Malwa - Revision history

Taghan99: /* Tourism */

2024-12-11T17:26:18Z

Tourism

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	Modern [[Indore]] was planned and built by Ahilyabai Holkar. The grand Lal Baag Palace is one of its grandest monuments. The ''Bada Ganpati'' temple houses what is possibly the largest Ganesh idol in the world, measuring 7.6 m from crown to foot. The ''[[Kanch Mandir]]'' is a Jain temple entirely inlaid with glass. The Town Hall was made in 1904 in the indo-gothic style; originally named [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom\|King Edward]] Hall, it was renamed [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Hall in 1948. The ''chhatris'' are the tombs or cenotaphs erected in memory of dead Holkar rulers and their family members.		Modern [[Indore]] was planned and built by Ahilyabai Holkar. The grand Lal Baag Palace is one of its grandest monuments. The ''Bada Ganpati'' temple houses what is possibly the largest Ganesh idol in the world, measuring 7.6 m from crown to foot. The ''[[Kanch Mandir]]'' is a Jain temple entirely inlaid with glass. The Town Hall was made in 1904 in the indo-gothic style; originally named [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom\|King Edward]] Hall, it was renamed [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Hall in 1948. The ''chhatris'' are the tombs or cenotaphs erected in memory of dead Holkar rulers and their family members.

	The shrine of [[Hussain Tekri]], built by the [[Nawab of Jaora]], [[Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur]], in the 19th century, is on the outskirts of Jaora in the Ratlam district. Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur was buried in the same graveyard where Hussain Tekri was buried. During the month of [[Moharram]], thousands of people from all over the world visit the shrine of [[Husayn ibn Ali\|Hazrat Imam Hussain]] there, which is a replica of the Iraqi original. The place is famous for the rituals called ''Hajri'' to cure mental illness.		The shrine of [[Hussain Tekri]], built by the [[Nawab of Jaora]], [[Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur]], in the 19th century, is on the outskirts of Jaora in the Ratlam district. Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur was buried in the same graveyard where Hussain Tekri was buried. During the month of [[Muharram\|Moharram]], thousands of people from all over the world visit the shrine of [[Husayn ibn Ali\|Hazrat Imam Hussain]] there, which is a replica of the Iraqi original. The place is famous for the rituals called ''Hajri'' to cure mental illness.

	<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">		<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">

Gedrose: Moving from Category:Natural regions of Asia to Category:Natural regions of India using Cat-a-lot

2024-11-22T19:34:50Z

Moving from Category:Natural regions of Asia to Category:Natural regions of India using Cat-a-lot

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	[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]		[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]
	[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]		[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
	[[Category:Natural regions of ~~Asia~~]]		[[Category:Natural regions of India]]
	[[Category:Plateaus of Madhya Pradesh]]		[[Category:Plateaus of Madhya Pradesh]]
	[[Category:Regions of India]]		[[Category:Regions of India]]

Onel5969: Disambiguating links to Magadha (link changed to Magadha (Mahajanapada)) using DisamAssist.

2024-11-07T02:26:04Z

Disambiguating links to Magadha (link changed to Magadha (Mahajanapada)) using DisamAssist.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:26, 7 November 2024
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	Malwa became part of the [[Gupta Empire]] during the reign of [[Chandragupta II]] (375–413), also known as ''Vikramaditya'', who conquered the region, driving out the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s. The Gupta period is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. The astronomer [[Varāhamihira\|Varahamihira]] was based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in [[astronomy]] and [[mathematics]]. Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving [[Gupta Empire]] as a separate kingdom; in 528, [[Yasodharman]] of Malwa defeated the [[Hunas]], who had invaded India from the north-west.		Malwa became part of the [[Gupta Empire]] during the reign of [[Chandragupta II]] (375–413), also known as ''Vikramaditya'', who conquered the region, driving out the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s. The Gupta period is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. The astronomer [[Varāhamihira\|Varahamihira]] was based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in [[astronomy]] and [[mathematics]]. Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving [[Gupta Empire]] as a separate kingdom; in 528, [[Yasodharman]] of Malwa defeated the [[Hunas]], who had invaded India from the north-west.

