Medical model of disability - Revision history

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	=== Components and usage ===		=== Components and usage ===
			[[File:One size fits all - how pathology tend to classify conditions.png\|thumb\|alt=Pathology tends to classify physiological or mental states to "Normal", "More", and "Less". This creates an illusion of one "Normal" size fits all. But there will be people who are outliers in this schema, and "their normal" isn't everyone's normal. Trying to bending back to the accepted normal may actually harm them, for example DSPD (Delayed sleep phase disorder). \|Pathology tends to classify physiological or mental states to "Normal", "More", and "Less". This creates an illusion of one "Normal" size fits all. But there will be people who are outliers in this schema, and "their normal" isn't everyone's normal. Trying to bending back to the accepted normal may actually harm them, for example DSPD ([[Delayed sleep phase disorder]]). ]]

	While [[personal narrative]] is present in [[Interpersonal communication\|interpersonal interactions]], and particularly dominant in Western Culture, personal narrative during interactions with medical personnel is reduced to relaying information about specific symptoms of the disability to medical professionals.<ref name="FisherGoodley"/> The medical professionals then interpret the information provided about the disability by the patient to determine a diagnosis, which likely will be linked to biological causes.<ref name="FisherGoodley"/><ref name="Bury"/> Medical professionals now define what is "normal" and what is "abnormal" in terms of biology and disability.<ref name="Lawrence"/>		While [[personal narrative]] is present in [[Interpersonal communication\|interpersonal interactions]], and particularly dominant in Western Culture, personal narrative during interactions with medical personnel is reduced to relaying information about specific symptoms of the disability to medical professionals.<ref name="FisherGoodley"/> The medical professionals then interpret the information provided about the disability by the patient to determine a diagnosis, which likely will be linked to biological causes.<ref name="FisherGoodley"/><ref name="Bury"/> Medical professionals now define what is "normal" and what is "abnormal" in terms of biology and disability.<ref name="Lawrence"/>

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	{{Discrimination sidebar\|Related}}		{{Discrimination sidebar\|Related}}

	The '''medical model of disability''', or medical model, is based in a biomedical perception of [[disability]]. This model links a disability diagnosis to an individual's physical body. The model supposes that ~~this~~ disability may reduce the individual's [[quality of life]] and aims to ~~diminish~~ or ~~correct~~ ~~this~~ disability with medical intervention.<ref name="FisherGoodley">{{cite journal\|last1=Fisher\|first1=Pamela\|last2=Goodley\|first2=Dan\|title=The linear medical model of disability: mothers of disabled babies resist with counter-narratives\|journal=Sociology of Health & Illness\|date=January 2007\|volume=29\|issue=1\|pages=66–81\|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00518.x\|pmid=17286706\|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is often contrasted with the [[social model of disability]].		The '''medical model of disability''', or '''medical model''', is based in a biomedical perception of [[disability]]. This model links a disability diagnosis to an individual's physical body. The model supposes that a disability may reduce the individual's [[quality of life]] and aims to correct or diminish the disability with medical intervention.<ref name="FisherGoodley">{{cite journal\|last1=Fisher\|first1=Pamela\|last2=Goodley\|first2=Dan\|title=The linear medical model of disability: mothers of disabled babies resist with counter-narratives\|journal=Sociology of Health & Illness\|date=January 2007\|volume=29\|issue=1\|pages=66–81\|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00518.x\|pmid=17286706\|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is often contrasted with the [[social model of disability]].

	The medical model focuses on curing or managing illness or disability. By extension, the medical model supposes a compassionate or [[justice\|just]] society invests resources in health care and related services in an attempt to cure or manage disabilities ''medically''. This is in an aim to expand ~~functionality and/~~or improve functioning, and to allow disabled ~~persons~~ a more "normal" life. The [[medical]] profession's responsibility and potential in this area is seen as central.		The medical model focuses on curing or managing illness or disability. By extension, the medical model supposes a compassionate or [[justice\|just]] society invests resources in health care and related services in an attempt to cure or manage disabilities ''medically''. This is in an aim to expand or improve functioning, and to allow disabled people to lead a more "normal" life. The medical profession's responsibility and potential in this area is seen as central.

