Maria (empress) - Revision history

StarTrekker: Restored revision 1158205872 by ActivelyDisinterested (talk): Boldly reverting to last clean version

2024-05-31T23:58:20Z

Restored revision 1158205872 by ActivelyDisinterested (talk): Boldly reverting to last clean version

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:58, 31 May 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	\| image = Honorius and Maria Cameo.png		\| image = Honorius and Maria Cameo.png
	\| caption = 5th-century [[Cameo (carving)\|cameo]] depicting Maria (right) and her husband [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]] (left)		\| caption = 5th-century [[Cameo (carving)\|cameo]] depicting Maria (right) and her husband [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]] (left)
	\| succession = [[List of Roman empresses\|Roman ~~empress~~]]		\| succession = [[List of Roman empresses\|Empress of the Roman Empire]]
	\| moretext = (in the [[Western Roman Empire\|West]])		\| moretext = (in the [[Western Roman Empire\|West]])
	\| reign = 398 – 407		\| reign = 398 – 407
	\| consort = yes		\| consort = yes
	\| birth_date = c. 386
	\| death_date = 407		\| death_date = 407
	\| death_place = [[Ravenna]]		\| death_place = [[Ravenna]]
Line 34:		Line 33:
	VIVATIS]]		VIVATIS]]

	'''Maria''' (died 407) was ~~a Roman empress as~~ the first ~~wife~~ of ~~the~~ [[Western Roman Empire\|Western Roman Emperor~~]] [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius~~]]. She was the daughter of the general [[Stilicho]]. It is uncertain when she was born, but she ~~must have~~ ~~been~~ no older than fourteen at the time of her marriage. Maria had no children, and died in 407. After her death, Honorius married her sister [[Thermantia]].		'''Maria''' (died 407) was the first Empress consort of [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]], [[Western Roman Empire\|Western Roman Emperor]]. She was the daughter of the general [[Stilicho]]. Around 398 she married her first cousin, the Emperor Honorius. It is uncertain when she was born, but she was probably no older than fourteen at the time of her marriage. Maria had no children, and died in 407. After her death, Honorius married her sister, [[Thermantia]].

	==Family==		==Family==

	Maria was a daughter of [[Stilicho]], [[magister militum]] of the Western Roman Empire, and [[Serena (wife of Stilicho)\|Serena]]. Her siblings were [[Eucherius (son of Stilicho)\|Eucherius]] and [[Thermantia]]. ~~Maria’s~~ unnamed paternal grandfather was a [[Romanization\|Romanized]] [[Vandals\|Vandal]] ~~cavalry~~ ~~officer~~ ~~under~~ the ~~emperor~~ [[~~Valens~~]], ~~while~~ ~~her~~ unnamed paternal grandmother was a [[Roman citizenship\|Roman]].~~{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p~~=~~853}}~~		Maria was a daughter of [[Stilicho]], [[magister militum]] of the Western Roman Empire, and [[Serena (wife of Stilicho)\|Serena]]. Her siblings were [[Eucherius (son of Stilicho)\|Eucherius]] and [[Thermantia]]. "De Consulatu Stilichonis" by [[Claudian]] reports that her unnamed paternal grandfather was a cavalry officer under [[Valens]], Emperor of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. [[Paulus Orosius\|Orosius]] clarifies that her paternal grandfather was a [[Romanization\|Romanized]] [[Vandals\|Vandal]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]], vol. 1</ref> The fragmentary chronicle of [[John of Antioch (chronicler)\|John of Antioch]], a 7th-century monk tentatively identified with [[John of the Sedre]], [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch\|Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]] from 641 to 648<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08468a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia, "John of Antioch"]</ref> calls the grandfather a [[Scythians\|Scythian]], probably following [[Late Antiquity\|Late Antique]] practice to dub any people inhabiting the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] as "Scythians", regardless of their language. [[Jerome]] calls Stilicho a semibarbarian, which has been interpreted to mean that Maria's unnamed paternal grandmother was a [[Roman citizenship\|Roman]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