	During the seventh century, the region became part of [[Harsha]]'s empire, who disputed the region with the [[Chalukya]] king [[Pulakesin II]] of [[Badami]] in the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. During his reign the [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] pilgrim monk [[Xuanzang]] had visited India and mentions seeing a hundred Buddhist monasteries along with a same number of Deva temples of different kinds with the adherents of [[Pashupata Shaivism]] making a majority. He also states that there were two places in India that were remarkable for the great learning of the people, viz., Malwa and [[Magadha]]. The people there esteemed virtue, were of an intelligent mind and exceedingly studious.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| title=Country of Mo-la-p'o (Malava) [Chapter 5] \| date=28 June 2018 \| access-date=23 March 2023 \| archive-date=4 April 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140050/https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| url-status=live }}</ref>		During the seventh century, the region became part of [[Harsha]]'s empire, who disputed the region with the [[Chalukya]] king [[Pulakesin II]] of [[Badami]] in the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. During his reign the [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] pilgrim monk [[Xuanzang]] had visited India and mentions seeing a hundred Buddhist monasteries along with a same number of Deva temples of different kinds with the adherents of [[Pashupata Shaivism]] making a majority. He also states that there were two places in India that were remarkable for the great learning of the people, viz., Malwa and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)\|Magadha]]. The people there esteemed virtue, were of an intelligent mind and exceedingly studious.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| title=Country of Mo-la-p'o (Malava) [Chapter 5] \| date=28 June 2018 \| access-date=23 March 2023 \| archive-date=4 April 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140050/https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| url-status=live }}</ref>

	In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, [[town planning]], [[veterinary science]], [[phonetics]], [[yoga]], and [[archery]]. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>		In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, [[town planning]], [[veterinary science]], [[phonetics]], [[yoga]], and [[archery]]. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>

Nity Exam at 06:44, 3 October 2024

2024-10-03T06:44:04Z

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2409:4043:4DC5:91B0:0:0:380A:E310 at 04:43, 13 September 2024

2024-09-13T04:43:09Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:43, 13 September 2024
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	'''Malwa''' is a [[historical region\|historical]] [[list of regions in India\|region]] of west-central [[India]] occupying a [[plateau]] of volcanic origin. Geologically, the '''Malwa Plateau''' generally refers to the [[volcanic plateau\|volcanic upland]] north of the [[Vindhya Range]]. Politically and administratively, it is also synonymous with the former state of [[Madhya Bharat]] which was later merged with [[Madhya Pradesh]]. At present the historical Malwa region includes districts of western [[Madhya Pradesh]] and parts of south-eastern [[Rajasthan]]. Sometimes the definition of Malwa is extended to include the [[Nimar]] region south of the Vindhyas.		'''Malwa''' is a [[historical region\|historical]] [[list of regions in India\|region]] of west-central [[India]] occupying a [[plateau]] of volcanic origin. Geologically, the '''Malwa Plateau''' generally refers to the [[volcanic plateau\|volcanic upland]] north of the [[Vindhya Range]]. Politically and administratively, it is also synonymous with the former state of [[Madhya Bharat]] which was later merged with [[Madhya Pradesh]]. At present the historical Malwa region includes districts of western [[Madhya Pradesh]] and parts of south-eastern [[Rajasthan]]. Sometimes the definition of Malwa is extended to include the [[Nimar]] region south of the Vindhyas.

	The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient [[Malava Kingdom]]. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the [[Avanti (India)\|Avanti Kingdom]], The [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryans]], the [[Malavas]], the [[Gupta Empire\|Guptas]], the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa sultans]], the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]]. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the [[Malwa Agency]] of [[British India]] was merged into [[Madhya Bharat]] (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.		The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient [[Malava Kingdom]]. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the [[Avanti (India)\|Avanti Kingdom]], The [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryans]], the [[Malavas]], the [[Gupta Empire\|Guptas]], the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, The [[Rajput\|Rajputs]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa sultans]], the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]]. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the [[Malwa Agency]] of [[British India]] was merged into [[Madhya Bharat]] (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.

	Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several [[List of people from Malwa\|prominent people]] in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist [[Kalidasa]], the author [[Bhartrihari]], the mathematicians and astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and [[Brahmagupta]], and the polymath king [[Bhoja]]. [[Ujjain]] had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and [[Indore]] is now the largest city and commercial center.		Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several [[List of people from Malwa\|prominent people]] in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist [[Kalidasa]], the author [[Bhartrihari]], the mathematicians and astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and [[Brahmagupta]], and the polymath king [[Bhoja]]. [[Ujjain]] had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and [[Indore]] is now the largest city and commercial center.

KKUjjawal at 05:55, 7 September 2024

2024-09-07T05:55:19Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:55, 7 September 2024
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	The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient [[Malava Kingdom]]. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the [[Avanti (India)\|Avanti Kingdom]], The [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryans]], the [[Malavas]], the [[Gupta Empire\|Guptas]], the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa sultans]], the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]]. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the [[Malwa Agency]] of [[British India]] was merged into [[Madhya Bharat]] (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.		The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient [[Malava Kingdom]]. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the [[Avanti (India)\|Avanti Kingdom]], The [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryans]], the [[Malavas]], the [[Gupta Empire\|Guptas]], the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa sultans]], the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]]. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the [[Malwa Agency]] of [[British India]] was merged into [[Madhya Bharat]] (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.

	Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several [[List of people from Malwa\|prominent people]] in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist [[Kalidasa]], the author [[Bhartrihari]], the mathematicians and astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and [[Brahmagupta]], and the polymath king [[Bhoja]]. [[Ujjain]] had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and [[Indore]] is now the largest city and commercial ~~centre~~.		Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several [[List of people from Malwa\|prominent people]] in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist [[Kalidasa]], the author [[Bhartrihari]], the mathematicians and astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and [[Brahmagupta]], and the polymath king [[Bhoja]]. [[Ujjain]] had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and [[Indore]] is now the largest city and commercial center.

	Overall, [[agriculture]] is the main occupation of the people of Malwa. The region has been one of the important producers of [[opium]] in the world. Wheat and soybeans are other important cash crops, and textiles are a major industry.		Overall, [[agriculture]] is the main occupation of the people of Malwa. The region has been one of the important producers of [[opium]] in the world. Wheat and soybeans are other important cash crops, and textiles are a major industry.

AntiDionysius: Reverted edit by 2409:4052:704:56C0:0:0:C22:D0AC (talk) to last version by FrescoBot

2024-09-06T16:40:51Z

Reverted edit by 2409:4052:704:56C0:0:0:C22:D0AC (talk) to last version by FrescoBot

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:40, 6 September 2024
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	In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>		In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>
	[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]		[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]
	[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}		[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur]] which was fought for Supremacy of [[Northern India]] between [[Rajputs]] and [[Mughals]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}

	[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>		[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>

2409:4052:704:56C0:0:0:C22:D0AC at 16:37, 6 September 2024

2024-09-06T16:37:58Z

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	In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>		In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>
	[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]		[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]
	[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur~~]] which was fought for Supremacy of [[Northern India]] between [[Rajputs]] and [[Mughals~~]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}		[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}

	[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>		[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>

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	The culture of Malwa has been significantly influenced by Gujarati and Rajasthani culture, because of their geographic proximity. [[Marathi people\|Marathi]] influence is also visible, because of recent rule by the [[Marathas]].		The culture of Malwa has been significantly influenced by Gujarati and Rajasthani culture, because of their geographic proximity. [[Marathi people\|Marathi]] influence is also visible, because of recent rule by the [[Marathas]].