	== History ==		== History ==

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	The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>		The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>

	It can influence the factors within the creation of medical or disability aides. ~~Which~~ ~~can~~ be reminiscent of hospital settings and institutions which can be traumatic to some who have spent and extended period of time there. ~~Which~~ ~~can~~ solely reflect the function of hospital aides but not necessarily the function of an aide outside of these contexts.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Barton \|first=Len \|title=Sociology and disability: some emerging issues \|date=1996 \|work=Disability and Society \|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315841984-2/sociology-disability-emerging-issues-len-barton \|access-date=2024-04-11 \|publisher=Routledge \|doi=10.4324/9781315841984-2 \|isbn=978-1-315-84198-4}}</ref>		The medical model of disability can influence the factors within the creation of medical or disability aides, such as creating aides reminiscent of hospital settings and institutions which can be traumatic to some who have spent and extended period of time there, or which solely reflect the function of hospital aides but not necessarily the function of an aide outside of these contexts.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Barton \|first=Len \|title=Sociology and disability: some emerging issues \|date=1996 \|work=Disability and Society \|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315841984-2/sociology-disability-emerging-issues-len-barton \|access-date=2024-04-11 \|publisher=Routledge \|doi=10.4324/9781315841984-2 \|isbn=978-1-315-84198-4}}</ref>

	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.		Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

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	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
	{{further\|Social model of disability}}		{{further\|Social model of disability}}
	The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>		The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>

			It can influence the factors within the creation of medical or disability aides. Which can be reminiscent of hospital settings and institutions which can be traumatic to some who have spent and extended period of time there. Which can solely reflect the function of hospital aides but not necessarily the function of an aide outside of these contexts.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Barton \|first=Len \|title=Sociology and disability: some emerging issues \|date=1996 \|work=Disability and Society \|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315841984-2/sociology-disability-emerging-issues-len-barton \|access-date=2024-04-11 \|publisher=Routledge \|doi=10.4324/9781315841984-2 \|isbn=978-1-315-84198-4}}</ref>
⚫	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

		⚫	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

	Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").		Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").

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	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
	{{further\|Social model of disability}}		{{further\|Social model of disability}}
	The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the disability rather than on the systems and structures that inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are ~~depicted~~ as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and ~~ignoring~~ ~~very real~~ social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>		The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>

	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.		Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

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	The '''medical model of disability''', or medical model, is based in a biomedical perception of [[disability]]. This model links a disability diagnosis to an individual's physical body. The model supposes that this disability may reduce the individual's [[quality of life]] and aims to diminish or correct this disability with medical intervention.<ref name="FisherGoodley">{{cite journal\|last1=Fisher\|first1=Pamela\|last2=Goodley\|first2=Dan\|title=The linear medical model of disability: mothers of disabled babies resist with counter-narratives\|journal=Sociology of Health & Illness\|date=January 2007\|volume=29\|issue=1\|pages=66–81\|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00518.x\|pmid=17286706\|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is often contrasted with the [[social model of disability]].		The '''medical model of disability''', or medical model, is based in a biomedical perception of [[disability]]. This model links a disability diagnosis to an individual's physical body. The model supposes that this disability may reduce the individual's [[quality of life]] and aims to diminish or correct this disability with medical intervention.<ref name="FisherGoodley">{{cite journal\|last1=Fisher\|first1=Pamela\|last2=Goodley\|first2=Dan\|title=The linear medical model of disability: mothers of disabled babies resist with counter-narratives\|journal=Sociology of Health & Illness\|date=January 2007\|volume=29\|issue=1\|pages=66–81\|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00518.x\|pmid=17286706\|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is often contrasted with the [[social model of disability]].

	The medical model focuses on curing or managing illness or disability. By extension, the medical model supposes a "compassionate" or [[justice\|just]] society invests resources in health care and related services in an attempt to cure or manage disabilities ''medically''. This is in an aim to expand functionality and/or improve functioning, and to allow disabled persons a more "normal" life. The [[medical]] profession's responsibility and potential in this area is seen as central.		The medical model focuses on curing or managing illness or disability. By extension, the medical model supposes a compassionate or [[justice\|just]] society invests resources in health care and related services in an attempt to cure or manage disabilities ''medically''. This is in an aim to expand functionality and/or improve functioning, and to allow disabled persons a more "normal" life. The [[medical]] profession's responsibility and potential in this area is seen as central.

