vanc\|display-authors=6}}		{{cs1 config\|name-list-style=vanc\|display-authors=6}}
⚫	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~October~~ ~~2022~~}}
	{{Infobox drug		{{Infobox drug
	\| Verifiedfields = changed		\| Verifiedfields = changed
Line 178:		Line 178:
	{{Angiotensin receptor modulators}}		{{Angiotensin receptor modulators}}
	{{Portal bar \| Medicine}}		{{Portal bar \| Medicine}}
			{{Authority control}}

	[[Category:ACE inhibitors]]		[[Category:ACE inhibitors]]

Whywhenwhohow: /* top */ rank

2024-08-30T20:47:30Z

top: rank

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:47, 30 August 2024
Line 113:		Line 113:

	<!-- Society and culture -->		<!-- Society and culture -->
	Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In ~~2021~~, it was the ~~fourth~~ most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 88{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of ~~2021~~ \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=14 ~~January~~ 2024 \| archive-date=15 ~~January~~ 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20240115223848~~/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril – Drug Usage Statistics \| website=ClinCalc \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date=14 ~~January~~ 2024}}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>		Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2022, it was the third most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 82{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2022 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-date=30 August 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril - Drug Usage Statistics \| website = ClinCalc \| url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

	== Medical uses ==		== Medical uses ==

Boghog: consistent citation formatting

2024-06-01T03:49:05Z

consistent citation formatting

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:49, 1 June 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Medication used to treat hypertension and heart failure}}		{{Short description\|Medication used to treat hypertension and heart failure}}
	{{cs1 config\|name-list-style=vanc}}		{{cs1 config\|name-list-style=vanc\|display-authors=6}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2022}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2022}}
	{{Infobox drug		{{Infobox drug
Line 141:		Line 141:
	Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours,<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1" /> although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 6 hours after administration for most people.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information \|collaboration=McGraw Hill \|publisher=Wolters Kluwer \|year=2024 \|language=English \|chapter=Lisinopril}}</ref> Declining serum concentrations exhibit a prolonged terminal phase, which does not contribute to drug accumulation. This terminal phase probably represents saturable binding to ACE and is not proportional to dose. Lisinopril does not undergo metabolism and absorbed drug is excreted unchanged entirely in the urine. Based on urinary recovery, the mean extent of absorption of lisinopril is approximately 25% (reduced to 16% in people with [[New York Heart Association Functional Classification]] (NYHA) Class II–IV heart failure), with large interpatient variability (6 to 60%) at all doses tested (5 to 80 mg).<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title = Basic and Clinical Pharmacology\| vauthors = Katzung B \|publisher = McGraw Hill\|year = 2012\|isbn = 978-0-07-176401-8\|location = New York\|pages = 175, 184–185}}</ref> Lisinopril absorption is not affected by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril Tablets, USP \|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=27ccb2f4-abf8-4825-9b05-0bb367b4ac07&type=display \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril: Package Insert / Prescribing Information \|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/lisinopril.html \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=Drugs.com \|language=en}}</ref>		Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours,<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1" /> although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 6 hours after administration for most people.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information \|collaboration=McGraw Hill \|publisher=Wolters Kluwer \|year=2024 \|language=English \|chapter=Lisinopril}}</ref> Declining serum concentrations exhibit a prolonged terminal phase, which does not contribute to drug accumulation. This terminal phase probably represents saturable binding to ACE and is not proportional to dose. Lisinopril does not undergo metabolism and absorbed drug is excreted unchanged entirely in the urine. Based on urinary recovery, the mean extent of absorption of lisinopril is approximately 25% (reduced to 16% in people with [[New York Heart Association Functional Classification]] (NYHA) Class II–IV heart failure), with large interpatient variability (6 to 60%) at all doses tested (5 to 80 mg).<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title = Basic and Clinical Pharmacology\| vauthors = Katzung B \|publisher = McGraw Hill\|year = 2012\|isbn = 978-0-07-176401-8\|location = New York\|pages = 175, 184–185}}</ref> Lisinopril absorption is not affected by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril Tablets, USP \|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=27ccb2f4-abf8-4825-9b05-0bb367b4ac07&type=display \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril: Package Insert / Prescribing Information \|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/lisinopril.html \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=Drugs.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	Studies in rats indicate that lisinopril crosses the [[Blood–brain barrier\|blood-brain barrier]] poorly. Multiple doses of lisinopril in rats result in little or no accumulation in brain tissue.<ref>{{~~Cite~~ journal \|~~last1~~=Tan ~~\|first1=Junhui \|last2=Ming~~ Wang ~~\|first2=Jun~~ ~~\|last3=~~Leenen ~~\|first3=Frans~~ \|~~date=Feb~~ ~~2005 \|~~title=Inhibition of brain angiotensin-converting enzyme by peripheral administration of trandolapril versus lisinopril in Wistar rats \|journal=American Journal of Hypertension \|volume=18 \|issue=2 \|pages=158–164 \|doi=10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.09.004 ~~\|pmid=15752941 \|via=Oxford Academic~~}}</ref>		Studies in rats indicate that lisinopril crosses the [[Blood–brain barrier\|blood-brain barrier]] poorly. Multiple doses of lisinopril in rats result in little or no accumulation in brain tissue.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Tan J, Wang JM, Leenen FH \| title = Inhibition of brain angiotensin-converting enzyme by peripheral administration of trandolapril versus lisinopril in Wistar rats \| journal = American Journal of Hypertension \| volume = 18 \| issue = 2 Pt 1 \| pages = 158–164 \| date = February 2005 \| pmid = 15752941 \| doi = 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.09.004 }}</ref>

