Multi-exposure HDR capture - Revision history

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	[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]		[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]

	In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates ''[[high dynamic range]]'' (HDR) images (or extended [[dynamic range]] images) by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposures]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.		In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates [[high dynamic range]] (HDR) images (or extended [[dynamic range]] images) by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposures]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.

	A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.		A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.

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	{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}		{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}
	{{Multiple issues\|		{{Multiple issues\|
	{{~~Plain English~~\|date=February 2020}}		{{Technical\|date=February 2020}}
	{{Update\|date=June 2020\|reason=Most of the material and sourcing in this dates to around the 2008–2012 period.}}		{{Update\|date=June 2020\|reason=Most of the material and sourcing in this dates to around the 2008–2012 period.}}
	}}		}}
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	=== Photography ===		=== Photography ===
	{{See also\|Computational photography}}		{{See also\|Computational photography}}
	Several camera manufacturers offer built-in multi-exposure HDR features. For example, the [[Pentax K-7]] DSLR has an HDR mode that makes 3 or 5 exposures and outputs (only) a tone mapped HDR image in a JPEG file.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Howard\|first=Jack\|date=May 20, 2009\|title=The Pentax K-7: The Era of In-camera High Dynamic Range Imaging Has Arrived!\|url=http://www.adorama.com/alc/0011608/blogarticle/The-Pentax-K-7-The-era-of-in-camera-High-Dynamic-Range-Imaging-has-arrived\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223124601/http://www.adorama.com/alc/0011608/blogarticle/The-Pentax-K-7-The-era-of-in-camera-High-Dynamic-Range-Imaging-has-arrived\|archive-date=December 23, 2014\|access-date=18 August 2009\|work=Adorama Learning Center\|publisher=[[Adorama]]}}</ref> The [[Canon PowerShot G12]], [[Canon PowerShot S95]], and [[Canon PowerShot S100]] offer similar features in a smaller format.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Mokey\|first=Nick\|date=September 14, 2010\|title=Canon PowerShot G12 picks up HD video recording, built-in HDR\|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/cameras/canon-powershot-g12-picks-up-hd-video-recording-built-in-hdr/?news=123\|access-date=June 12, 2020\|work=[[Digital Trends]]}}</ref> Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the emphasis being on creating a realistic effect.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Heiner\|first=Steve\|date=2017\|title=Intermediate: Balancing Photo Exposures with Active D-lighting\|url=https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/ideas-and-inspiration/balancing-photo-exposures-with-nikons-active-d-lighting.html\|access-date=August 2, 2017\|work=Nikon Learn and Explore\|publisher=[[Nikon]]\|department="Ideas and Inspiration" section}}</ref>		Several camera manufacturers offer built-in multi-exposure HDR features. For example, the [[Pentax K-7]] DSLR has an HDR mode that makes 3 or 5 exposures and outputs (only) a tone mapped HDR image in a JPEG file.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Howard\|first=Jack\|date=May 20, 2009\|title=The Pentax K-7: The Era of In-camera High Dynamic Range Imaging Has Arrived!\|url=http://www.adorama.com/alc/0011608/blogarticle/The-Pentax-K-7-The-era-of-in-camera-High-Dynamic-Range-Imaging-has-arrived\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223124601/http://www.adorama.com/alc/0011608/blogarticle/The-Pentax-K-7-The-era-of-in-camera-High-Dynamic-Range-Imaging-has-arrived\|archive-date=December 23, 2014\|access-date=18 August 2009\|work=Adorama Learning Center\|publisher=[[Adorama]]}}</ref> The [[Canon PowerShot G12]], [[Canon PowerShot S95]], and [[Canon PowerShot S100]] offer similar features in a smaller format.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Mokey\|first=Nick\|date=September 14, 2010\|title=Canon PowerShot G12 picks up HD video recording, built-in HDR\|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/cameras/canon-powershot-g12-picks-up-hd-video-recording-built-in-hdr/?news=123\|access-date=June 12, 2020\|work=[[Digital Trends]]}}</ref> Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the emphasis being on creating a realistic effect.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Heiner\|first=Steve\|date=2017\|title=Intermediate: Balancing Photo Exposures with Active D-lighting\|url=https://www.nikonusa.com/en/learn-and-explore/a/ideas-and-inspiration/balancing-photo-exposures-with-nikons-active-d-lighting.html\|access-date=August 2, 2017\|work=Nikon Learn and Explore\|publisher=[[Nikon]]\|department="Ideas and Inspiration" section}}</ref>