	The main language of Malwa is [[Malvi language\|Malvi]], although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the [[Rajasthani language\|Rajasthani]] branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the [[Nimar]] region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, [[Pawari\|Pawari/Bhoyari]] in Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna and Wardha districts. <ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|title=central provinces district gazetteers chhindwara 1907 ,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 43, 63 \|year=1907 \|publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press \|access-date=19 March 2023 \|archive-date=4 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140051/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|url-status=live }}</ref> Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only five dialects: Ujjaini (in the districts of [[Ujjain district\|Ujjain]], [[Indore district\|Indore]], [[Dewas district\|Dewas]], [[Dhar district\|Dhar]], [[~~Agar Malwa\|~~Agar Malwa]] and [[Sehore district\|Sehore]]), Rajawari ([[Ratlam district\|Ratlam]], [[Mandsaur district\|Mandsaur]] and [[Neemuch district\|Neemuch]]), Umathwari ([[Rajgarh district\|Rajgarh]]) and Sondhwari ([[Jhalawar district\|Jhalawar]]) and [[Bhoyari]]/[[Pawari]] (in the districts of [[Betul district\|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district\|Chhindwara]], [[Pandhurna District\|Pandhurna]] and [[Wardha district\|Wardha]]). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|title=Malvi\|website=Ethnologue\|access-date=1 February 2022\|archive-date=30 March 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330164606/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|url-status=live}}</ref>		The main language of Malwa is [[Malvi language\|Malvi]], although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the [[Rajasthani language\|Rajasthani]] branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the [[Nimar]] region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, [[Pawari\|Pawari/Bhoyari]] in Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna and Wardha districts.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|title=central provinces district gazetteers chhindwara 1907 ,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 43, 63 \|year=1907 \|publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press \|access-date=19 March 2023 \|archive-date=4 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140051/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|url-status=live }}</ref> Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only five dialects: Ujjaini (in the districts of [[Ujjain district\|Ujjain]], [[Indore district\|Indore]], [[Dewas district\|Dewas]], [[Dhar district\|Dhar]], [[Agar Malwa]] and [[Sehore district\|Sehore]]), Rajawari ([[Ratlam district\|Ratlam]], [[Mandsaur district\|Mandsaur]] and [[Neemuch district\|Neemuch]]), Umathwari ([[Rajgarh district\|Rajgarh]]) and Sondhwari ([[Jhalawar district\|Jhalawar]]) and [[Bhoyari]]/[[Pawari]] (in the districts of [[Betul district\|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district\|Chhindwara]], [[Pandhurna District\|Pandhurna]] and [[Wardha district\|Wardha]]). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|title=Malvi\|website=Ethnologue\|access-date=1 February 2022\|archive-date=30 March 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330164606/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Traditional Malwa food has elements of [[Rajasthani cuisine\|Rajasthani]], [[Gujarati cuisine\|Gujarati]] and [[Maharashtrian cuisine\|Maharashtrian]] cuisine. Traditionally, [[jowar]] was the staple cereal, but after the [[Green Revolution in India]], wheat has replaced jowar as the most important food crop; many are [[vegetarian]]s. Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people rely on stored foods such as pulses, and green vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa is the ''bhutta ri kees'' (made with grated corn roasted in [[ghee]] and later cooked in milk with spices). ''Chakki ri shaak'' is made of wheat dough, which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called ''baati/bafla'', which is essentially a small, round ball of wheat flour, roasted over dung cakes, in the traditional way. ''[[Baati]]'' is typically eaten with dal (pulses), while ''baflas'' are dripping with ghee and soaked with dal. The ''amli ri kadhi'' is ''kadhi'' made with tamarind instead of yogurt. Sweet cakes, made of a variety of wheat called ''tapu'', are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called ''thulli'' is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional desserts include ''mawa-bati'' (milk-based sweet similar to [[Gulab jamun]]), ''khoprapak'' (coconut-based sweet), ''[[shreekhand]]'' (yogurt based) and ''malpua''.		Traditional Malwa food has elements of [[Rajasthani cuisine\|Rajasthani]], [[Gujarati cuisine\|Gujarati]] and [[Maharashtrian cuisine\|Maharashtrian]] cuisine. Traditionally, [[jowar]] was the staple cereal, but after the [[Green Revolution in India]], wheat has replaced jowar as the most important food crop; many are [[vegetarian]]s. Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people rely on stored foods such as pulses, and green vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa is the ''bhutta ri kees'' (made with grated corn roasted in [[ghee]] and later cooked in milk with spices). ''Chakki ri shaak'' is made of wheat dough, which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called ''baati/bafla'', which is essentially a small, round ball of wheat flour, roasted over dung cakes, in the traditional way. ''[[Baati]]'' is typically eaten with dal (pulses), while ''baflas'' are dripping with ghee and soaked with dal. The ''amli ri kadhi'' is ''kadhi'' made with tamarind instead of yogurt. Sweet cakes, made of a variety of wheat called ''tapu'', are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called ''thulli'' is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional desserts include ''mawa-bati'' (milk-based sweet similar to [[Gulab jamun]]), ''khoprapak'' (coconut-based sweet), ''[[shreekhand]]'' (yogurt based) and ''malpua''.