	====Distribution====		====Distribution====

Whywhenwhohow: update iinfobox

2024-03-24T07:17:31Z

update iinfobox

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:17, 24 March 2024
Line 25:		Line 25:
	\| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration\|Oral]]		\| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration\|Oral]]
	\| class =		\| class =
	\| ATCvet =
	\| ATC_prefix = C09		\| ATC_prefix = C09
	\| ATC_suffix = AA03		\| ATC_suffix = AA03
Line 35:		Line 34:
	\| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->		\| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->
	\| legal_BR_comment =		\| legal_BR_comment =
	\| legal_CA = ~~<!--~~ ~~OTC,~~ ~~Rx-only,~~ ~~Schedule~~ I, ~~II,~~ ~~III,~~ ~~IV,~~ ~~V, VI, VII, VIII~~ -->		\| legal_CA = Rx-only
			\| legal_CA_comment = <ref>{{cite web \| title=Product monograph brand safety updates \| website=Health Canada \| date=February 2024 \| url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/drug-product-database/label-safety-assessment-update/product-monograph-brand-safety-updates.html \| access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>
	\| legal_CA_comment =
	\| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled-->		\| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled-->
	\| legal_DE_comment =		\| legal_DE_comment =

Maxim Masiutin: ISBN formatted. Added the cs1 style template to denote Vancouver ("vanc") citation style, because references contain "vauthors" attribute to specify the list of authors. Altered pages. Add: pmid, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Formatted dashes. | Use this tool. Report bugs. | #UCB_Gadget

2024-03-17T16:49:31Z

ISBN formatted. Added the cs1 style template to denote Vancouver ("vanc") citation style, because references contain "vauthors" attribute to specify the list of authors. Altered pages. Add: pmid, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Formatted dashes. | Use this tool. Report bugs. | #UCB_Gadget

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:49, 17 March 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Medication used to treat hypertension and heart failure}}		{{Short description\|Medication used to treat hypertension and heart failure}}
			{{cs1 config\|name-list-style=vanc}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2022}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2022}}
	{{Infobox drug		{{Infobox drug
Line 113:		Line 114:

	<!-- Society and culture -->		<!-- Society and culture -->
	Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-~~3527607495~~ \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2021, it was the fourth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 88{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2021 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=14 January 2024 \| archive-date=15 January 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril – Drug Usage Statistics \| website=ClinCalc \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>		Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web \|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals \|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html \|website=Drugs.com \|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists \|access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book \| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR \|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery \|date=2006 \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 \|page=467 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> In 2021, it was the fourth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 88{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Top 300 of 2021 \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| website=ClinCalc \| access-date=14 January 2024 \| archive-date=15 January 2024 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = Lisinopril – Drug Usage Statistics \| website=ClinCalc \| url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril \| access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2018 /><ref>{{cite web \| title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril) \| website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) \| date=29 July 2016 \| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm \| access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