	== History ==		== History ==

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	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
	{{further\|Social model of disability}}		{{further\|Social model of disability}}
	The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the disability rather than on the systems and structures that inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are depicted as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and ignoring very real social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>		The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the disability rather than on the systems and structures that inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are depicted as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and ignoring very real social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>

	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|~~url~~=~~https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596173/~~\|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.		Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

	Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").		Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:28, 12 August 2024
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	The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>		The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>

	It can influence the factors within the creation of medical or disability aides. ~~Which~~ ~~can~~ be reminiscent of hospital settings and institutions which can be traumatic to some who have spent and extended period of time there. ~~Which~~ ~~can~~ solely reflect the function of hospital aides but not necessarily the function of an aide outside of these contexts.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Barton \|first=Len \|title=Sociology and disability: some emerging issues \|date=1996 \|work=Disability and Society \|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315841984-2/sociology-disability-emerging-issues-len-barton \|access-date=2024-04-11 \|publisher=Routledge \|doi=10.4324/9781315841984-2 \|isbn=978-1-315-84198-4}}</ref>		The medical model of disability can influence the factors within the creation of medical or disability aides, such as creating aides reminiscent of hospital settings and institutions which can be traumatic to some who have spent and extended period of time there, or which solely reflect the function of hospital aides but not necessarily the function of an aide outside of these contexts.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Barton \|first=Len \|title=Sociology and disability: some emerging issues \|date=1996 \|work=Disability and Society \|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315841984-2/sociology-disability-emerging-issues-len-barton \|access-date=2024-04-11 \|publisher=Routledge \|doi=10.4324/9781315841984-2 \|isbn=978-1-315-84198-4}}</ref>

	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.		Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 07:35, 11 April 2024
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	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
	{{further\|Social model of disability}}		{{further\|Social model of disability}}
	The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>		The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the biological expression of disability rather than on the systems and structures that can inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are defined as something to be corrected, changed, or cured. Terminology used can perpetuate negative labels such as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and can overlook social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations and barriers that an individual may face in social settings.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>

			It can influence the factors within the creation of medical or disability aides. Which can be reminiscent of hospital settings and institutions which can be traumatic to some who have spent and extended period of time there. Which can solely reflect the function of hospital aides but not necessarily the function of an aide outside of these contexts.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Barton \|first=Len \|title=Sociology and disability: some emerging issues \|date=1996 \|work=Disability and Society \|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315841984-2/sociology-disability-emerging-issues-len-barton \|access-date=2024-04-11 \|publisher=Routledge \|doi=10.4324/9781315841984-2 \|isbn=978-1-315-84198-4}}</ref>
⚫	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

		⚫	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

	Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").		Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:17, 24 September 2023
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	==Criticism==		==Criticism==
	{{further\|Social model of disability}}		{{further\|Social model of disability}}
	The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the disability rather than on the systems and structures that inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are depicted as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and ignoring very real social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>		The medical model focuses on individual intervention and treatment as the proper approach to disability. Emphasis is placed on the disability rather than on the systems and structures that inhibit the lives of people with disabilities. Under the medical model, disabled bodies are depicted as deviant, pathological, and defective, thus, best understood in medical terms. The history and future of disability are severely constricted, focusing solely on medical implications and ignoring very real social constructions contributing to the experience of disability. Alternatively, the social model presents disability less as an objective fact of the body and mind, and positions it in terms of social relations.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Kafer \|first1=Alison \|title=Feminist, queer, crip \|year=2013 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0253009340}}</ref>

	Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|~~url~~=~~https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596173/~~\|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.		Among advocates of [[disability rights]], who tend to subscribe to [[social model of disability\|the social model]] instead, the medical model of disability is often cited as the basis of an unintended social [[wikt:degradation\|degradation]] of disabled people (otherwise known as [[ableism]]).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Dirth \|first1=Thomas P. \|last2=Branscombe \|first2=Nyla R. \|title=Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination: Models of Disability \|journal=Journal of Social Issues \|date=June 2017 \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=413–442 \|doi=10.1111/josi.12224}}</ref> Resources are seen as excessively misdirected towards an almost-exclusively medical focus when those same resources could potentially be used towards things like [[universal design]] and [[inclusion (disability rights)\|societal inclusionary practices]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Goering \|first1=Sara \|title=Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease \|journal=Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine \|date=June 2015 \|volume=8 \|issue=2 \|pages=134–138 \|doi=10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z \|pmid=25862485 \|pmc=4596173 }}</ref> This includes the monetary and societal costs and benefits of various interventions, be they medical, surgical, social or occupational, from [[prosthetics]], drug-based and other "cures", and medical tests such as genetic screening or [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]. According to disability rights advocates, the medical model of disability is used to justify large investment in these procedures, technologies and research, when adaptation of the disabled person's environment could potentially be more beneficial to the society at large, as well as financially cheaper and physically more attainable.

	Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").		Also, some disability rights groups see the medical model of disability as a [[civil rights]] issue and criticize [[charitable organizations]] or medical initiatives that use it in their portrayal of disabled people, because it promotes a [[pity\|pitiable]], essentially negative, largely [[disempowered]] image of people with disabilities rather than casting disability as a political, social and environmental problem (see also the [[political slogan]] "[[Piss On Pity]]").