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Tourism

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	as the [[Prime Meridian]] of the Hindu geographers. The observatory built by [[Jai Singh II]] is one of the four such observatories in India and features ancient astronomical devices. The ''Simhastha mela'', celebrated every 12 years, starts on the full moon day in Chaitra (April) and continues into Vaishakha (May) until the next full moon day.		as the [[Prime Meridian]] of the Hindu geographers. The observatory built by [[Jai Singh II]] is one of the four such observatories in India and features ancient astronomical devices. The ''Simhastha mela'', celebrated every 12 years, starts on the full moon day in Chaitra (April) and continues into Vaishakha (May) until the next full moon day.

	Mandu was originally the fort capital of the Parmar rulers. Towards the end of the 13th century, it came under the sway of the Sultans of Malwa, the first of whom named it Shadiabad (city of joy). It remained as the capital, and in it the sultans built exquisite palaces like the Jahaz Mahal and Hindola Mahal, ornamental canals, baths and pavilions. The massive Jami Masjid and Hoshang Shah's tomb provided inspiration to the designers of the [[Taj Mahal]] centuries later. [[Baz Bahadur]] built a huge palace in Mandu in the 16th century. Other notable historical monuments are ''Rewa Kund'', [[Roopmati\|Rupmati]]'s Pavilion, Nilkanth Mahal, Hathi Mahal, Darya Khan's Tomb, Dai ka Mahal, Malik Mughit is Mosque and Jali Mahal.		Mandu was originally the fort capital of the Parmar rulers. Towards the end of the 13th century, it came under the sway of the Sultans of Malwa, the first of whom named it Shadiabad (city of joy). It remained as the capital, and in it the sultans built exquisite palaces like the Jahaz Mahal and Hindola Mahal, ornamental canals, baths and pavilions. The massive Jami [[Masjid]] and Hoshang Shah's tomb provided inspiration to the designers of the [[Taj Mahal]] centuries later. [[Baz Bahadur]] built a huge palace in Mandu in the 16th century. Other notable historical monuments are ''Rewa Kund'', [[Roopmati\|Rupmati]]'s Pavilion, Nilkanth Mahal, Hathi Mahal, Darya Khan's Tomb, Dai ka Mahal, Malik Mughit is Mosque and Jali Mahal.

	Close to Mandu is Maheshwar, a town on the northern bank of [[Narmada River]] that served as the capital of the [[Indore]] state under [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]. The Maratha ''[[rajwada]]'' (fort) is the main attraction. A life-size statue of Rani Ahilya sits on a throne within the fort complex. Dhar was the capital of Malwa before Mandu became the capital in 1405. There, the fort is in ruins but offers a panoramic view. The Bhojashala temple (built-in 1400) is still used as a place of worship on Tuesday. Dhar is also a birthplace of Raja Bhoj. Dhar people named as Dharwasi.		Close to Mandu is Maheshwar, a town on the northern bank of [[Narmada River]] that served as the capital of the [[Indore]] state under [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]. The Maratha ''[[rajwada]]'' (fort) is the main attraction. A life-size statue of Rani Ahilya sits on a throne within the fort complex. Dhar was the capital of Malwa before Mandu became the capital in 1405. There, the fort is in ruins but offers a panoramic view. The Bhojashala temple (built-in 1400) is still used as a place of worship on Tuesday. Dhar is also a birthplace of Raja Bhoj. Dhar people named as Dharwasi.