	== Medical uses ==		== Medical uses ==
Line 141:		Line 142:
	Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours,<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1" /> although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 6 hours after administration for most people.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information \|collaboration=McGraw Hill \|publisher=Wolters Kluwer \|year=2024 \|language=English \|chapter=Lisinopril}}</ref> Declining serum concentrations exhibit a prolonged terminal phase, which does not contribute to drug accumulation. This terminal phase probably represents saturable binding to ACE and is not proportional to dose. Lisinopril does not undergo metabolism and absorbed drug is excreted unchanged entirely in the urine. Based on urinary recovery, the mean extent of absorption of lisinopril is approximately 25% (reduced to 16% in people with [[New York Heart Association Functional Classification]] (NYHA) Class II–IV heart failure), with large interpatient variability (6 to 60%) at all doses tested (5 to 80 mg).<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title = Basic and Clinical Pharmacology\| vauthors = Katzung B \|publisher = McGraw Hill\|year = 2012\|isbn = 978-0-07-176401-8\|location = New York\|pages = 175, 184–185}}</ref> Lisinopril absorption is not affected by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril Tablets, USP \|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=27ccb2f4-abf8-4825-9b05-0bb367b4ac07&type=display \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril: Package Insert / Prescribing Information \|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/lisinopril.html \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=Drugs.com \|language=en}}</ref>		Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours,<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1" /> although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 6 hours after administration for most people.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information \|collaboration=McGraw Hill \|publisher=Wolters Kluwer \|year=2024 \|language=English \|chapter=Lisinopril}}</ref> Declining serum concentrations exhibit a prolonged terminal phase, which does not contribute to drug accumulation. This terminal phase probably represents saturable binding to ACE and is not proportional to dose. Lisinopril does not undergo metabolism and absorbed drug is excreted unchanged entirely in the urine. Based on urinary recovery, the mean extent of absorption of lisinopril is approximately 25% (reduced to 16% in people with [[New York Heart Association Functional Classification]] (NYHA) Class II–IV heart failure), with large interpatient variability (6 to 60%) at all doses tested (5 to 80 mg).<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title = Basic and Clinical Pharmacology\| vauthors = Katzung B \|publisher = McGraw Hill\|year = 2012\|isbn = 978-0-07-176401-8\|location = New York\|pages = 175, 184–185}}</ref> Lisinopril absorption is not affected by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="KhanBook2015" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril Tablets, USP \|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=27ccb2f4-abf8-4825-9b05-0bb367b4ac07&type=display \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lisinopril: Package Insert / Prescribing Information \|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/lisinopril.html \|access-date=16 October 2022 \|website=Drugs.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	Studies in rats indicate that lisinopril crosses the [[Blood–brain barrier\|blood-brain barrier]] poorly. Multiple doses of lisinopril in rats result in little or no accumulation in brain tissue.<ref>{{Cite journal \|~~last~~=Tan \|~~first~~=Junhui \|last2=Ming Wang \|first2=Jun \|last3=Leenen \|first3=Frans \|date=Feb 2005 \|title=Inhibition of brain angiotensin-converting enzyme by peripheral administration of trandolapril versus lisinopril in Wistar rats \|journal=American Journal of Hypertension \|volume=18 \|issue=2 \|pages=~~158-164~~ \|doi=10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.09.004 \|via=Oxford Academic}}</ref>		Studies in rats indicate that lisinopril crosses the [[Blood–brain barrier\|blood-brain barrier]] poorly. Multiple doses of lisinopril in rats result in little or no accumulation in brain tissue.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Tan \|first1=Junhui \|last2=Ming Wang \|first2=Jun \|last3=Leenen \|first3=Frans \|date=Feb 2005 \|title=Inhibition of brain angiotensin-converting enzyme by peripheral administration of trandolapril versus lisinopril in Wistar rats \|journal=American Journal of Hypertension \|volume=18 \|issue=2 \|pages=158–164 \|doi=10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.09.004 \|pmid=15752941 \|via=Oxford Academic}}</ref>

	====Distribution====		====Distribution====
Line 155:		Line 156:

	== History ==		== History ==
	[[Captopril]], the first ACE inhibitor, is a [[Functional analog (chemistry)\|functional]] and [[structural analog]] of a [[peptide]] derived from the venom of the jararaca, a Brazilian pit viper (''[[Bothrops jararaca]]'').<ref name=Patlak>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Patlak M \| title = From viper's venom to drug design: treating hypertension \| journal = FASEB J. \| volume = 18 \| issue = 3 \| page = 421 \|date=March 2004 \| pmid = 15003987 \| doi = 10.1096/fj.03-1398bkt \| doi-access = free \| s2cid = 1045315 }}</ref> [[Enalapril]] is a derivative, designed by scientists at Merck to overcome the rash and bad taste caused by captopril.<ref>Jenny Bryan for ''The Pharmaceutical Journal'', 17 April 2009 [http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/from-snake-venom-to-ace-inhibitor-the-discovery-and-rise-of-captopril/10884359.article "From snake venom to ACE inhibitor – the discovery and rise of captopril"]</ref><ref name=HistDD>{{cite book \| vauthors = Li JJ \| chapter = History of Drug Discovery \| title = Drug Discovery: Practices, Processes, and Perspectives \| veditors = Li JJ, Corey EJ \| publisher = John Wiley & Sons \| date = 2013 \| isbn = 978-~~1118354469~~}}</ref>{{rp\|12–13}}		[[Captopril]], the first ACE inhibitor, is a [[Functional analog (chemistry)\|functional]] and [[structural analog]] of a [[peptide]] derived from the venom of the jararaca, a Brazilian pit viper (''[[Bothrops jararaca]]'').<ref name=Patlak>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Patlak M \| title = From viper's venom to drug design: treating hypertension \| journal = FASEB J. \| volume = 18 \| issue = 3 \| page = 421 \|date=March 2004 \| pmid = 15003987 \| doi = 10.1096/fj.03-1398bkt \| doi-access = free \| s2cid = 1045315 }}</ref> [[Enalapril]] is a derivative, designed by scientists at Merck to overcome the rash and bad taste caused by captopril.<ref>Jenny Bryan for ''The Pharmaceutical Journal'', 17 April 2009 [http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/from-snake-venom-to-ace-inhibitor-the-discovery-and-rise-of-captopril/10884359.article "From snake venom to ACE inhibitor – the discovery and rise of captopril"]</ref><ref name=HistDD>{{cite book \| vauthors = Li JJ \| chapter = History of Drug Discovery \| title = Drug Discovery: Practices, Processes, and Perspectives \| veditors = Li JJ, Corey EJ \| publisher = John Wiley & Sons \| date = 2013 \| isbn = 978-1-118-35446-9}}</ref>{{rp\|12–13}}
	Enalapril is actually a [[prodrug]]; the active metabolite is [[enalaprilat]].<ref name=Menard>>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Menard J, Patchett AA \| title = Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors \| journal = Advances in Protein Chemistry \| volume = 56 \| issue = \| pages = 13–75 \| date = 2001 \| pmid = 11329852 \| doi = 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)56002-7 \| veditors = Richards FM, Eisenberg DS, and Kim PS \| publisher = Academic Press \| isbn =978-~~0080493381~~ }}</ref>		Enalapril is actually a [[prodrug]]; the active metabolite is [[enalaprilat]].<ref name=Menard>>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Menard J, Patchett AA \| title = Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors \| journal = Advances in Protein Chemistry \| volume = 56 \| issue = \| pages = 13–75 \| date = 2001 \| pmid = 11329852 \| doi = 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)56002-7 \| veditors = Richards FM, Eisenberg DS, and Kim PS \| publisher = Academic Press \| isbn =978-0-08-049338-1 }}</ref>

	The di-acid metabolite of [[enalapril]], [[enalaprilat]], and its [[lysine]] analogue lisinopril are potent inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); they do not contain sulphydryl groups. Both drugs can be assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography and by radioimmunoassay and plasma ACE inhibition remains stable under normal storage conditions. It is therefore possible to study their pharmacokinetics as well as their pharmacodynamic effects in humans. [[Enalaprilat]] and lisinopril as well as ACE activity have been measured in blood taken during the course of two studies of the effects of these drugs on blood pressure and autonomic responsiveness.		The di-acid metabolite of [[enalapril]], [[enalaprilat]], and its [[lysine]] analogue lisinopril are potent inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); they do not contain sulphydryl groups. Both drugs can be assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography and by radioimmunoassay and plasma ACE inhibition remains stable under normal storage conditions. It is therefore possible to study their pharmacokinetics as well as their pharmacodynamic effects in humans. [[Enalaprilat]] and lisinopril as well as ACE activity have been measured in blood taken during the course of two studies of the effects of these drugs on blood pressure and autonomic responsiveness.