	~~Her~~ maternal grandfather was an elder Honorius, a brother to [[Theodosius I]] and ~~son~~ of [[Count Theodosius]].{{~~sfn~~\|~~Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p~~=~~441~~}} Genealogists consider it likely that Maria was named after her maternal grandmother, tentatively giving said grandmother the name "Maria".~~{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=824}}~~		The poem "In Praise of Serena" by Claudian and the "Historia Nova" by [[Zosimus (historian)\|Zosimus]] clarify that Maria's maternal grandfather was an elder Honorius, a brother to [[Theodosius I]].<ref name="ReferenceB">[[Zosimus (historian)\|Zosimus]], "''Historia Nova'', Book five, 1814 translation by Green and Chaplin</ref><ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Carmina_Minora*/30.html Claudian, "In Praise of Serena", Loeb Classical Library, edition 1922]</ref> Both were sons of [[Count Theodosius]] and Thermantia, as clarified in the "Historia Romana" by [[Paul the Deacon]].{{CN\|date=June 2023}} Genealogists consider it likely that Maria was named after her maternal grandmother, tentatively giving said grandmother the name "Maria".<ref>[http://members.pcug.org.au/~ronwells/580-9.htm Ronald Wells, "Ancient Ancestors"]</ref>

	==Marriage==		==Marriage==

			In c. February, 398, Maria married [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]], her maternal first cousin, once removed. Her husband was a son of Theodosius I and his first wife [[Aelia Flaccilla]].<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/honorius.htm Ralph W. Mathisen, Honorius (395-423 A.D.)]</ref> Honorius was not yet fourteen-years-old. The [[Epithalamion]] written in their honor by [[Claudian]] survives. He places his flattering description of Maria in the mouth of [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]], a [[Roman mythology\|Roman]] [[goddess]] principally associated with [[love]], [[beauty]] and fertility, the equivalent of the [[Greek mythology\|Greek goddess]] [[Aphrodite]]. "E'en though no ties of blood united thee to the royal house, though thou wert in no way related thereto, yet would thy beauty render thee worthy of a kingdom. What face could rather win a sceptre? What countenance better adorn a palace? Redder than roses thy lips, whiter than the hoar-frost thy neck, cowslips are not more yellow than thine hair, fire not more bright than thine eyes. With how fine an interspace do the delicate eyebrows meet upon thy forehead! How just the blend that makes thy blush, thy fairness not o'ermantled with too much red! Pinker thy fingers than [[Aurora (mythology)\|Aurora]]'s, firmer thy shoulders than [[Diana (mythology)\|Diana]]'s; even thy mother dost thou surpass. If [[Dionysus\|Bacchus]], [[Ariadne]]'s lover, could transform his mistress' garland into a [[Corona Borealis\|constellation]] how comes it that a more beauteous maid has no crown of stars?"<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/Epithalamium*.html Claudian, "Epithalamium", Loeb Classical Library, edition 1922]</ref>
	In 398, Maria married [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]], a cousin of her mother.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} While Maria’s father Stilicho had been the one to arrange the marriage,{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=95}} the poet [[Claudian]] denied his role, going as far as to claim that he was unwilling for it to occur.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}} He instead stated that the union had been arranged by Theodosius I prior to his death, and attributed its fulfillment to Honorius’ own initiative.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}}

			There is a scholarly debate about how old Maria was. This would depend on when her parents were married. Passages of "De Consulatu Stilichonis" by Claudian, report that Stilicho first rose to fame through successfully negotiating a peace treaty with the [[Sassanid Empire]], then was chosen by Theodosius I to marry his niece.<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu">[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Consulatu_Stilichonis/1*.html Claudian, "On Stilicho's Consulship", Loeb Classical Library, edition 1922]</ref>
	Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}
			<!-- Unnecessary. Too many quotes
			The Passages read: "Scarce hadst thou reached man's estate when thou wast sent to negotiate peace with [[Assyria]];to make a treaty with so great a people was the charge entrusted to thy youth. Crossing the [[Tigris]] and the deep [[Euphrates]] thou cam'st to [[Babylon]]. The grave lords of [[Parthia]] looked at thee in amaze and the quiver-bearing mob burned with desire to behold, while the daughters of [[Persian Empire\|Persia]] gazing on their beauteous guest sighed out their hidden love. The peace is sworn at altars sweet with the fragrance of incense and the harvests of [[Sheba\|Saba]]. Fire is brought forth from the innermost sanctuary and the [[Magi]] sacrifice heifers according to the [[Chaldea]]n ritual. The king himself dips the jewelled bowl of sacrifice and swears by the mysteries of [[Bel (mythology)\|Bel]] and by [[Mithraic Mysteries\|Mithras]] who guides the errant stars of heaven. Whenever they made thee sharer of their hunting, whose sword struck down the lion in close combat before that of Stilicho, whose arrow pierced the striped tiger afar before thine? When thou didst guide the easy rein the [[Medes\|Mede]] gave way to thee, and the [[Parthian language\|Parthian]] marvelled at the bow thou didst discharge in flight."<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu"/>