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	Malwa became part of the [[Gupta Empire]] during the reign of [[Chandragupta II]] (375–413), also known as ''Vikramaditya'', who conquered the region, driving out the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s. The Gupta period is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. The astronomer [[Varāhamihira\|Varahamihira]] was based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in [[astronomy]] and [[mathematics]]. Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving [[Gupta Empire]] as a separate kingdom; in 528, [[Yasodharman]] of Malwa defeated the [[Hunas]], who had invaded India from the north-west.		Malwa became part of the [[Gupta Empire]] during the reign of [[Chandragupta II]] (375–413), also known as ''Vikramaditya'', who conquered the region, driving out the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s. The Gupta period is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. The astronomer [[Varāhamihira\|Varahamihira]] was based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in [[astronomy]] and [[mathematics]]. Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving [[Gupta Empire]] as a separate kingdom; in 528, [[Yasodharman]] of Malwa defeated the [[Hunas]], who had invaded India from the north-west.

	During the seventh century, the region became part of [[Harsha]]'s empire, who disputed the region with the [[Chalukya]] king [[Pulakesin II]] of [[Badami]] in the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. During his reign the [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] pilgrim monk [[Xuanzang]] had visited India and mentions seeing a hundred Buddhist monasteries along with a same number of Deva temples of different kinds with the adherents of [[Pashupata Shaivism]] making a majority. He also states that there were two places in India that were remarkable for the great learning of the people, viz., Malwa and [[Magadha]]. The people there esteemed virtue, were of an intelligent mind and exceedingly studious.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| title=Country of Mo-la-p'o (Malava) [Chapter 5] \| date=28 June 2018 \| access-date=23 March 2023 \| archive-date=4 April 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140050/https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| url-status=live }}</ref>		During the seventh century, the region became part of [[Harsha]]'s empire, who disputed the region with the [[Chalukya]] king [[Pulakesin II]] of [[Badami]] in the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. During his reign the [[Buddhism\|Buddhist]] pilgrim monk [[Xuanzang]] had visited India and mentions seeing a hundred Buddhist monasteries along with a same number of Deva temples of different kinds with the adherents of [[Pashupata Shaivism]] making a majority. He also states that there were two places in India that were remarkable for the great learning of the people, viz., Malwa and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)\|Magadha]]. The people there esteemed virtue, were of an intelligent mind and exceedingly studious.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| title=Country of Mo-la-p'o (Malava) [Chapter 5] \| date=28 June 2018 \| access-date=23 March 2023 \| archive-date=4 April 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140050/https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html \| url-status=live }}</ref>

	In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, [[town planning]], [[veterinary science]], [[phonetics]], [[yoga]], and [[archery]]. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>		In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, [[town planning]], [[veterinary science]], [[phonetics]], [[yoga]], and [[archery]]. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>

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	'''Malwa''' is a [[historical region\|historical]] [[list of regions in India\|region]] of west-central [[India]] occupying a [[plateau]] of volcanic origin. Geologically, the '''Malwa Plateau''' generally refers to the [[volcanic plateau\|volcanic upland]] north of the [[Vindhya Range]]. Politically and administratively, it is also synonymous with the former state of [[Madhya Bharat]] which was later merged with [[Madhya Pradesh]]. At present the historical Malwa region includes districts of western [[Madhya Pradesh]] and parts of south-eastern [[Rajasthan]]. Sometimes the definition of Malwa is extended to include the [[Nimar]] region south of the Vindhyas.		'''Malwa''' is a [[historical region\|historical]] [[list of regions in India\|region]] of west-central [[India]] occupying a [[plateau]] of volcanic origin. Geologically, the '''Malwa Plateau''' generally refers to the [[volcanic plateau\|volcanic upland]] north of the [[Vindhya Range]]. Politically and administratively, it is also synonymous with the former state of [[Madhya Bharat]] which was later merged with [[Madhya Pradesh]]. At present the historical Malwa region includes districts of western [[Madhya Pradesh]] and parts of south-eastern [[Rajasthan]]. Sometimes the definition of Malwa is extended to include the [[Nimar]] region south of the Vindhyas.