Vontheri: updating per this discussion

2024-02-27T02:18:50Z

updating per this discussion

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:18, 27 February 2024
Line 22:		Line 22:
	\| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web \| title=Lisinopril Use During Pregnancy \| website=Drugs.com \| date=22 October 2019 \| url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisinopril.html \| access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>		\| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web \| title=Lisinopril Use During Pregnancy \| website=Drugs.com \| date=22 October 2019 \| url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisinopril.html \| access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>
	\| pregnancy_category = not recommended<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />		\| pregnancy_category = not recommended<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />
	\| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration\|~~By mouth~~]]		\| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration\|Oral]]
	\| class =		\| class =
	\| ATCvet =		\| ATCvet =
Line 107:		Line 107:

	<!-- Definition and medical uses -->		<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
	'''Lisinopril''' is a medication belonging to the drug class of [[ACE inhibitor\|angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor]]s and is used to treat [[hypertension\|high blood pressure]], [[heart failure]], and [[myocardial infarction\|heart attacks]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> For high blood pressure it is usually a first-line treatment. It is also used to prevent [[kidney problems]] in people with [[diabetes]] mellitus.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Lisinopril is taken [[Oral administration\|by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Full effect may take up to four weeks to occur.<ref name=AHFS2018/>		'''Lisinopril''' is a medication belonging to the drug class of [[ACE inhibitor\|angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor]]s and is used to treat [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure), [[heart failure]], and [[myocardial infarction\|heart attacks]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> For high blood pressure it is usually a first-line treatment. It is also used to prevent [[kidney problems]] in people with [[diabetes]] mellitus.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Lisinopril is taken [[Oral administration\|orally]] (swallowed by mouth).<ref name=AHFS2018/> Full effect may take up to four weeks to occur.<ref name=AHFS2018/>

	<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->		<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->
	Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Serious side effects may include [[low blood pressure]], liver problems, [[high blood potassium]], and [[angioedema]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Lisinopril works by inhibiting the [[Renin–angiotensin system\|renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system]].<ref name=AHFS2018/>		Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Serious side effects may include [[low blood pressure]], liver problems, [[hyperkalemia]] (high blood potassium), and [[angioedema]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Lisinopril works by inhibiting the [[Renin–angiotensin system\|renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system]].<ref name=AHFS2018/>

	<!-- Society and culture -->		<!-- Society and culture -->
Line 122:		Line 122:

	== Adverse effects ==		== Adverse effects ==
	Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Serious side effects may include [[low blood pressure]], liver problems, [[~~high blood potassium~~]], and [[angioedema]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby.<ref name=AHFS2018/>		Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Serious side effects may include [[low blood pressure]], liver problems, [[hyperkalemia]], and [[angioedema]].<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby.<ref name=AHFS2018/>

	=== Pregnancy and breastfeeding ===		=== Pregnancy and breastfeeding ===

Just-a-can-of-beans: /* Pharmacokinetics */ Merged subsections

2024-02-27T01:14:02Z

Pharmacokinetics: Merged subsections

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:14, 27 February 2024
Line 145:		Line 145:
	====Distribution====		====Distribution====
	Lisinopril does not bind to proteins in the blood.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/> It does not distribute as well in people with NYHA Class II–IV heart failure.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/>		Lisinopril does not bind to proteins in the blood.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/> It does not distribute as well in people with NYHA Class II–IV heart failure.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/>

	====Metabolism====
⚫	Lisinopril is the only water-soluble member of the ACE inhibitor class, ~~with~~ no [[Liver#Breakdown\|metabolism by the liver]].<ref name="KhanBook2015" />

	====Elimination====		====Elimination====
	Lisinopril leaves the body completely unchanged in the urine.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/> The [[half-life]] of lisinopril is 12 hours, and is increased in people with kidney problems.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/> While the plasma half-life of lisinopril has been estimated between 12 and 13 hours, the elimination half-life is much longer, at around 30 hours.<ref name="KhanBook2015">{{cite book \| vauthors = Khan MG \|title=Cardiac Drug Therapy \|date=2015 \|publisher=Springer \|location=New York \|isbn=978-1-61779-962-4 \|chapter=Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers}}</ref> The full duration of action is between 24 and 30 hours.<ref name="KhanBook2015"/>		Lisinopril leaves the body completely unchanged in the urine.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/> The [[half-life]] of lisinopril is 12 hours, and is increased in people with kidney problems.<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name=":1"/> While the plasma half-life of lisinopril has been estimated between 12 and 13 hours, the elimination half-life is much longer, at around 30 hours.<ref name="KhanBook2015">{{cite book \| vauthors = Khan MG \|title=Cardiac Drug Therapy \|date=2015 \|publisher=Springer \|location=New York \|isbn=978-1-61779-962-4 \|chapter=Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers}}</ref> The full duration of action is between 24 and 30 hours.<ref name="KhanBook2015"/>

		⚫	Lisinopril is the only water-soluble member of the ACE inhibitor class, and thus has no [[Liver#Breakdown\|metabolism by the liver]].<ref name="KhanBook2015" />

	=== Chemistry ===		=== Chemistry ===