			"Meanwhile a maiden of years full ripe for marriage troubled a father's heart, and the emperor doubted whom to select as her husband and as future ruler of the world; right anxiously did he search east and west for a son-in‑law worthy of being wedded to Serena. Merit alone had to decide; through camps, through cities, through nations roamed his poised and hesitating thoughts. But thou wast chosen, thus in the opinion and judgement of him who selected thee surpassing all the candidates of the whole world and becoming a son-in‑law in the imperial family where thou wast shortly to become a father-in‑law. The marriage-bed was ablaze with flashing gold and regal purple. The maiden steps forth accompanied by her parents clad in scarlet. On one side stood her sire, famed for his triumphs, on the other was the queen, fulfilling a mother's loving office and ordering the bridal veil beneath a weight of jewels. Then, so men say, the horses of the sun and the stars of heaven danced for joy, pools of honey and rivers of milk welled forth from the earth. [[Bosporus]] decked his banks with vernal flowers, and [[Europe]], entwined with rose garlands, uplifted the torches in rivalry with [[Asia]].<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu"/>
	Based on the fact that Maria was not immediately married to Honorius upon his accession to the throne,{{sfn\|Nathan\|2002\|p=78}} scholars have assumed she was 12 years old at the time of her marriage,{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=95}}{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=62}} which was the youngest legal marriageable age.{{sfn\|Coombe\|2018\|p=158}}
			-->
			The account seems to report that (1)Stilicho negotiated the [[treaty]] of mutual friendship between Theodosius I and [[Shapur III]] (2) Theodosius I and Aelia Flaccilla acted as adoptive parents to Serena, possibly following the deaths of her natural parents. The treaty has been usually dated to 384, but dates as late as 387 have been suggested for both the treaty and the marriage following it. By any estimation, Maria would be at most fourteen-years-old at the time of her marriage.<ref name="roman-emperors.org">[http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm#N_53_ David Woods , "Theodosius I (379-395 A.D.)"],</ref>

	==Empress==		==Empress==

			According to the account of Zosimus, "When Maria was about to be married to Honorius, her mother, deeming her too young for the marriage-state and being unwilling to defer the marriage, although she thought that to submit so young and tender a person to the embraces of a man was offering violence to nature, she had recourse to a woman who knew how to manage such affairs, and by her means contrived that Maria should live with the emperor and share his bed, but that he should not have the power to deprive her of virginity. In the meantime Maria died a virgin, and Serena, who, as may readily be supposed, was desirous to become the grandmother of a young emperor or empress, through fear of her influence being diminished, used all her endeavours to marry her other daughter to Honorius." <ref name="ReferenceA"/> The account may have attempted to explain why Maria died without giving birth. However this might also be explained by the young ages of the imperial couple, the tale of Honorius being [[drug]]ged by his mother-in-law Serena considered fanciful.<ref name="roman-emperors.org"/> Her sister Thermantia went on to marry Honorius.
	Although Claudian expressed hope that Maria would have a child,{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=161}} that did not happen, which a number of ancient sources have noted.{{sfn\|Holum\|1982\|p=49}} [[Orosius]] attributed it to voluntary chastity, while [[Zosimus (historian)\|Zosimus]] accused Maria’s mother Serena of plotting against Honorius. Cameron dismissed both tales, believing that Claudian’s writings proved Serena wanted the couple to have a child just as much as Stilicho.{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|pp=153-154}}

	Maria was buried in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] when she died around the year 407. Shortly after, her sister Thermantia went on to marry Honorius.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=180}}

	In the year 1544, Maria’s sarcophagus was identified through the approximately 180 valuable treasures buried with her, although only 2 of them remain known today.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2010\|p=181}}

	==References==		==References==
Line 62:		Line 61:

	==Sources==		==Sources==
			*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHw4idqAeYC&pg=PA857 Profile of Stilicho in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]
	*{{cite book\|last=Cameron\|first=Alan\|title=Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius\|year=1970\|publisher=Clarendon\|isbn=978-0-1981-4351-2\|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Claudian.html?id=RINfAAAAMAAJ}}
			*[https://books.google.com/books?id=QCIaBQTCg0IC&pg=PA1112 Profile of her sister Thermantia in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]
	*{{cite book \|last1=Coombe \|first1=Clare \|title=Claudian the Poet \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Claudian_the_Poet/o45LDwAAQBAJ?hl=en \|date=2018 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-107-05834-7 \|location= Cambridge}}
			*[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus05_book5.htm Zosimus, New History. London: Green and Chaplin (1814). Book 5.]
	*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293\|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B03326A750F49A4C2FE02CD02C5464B/S0068246200000854a.pdf/rome-and-the-transformation-of-the-imperial-office-in-the-late-fourth-mid-fifth-centuries-ad1.pdf}}
	*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}
	* {{cite book \|last1=Nathan \|first1=Geoffrey \|year=2002 \|title=The Family in Late Antiquity: The Rise of Christianity and the Endurance of Tradition \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Family_in_Late_Antiquity/z_CFAgAAQBAJ?hl=en\|publisher=Routledge \|location=New York \|isbn=978-1-134-70668-6}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}

	{{s-start}}		{{s-start}}

Snowsoftime at 04:35, 17 May 2024

2024-05-17T04:35:33Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:35, 17 May 2024
Line 8:		Line 8:
	\| reign = 398 – 407		\| reign = 398 – 407
	\| consort = yes		\| consort = yes
	\| birth_date = c. ~~384~~		\| birth_date = c. 386
	\| death_date = 407		\| death_date = 407
	\| death_place = [[Ravenna]]		\| death_place = [[Ravenna]]

Snowsoftime: /* Marriage */

2024-05-17T04:30:41Z

Marriage

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:30, 17 May 2024
Line 48:		Line 48:
	Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}		Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}

	Based on the fact that Maria was not immediately married to Honorius upon his accession to the throne,{{sfn\|Nathan\|2002\|p=78}} scholars have assumed ~~that~~ she was 12 years old at the time of her marriage,{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}} which was the youngest legal marriageable age.{{sfn\|Coombe\|2018\|p=158}}		Based on the fact that Maria was not immediately married to Honorius upon his accession to the throne,{{sfn\|Nathan\|2002\|p=78}} scholars have assumed she was 12 years old at the time of her marriage,{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=95}}{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=62}} which was the youngest legal marriageable age.{{sfn\|Coombe\|2018\|p=158}}

	==Empress==		==Empress==

Snowsoftime: /* Marriage */

2024-05-17T04:27:14Z

Marriage

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:27, 17 May 2024
Line 48:		Line 48:
	Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}		Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}

	~~The~~ ~~date~~ of ~~her~~ ~~parents’~~ ~~marriage~~ is ~~usually~~ ~~given~~ as ~~the~~ ~~year~~ ~~384,<ref>Williams,~~ ~~Stephen,~~ ~~Theodosius:~~ ~~The~~ ~~Empire at~~ ~~Bay~~, ~~Yale University Press, 1994, p. 42</ref>~~{{sfn\|~~McEvoy~~\|~~2013~~\|p=~~143}}{{sfn\|Holum\|1982\|pp=9-10~~}} ~~meaning~~ ~~that~~ ~~Maria~~ ~~would~~ ~~be,~~ ~~at most,~~ 14 years old at the time of her marriage.{{sfn\|~~Jones\|Martindale~~\|~~Morris~~\|p=~~824~~}}		Based on the fact that Maria was not immediately married to Honorius upon his accession to the throne,{{sfn\|Nathan\|2002\|p=78}} scholars have assumed that she was 12 years old at the time of her marriage,{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}} which was the youngest legal marriageable age.{{sfn\|Coombe\|2018\|p=158}}

	==Empress==		==Empress==

Snowsoftime: /* Sources */

2024-05-17T04:25:37Z

Sources

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:25, 17 May 2024
Line 63:		Line 63:
	==Sources==		==Sources==
	*{{cite book\|last=Cameron\|first=Alan\|title=Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius\|year=1970\|publisher=Clarendon\|isbn=978-0-1981-4351-2\|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Claudian.html?id=RINfAAAAMAAJ}}		*{{cite book\|last=Cameron\|first=Alan\|title=Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius\|year=1970\|publisher=Clarendon\|isbn=978-0-1981-4351-2\|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Claudian.html?id=RINfAAAAMAAJ}}
			*{{cite book \|last1=Coombe \|first1=Clare \|title=Claudian the Poet \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Claudian_the_Poet/o45LDwAAQBAJ?hl=en \|date=2018 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-107-05834-7 \|location= Cambridge}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}		*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}		* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}