	The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient [[Malava Kingdom]]. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the [[Avanti (India)\|Avanti Kingdom]], The [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryans]], the [[Malavas]], the [[Gupta Empire\|Guptas]], the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa sultans]], the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]]. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the [[Malwa Agency]] of [[British India]] was merged into [[Madhya Bharat]] (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.		The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient [[Malava Kingdom]]. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the [[Avanti (India)\|Avanti Kingdom]], The [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryans]], the [[Malavas]], the [[Gupta Empire\|Guptas]], the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, The [[Rajput\|Rajputs]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa sultans]], the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha Empire\|Marathas]]. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the [[Malwa Agency]] of [[British India]] was merged into [[Madhya Bharat]] (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.

	Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several [[List of people from Malwa\|prominent people]] in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist [[Kalidasa]], the author [[Bhartrihari]], the mathematicians and astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and [[Brahmagupta]], and the polymath king [[Bhoja]]. [[Ujjain]] had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and [[Indore]] is now the largest city and commercial center.		Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several [[List of people from Malwa\|prominent people]] in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist [[Kalidasa]], the author [[Bhartrihari]], the mathematicians and astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and [[Brahmagupta]], and the polymath king [[Bhoja]]. [[Ujjain]] had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and [[Indore]] is now the largest city and commercial center.

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	In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>		In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>
	[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]		[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]
	[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}		[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur]] which was fought for Supremacy of [[Northern India]] between [[Rajputs]] and [[Mughals]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}

	[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>		[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:37, 6 September 2024
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	In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>		In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, [[Kingdom of Malwa]] was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty\|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa\|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>
	[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]		[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate\|Malwa]] at their height]]
	[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur~~]] which was fought for Supremacy of [[Northern India]] between [[Rajputs]] and [[Mughals~~]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}		[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals\|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)\|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput\|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]].During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn\|Chaurasia\|2002\|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput\|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur]].{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then siege [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]] offer and choose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquer the fort.{{sfn\|Gopinath Sharma\|1954\|pp=39}}

	[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>		[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)\|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>

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	The culture of Malwa has been significantly influenced by Gujarati and Rajasthani culture, because of their geographic proximity. [[Marathi people\|Marathi]] influence is also visible, because of recent rule by the [[Marathas]].		The culture of Malwa has been significantly influenced by Gujarati and Rajasthani culture, because of their geographic proximity. [[Marathi people\|Marathi]] influence is also visible, because of recent rule by the [[Marathas]].