Snowsoftime: /* Sources */

2024-05-17T04:24:34Z

Sources

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:24, 17 May 2024
Line 67:		Line 67:
	*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293\|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B03326A750F49A4C2FE02CD02C5464B/S0068246200000854a.pdf/rome-and-the-transformation-of-the-imperial-office-in-the-late-fourth-mid-fifth-centuries-ad1.pdf}}		*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293\|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B03326A750F49A4C2FE02CD02C5464B/S0068246200000854a.pdf/rome-and-the-transformation-of-the-imperial-office-in-the-late-fourth-mid-fifth-centuries-ad1.pdf}}
	*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}		*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Nathan \|first1=Geoffrey \|year=2002 \|title=The Family in Late Antiquity: The Rise of Christianity and the Endurance of Tradition \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Family_in_Late_Antiquity/z_CFAgAAQBAJ?hl=en\|publisher=Routledge \|location=New York \|isbn=978-1-134-70668-6}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}

Snowsoftime: /* Sources */

2024-04-27T03:56:08Z

Sources

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:56, 27 April 2024
Line 65:		Line 65:
	*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}		*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}		* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293}}		*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293\|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B03326A750F49A4C2FE02CD02C5464B/S0068246200000854a.pdf/rome-and-the-transformation-of-the-imperial-office-in-the-late-fourth-mid-fifth-centuries-ad1.pdf}}
	*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}		*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}

Arjayay: Duplicate word removed

2024-04-26T21:45:00Z

Duplicate word removed

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:45, 26 April 2024
Line 46:		Line 46:
	In 398, Maria married [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]], a cousin of her mother.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} While Maria’s father Stilicho had been the one to arrange the marriage,{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=95}} the poet [[Claudian]] denied his role, going as far as to claim that he was unwilling for it to occur.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}} He instead stated that the union had been arranged by Theodosius I prior to his death, and attributed its fulfillment to Honorius’ own initiative.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}}		In 398, Maria married [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]], a cousin of her mother.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} While Maria’s father Stilicho had been the one to arrange the marriage,{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=95}} the poet [[Claudian]] denied his role, going as far as to claim that he was unwilling for it to occur.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}} He instead stated that the union had been arranged by Theodosius I prior to his death, and attributed its fulfillment to Honorius’ own initiative.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}}

	Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being ~~the~~ the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}		Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}

	The date of her parents’ marriage is usually given as the year 384,<ref>Williams, Stephen, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 42</ref>{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=143}}{{sfn\|Holum\|1982\|pp=9-10}} meaning that Maria would be, at most, 14 years old at the time of her marriage.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=824}}		The date of her parents’ marriage is usually given as the year 384,<ref>Williams, Stephen, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 42</ref>{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=143}}{{sfn\|Holum\|1982\|pp=9-10}} meaning that Maria would be, at most, 14 years old at the time of her marriage.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=824}}

Snowsoftime: /* Empress */

2024-04-26T18:59:46Z

Empress

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:59, 26 April 2024
Line 55:		Line 55:

	Maria was buried in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] when she died around the year 407. Shortly after, her sister Thermantia went on to marry Honorius.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=180}}		Maria was buried in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] when she died around the year 407. Shortly after, her sister Thermantia went on to marry Honorius.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=180}}

			In the year 1544, Maria’s sarcophagus was identified through the approximately 180 valuable treasures buried with her, although only 2 of them remain known today.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2010\|p=181}}

	==References==		==References==

Snowsoftime: /* Sources */

2024-04-26T18:50:31Z

Sources

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:50, 26 April 2024
Line 63:		Line 63:
	*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}		*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}		* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}
			*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293}}
	*{{cite book\|last1=Jones\|first1=A. H. M.\|title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 2, AD 395-527\|date=1992\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9780521201599}}
	*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}		*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:25, 17 May 2024
Line 63:		Line 63:
	==Sources==		==Sources==
	*{{cite book\|last=Cameron\|first=Alan\|title=Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius\|year=1970\|publisher=Clarendon\|isbn=978-0-1981-4351-2\|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Claudian.html?id=RINfAAAAMAAJ}}		*{{cite book\|last=Cameron\|first=Alan\|title=Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius\|year=1970\|publisher=Clarendon\|isbn=978-0-1981-4351-2\|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Claudian.html?id=RINfAAAAMAAJ}}
			*{{cite book \|last1=Coombe \|first1=Clare \|title=Claudian the Poet \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Claudian_the_Poet/o45LDwAAQBAJ?hl=en \|date=2018 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-107-05834-7 \|location= Cambridge}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}		*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}		* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:24, 17 May 2024
Line 67:		Line 67:
	*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293\|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B03326A750F49A4C2FE02CD02C5464B/S0068246200000854a.pdf/rome-and-the-transformation-of-the-imperial-office-in-the-late-fourth-mid-fifth-centuries-ad1.pdf}}		*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293\|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B03326A750F49A4C2FE02CD02C5464B/S0068246200000854a.pdf/rome-and-the-transformation-of-the-imperial-office-in-the-late-fourth-mid-fifth-centuries-ad1.pdf}}
	*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}		*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}
			* {{cite book \|last1=Nathan \|first1=Geoffrey \|year=2002 \|title=The Family in Late Antiquity: The Rise of Christianity and the Endurance of Tradition \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Family_in_Late_Antiquity/z_CFAgAAQBAJ?hl=en\|publisher=Routledge \|location=New York \|isbn=978-1-134-70668-6}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:56, 27 April 2024
Line 65:		Line 65:
	*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}		*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}		* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293}}		*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293\|url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1B03326A750F49A4C2FE02CD02C5464B/S0068246200000854a.pdf/rome-and-the-transformation-of-the-imperial-office-in-the-late-fourth-mid-fifth-centuries-ad1.pdf}}
	*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}		*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:45, 26 April 2024
Line 46:		Line 46:
	In 398, Maria married [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]], a cousin of her mother.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} While Maria’s father Stilicho had been the one to arrange the marriage,{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=95}} the poet [[Claudian]] denied his role, going as far as to claim that he was unwilling for it to occur.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}} He instead stated that the union had been arranged by Theodosius I prior to his death, and attributed its fulfillment to Honorius’ own initiative.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}}		In 398, Maria married [[Honorius (emperor)\|Honorius]], a cousin of her mother.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} While Maria’s father Stilicho had been the one to arrange the marriage,{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=95}} the poet [[Claudian]] denied his role, going as far as to claim that he was unwilling for it to occur.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}} He instead stated that the union had been arranged by Theodosius I prior to his death, and attributed its fulfillment to Honorius’ own initiative.{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=160}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1970\|p=99}}

	Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being ~~the~~ the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}		Claudian wrote an [[Epithalamion]] and fescennine verses in celebration of the event.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}} He portrayed the occasion as being attended by several divine guests, such as comparing it to the pairing of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]] in Greek mythology,{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=50}} as well as depicting the Roman goddess [[Venus (mythology)\|Venus]] as being the matron of honor.{{sfn\|Wasdin\|2014\|p=48}}

	The date of her parents’ marriage is usually given as the year 384,<ref>Williams, Stephen, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 42</ref>{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=143}}{{sfn\|Holum\|1982\|pp=9-10}} meaning that Maria would be, at most, 14 years old at the time of her marriage.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=824}}		The date of her parents’ marriage is usually given as the year 384,<ref>Williams, Stephen, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 42</ref>{{sfn\|McEvoy\|2013\|p=143}}{{sfn\|Holum\|1982\|pp=9-10}} meaning that Maria would be, at most, 14 years old at the time of her marriage.{{sfn\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris\|p=824}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:50, 26 April 2024
Line 63:		Line 63:
	*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}		*{{cite book\|last=Holum\|first=Kenneth G.\|title=Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity\|year=1982\|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-04162-2\|url= https://archive.org/details/theodosianempres0000holu}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}		* {{cite book \|last=Jones \|year=1971 \|first=A.H.M. \|author2=J.R. Martindale \|author3=J. Morris \|title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire \|volume=1 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0-521-07233-6 \|url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I \|name-list-style=amp \|author-link=A. H. M. Jones \|author-link2=John Robert Martindale \|author-link3=John Morris (historian) \|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|Martindale\|Morris}}}}
			*{{cite journal \|last=McEvoy \|year=2010 \|first=Meaghan \|title=Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth-mid-fifth centuries AD\|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome\|volume=78\|pages=151-192\|jstor=41725293}}
	*{{cite book\|last1=Jones\|first1=A. H. M.\|title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 2, AD 395-527\|date=1992\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9780521201599}}
	*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}		*{{cite book \|title=Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455 \|first=Meaghan \|last=McEvoy \|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Child_Emperor_Rule_in_the_Late_Roman_Wes/lgygc7HDBt0C?hl=en \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0199664818}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Wasdin \|year=2014 \|first=Katherine \|title=Honorius Triumphant: Poetry and Politics in Claudian’s Wedding Poems\|journal=Classical Philology\|volume=109\|issue=1\|pages=48-65 \|jstor=10.1086/673850}}