	The main language of Malwa is [[Malvi language\|Malvi]], although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the [[Rajasthani language\|Rajasthani]] branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the [[Nimar]] region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, [[Pawari\|Pawari/Bhoyari]] in Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna and Wardha districts. <ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|title=central provinces district gazetteers chhindwara 1907 ,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 43, 63 \|year=1907 \|publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press \|access-date=19 March 2023 \|archive-date=4 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140051/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|url-status=live }}</ref> Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only five dialects: Ujjaini (in the districts of [[Ujjain district\|Ujjain]], [[Indore district\|Indore]], [[Dewas district\|Dewas]], [[Dhar district\|Dhar]], [[~~Agar Malwa\|~~Agar Malwa]] and [[Sehore district\|Sehore]]), Rajawari ([[Ratlam district\|Ratlam]], [[Mandsaur district\|Mandsaur]] and [[Neemuch district\|Neemuch]]), Umathwari ([[Rajgarh district\|Rajgarh]]) and Sondhwari ([[Jhalawar district\|Jhalawar]]) and [[Bhoyari]]/[[Pawari]] (in the districts of [[Betul district\|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district\|Chhindwara]], [[Pandhurna District\|Pandhurna]] and [[Wardha district\|Wardha]]). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|title=Malvi\|website=Ethnologue\|access-date=1 February 2022\|archive-date=30 March 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330164606/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|url-status=live}}</ref>		The main language of Malwa is [[Malvi language\|Malvi]], although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the [[Rajasthani language\|Rajasthani]] branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the [[Nimar]] region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, [[Pawari\|Pawari/Bhoyari]] in Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna and Wardha districts.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|title=central provinces district gazetteers chhindwara 1907 ,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 43, 63 \|year=1907 \|publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press \|access-date=19 March 2023 \|archive-date=4 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140051/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari \|url-status=live }}</ref> Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only five dialects: Ujjaini (in the districts of [[Ujjain district\|Ujjain]], [[Indore district\|Indore]], [[Dewas district\|Dewas]], [[Dhar district\|Dhar]], [[Agar Malwa]] and [[Sehore district\|Sehore]]), Rajawari ([[Ratlam district\|Ratlam]], [[Mandsaur district\|Mandsaur]] and [[Neemuch district\|Neemuch]]), Umathwari ([[Rajgarh district\|Rajgarh]]) and Sondhwari ([[Jhalawar district\|Jhalawar]]) and [[Bhoyari]]/[[Pawari]] (in the districts of [[Betul district\|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district\|Chhindwara]], [[Pandhurna District\|Pandhurna]] and [[Wardha district\|Wardha]]). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|title=Malvi\|website=Ethnologue\|access-date=1 February 2022\|archive-date=30 March 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330164606/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Traditional Malwa food has elements of [[Rajasthani cuisine\|Rajasthani]], [[Gujarati cuisine\|Gujarati]] and [[Maharashtrian cuisine\|Maharashtrian]] cuisine. Traditionally, [[jowar]] was the staple cereal, but after the [[Green Revolution in India]], wheat has replaced jowar as the most important food crop; many are [[vegetarian]]s. Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people rely on stored foods such as pulses, and green vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa is the ''bhutta ri kees'' (made with grated corn roasted in [[ghee]] and later cooked in milk with spices). ''Chakki ri shaak'' is made of wheat dough, which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called ''baati/bafla'', which is essentially a small, round ball of wheat flour, roasted over dung cakes, in the traditional way. ''[[Baati]]'' is typically eaten with dal (pulses), while ''baflas'' are dripping with ghee and soaked with dal. The ''amli ri kadhi'' is ''kadhi'' made with tamarind instead of yogurt. Sweet cakes, made of a variety of wheat called ''tapu'', are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called ''thulli'' is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional desserts include ''mawa-bati'' (milk-based sweet similar to [[Gulab jamun]]), ''khoprapak'' (coconut-based sweet), ''[[shreekhand]]'' (yogurt based) and ''malpua''.		Traditional Malwa food has elements of [[Rajasthani cuisine\|Rajasthani]], [[Gujarati cuisine\|Gujarati]] and [[Maharashtrian cuisine\|Maharashtrian]] cuisine. Traditionally, [[jowar]] was the staple cereal, but after the [[Green Revolution in India]], wheat has replaced jowar as the most important food crop; many are [[vegetarian]]s. Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people rely on stored foods such as pulses, and green vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa is the ''bhutta ri kees'' (made with grated corn roasted in [[ghee]] and later cooked in milk with spices). ''Chakki ri shaak'' is made of wheat dough, which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called ''baati/bafla'', which is essentially a small, round ball of wheat flour, roasted over dung cakes, in the traditional way. ''[[Baati]]'' is typically eaten with dal (pulses), while ''baflas'' are dripping with ghee and soaked with dal. The ''amli ri kadhi'' is ''kadhi'' made with tamarind instead of yogurt. Sweet cakes, made of a variety of wheat called ''tapu'', are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called ''thulli'' is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional desserts include ''mawa-bati'' (milk-based sweet similar to [[Gulab jamun]]), ''khoprapak'' (coconut-based sweet), ''[[shreekhand]]'' (yogurt based) and ''malpua''.