	Some [[smartphone]]s provide HDR modes for their cameras, and most [[mobile platform]]s have apps that provide multi-exposure HDR picture taking.<ref>[[Android (operating system)\|Android]] examples: {{cite web\|title=Apps: HDR mode\|url=https://play.google.com/store/search?q=hdr%20mode&c=apps\|access-date=June 12, 2020\|work=Google Play}}</ref> Google released a HDR+ mode for the [[Nexus 5]] and [[Nexus 6]] smartphones in 2014, which automatically captures a series of images and combines them into a single still image, as detailed by [[Marc Levoy]]. Unlike traditional HDR, Levoy's implementation of HDR+ uses multiple images underexposed by using a short shutter speed, which are then aligned and averaged by pixel, improving dynamic range and reducing noise. By selecting the sharpest image as the baseline for alignment, the effect of camera shake is reduced.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://ai.googleblog.com/2014/10/hdr-low-light-and-high-dynamic-range.html \|title=HDR+: Low Light and High Dynamic Range photography in the Google Camera App \|author=Levoy, Marc \|date=October 27, 2014 \|website=Google Research \|access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref>		Some [[smartphone]]s provide HDR modes for their cameras, and most [[mobile platform]]s have apps that provide multi-exposure HDR picture taking.<ref>[[Android (operating system)\|Android]] examples: {{cite web\|title=Apps: HDR mode\|url=https://play.google.com/store/search?q=hdr%20mode&c=apps\|access-date=June 12, 2020\|work=Google Play}}</ref> Google released a HDR+ mode for the [[Nexus 5]] and [[Nexus 6]] smartphones in 2014, which automatically captures a series of images and combines them into a single still image, as detailed by [[Marc Levoy]]. Unlike traditional HDR, Levoy's implementation of HDR+ uses multiple images underexposed by using a short shutter speed, which are then aligned and averaged by pixel, improving dynamic range and reducing noise. By selecting the sharpest image as the baseline for alignment, the effect of camera shake is reduced.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://ai.googleblog.com/2014/10/hdr-low-light-and-high-dynamic-range.html \|title=HDR+: Low Light and High Dynamic Range photography in the Google Camera App \|author=Levoy, Marc \|date=October 27, 2014 \|website=Google Research \|access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref>
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	Some cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2017}} For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time.		Some cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2017}} For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time.

	In 2020, [[Qualcomm]] announced [[Snapdragon 888]], a mobile [[System on a chip\|SoC]] able to do computational multi-exposure HDR video capture in 4K and also to record it in a format compatible with [[High-dynamic-range video\|HDR displays]].<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-12-04\|title=Qualcomm explains how the Snapdragon 888 is changing the camera game (Video!)\|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/snapdragon-888-camera-qualcomm-interview-1180775/\|access-date=2021-06-08\|website=Android Authority\|language=en-US}}</ref>		In 2020, [[Qualcomm]] announced [[Snapdragon 888]], a mobile [[System on a chip\|SoC]] able to do computational multi-exposure HDR video capture in 4K and also to record it in a format compatible with [[High-dynamic-range video\|HDR displays]].<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-12-04\|title=Qualcomm explains how the Snapdragon 888 is changing the camera game (Video!)\|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/snapdragon-888-camera-qualcomm-interview-1180775/\|access-date=2021-06-08\|website=Android Authority\|language=en-US}}</ref>

	In 2021, the [[Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra]] smartphone is able to do computational multi-exposure HDR for video capture.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Rehm\|first=Lars\|date=2021-04-02\|title=Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra Camera review: Large sensor power\|url=https://www.dxomark.com/xiaomi-mi-11-ultra-camera-review-large-sensor-power/\|access-date=2021-06-08\|website=DXOMARK\|language=en-US}}</ref>		In 2021, the [[Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra]] smartphone is able to do computational multi-exposure HDR for video capture.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Rehm\|first=Lars\|date=2021-04-02\|title=Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra Camera review: Large sensor power\|url=https://www.dxomark.com/xiaomi-mi-11-ultra-camera-review-large-sensor-power/\|access-date=2021-06-08\|website=DXOMARK\|language=en-US}}</ref>
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	HDR capture can be implemented on surveillance cameras, even inexpensive models. This is usually termed a '''wide dynamic range''' (WDR) function<ref name=axis>{{cite web\|title=Wide Dynamic Range: Challenges and Solutions\|url=https://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_wide_dynamic_range_58576_en_1406_lo.pdf\|website=Axis (via Wayback Machine)\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928133722/https://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_wide_dynamic_range_58576_en_1406_lo.pdf\|accessdate=2016-01-16\|archive-date=2014-09-28}}</ref> Examples include CarCam Tiny, Prestige DVR-390, and DVR-478.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://dashcamcar.com/#why-you-need-a-dash-cam \|title=What is a Dash Cam? {{!}} Why should you have it?\|last=Brown\|first=James\|date=2019-01-02\|website=Dashboard camera vehicle\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref>		HDR capture can be implemented on surveillance cameras, even inexpensive models. This is usually termed a '''wide dynamic range''' (WDR) function<ref name=axis>{{cite web\|title=Wide Dynamic Range: Challenges and Solutions\|url=https://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_wide_dynamic_range_58576_en_1406_lo.pdf\|website=Axis (via Wayback Machine)\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928133722/https://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_wide_dynamic_range_58576_en_1406_lo.pdf\|accessdate=2016-01-16\|archive-date=2014-09-28}}</ref> Examples include CarCam Tiny, Prestige DVR-390, and DVR-478.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://dashcamcar.com/#why-you-need-a-dash-cam \|title=What is a Dash Cam? {{!}} Why should you have it?\|last=Brown\|first=James\|date=2019-01-02\|website=Dashboard camera vehicle\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref>

	== History ==		== History ==

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	[[File:Wyckoff HDR Curve.tif\|thumb\|left\|upright=2.4\|Exposure/density characteristics of [[Charles Wyckoff\|Wyckoff's]] extended exposure response film. One can note that each curve has a [[sigmoid function\|sigmoidal shape]] and follows a [[hyperbolic tangent]], or a [[logistic function]] characterized by an induction period (initiation), a quasi-linear propagation, and a saturation plateau ([[asymptote]]).]]		[[File:Wyckoff HDR Curve.tif\|thumb\|left\|upright=2.4\|Exposure/density characteristics of [[Charles Wyckoff\|Wyckoff's]] extended exposure response film. One can note that each curve has a [[sigmoid function\|sigmoidal shape]] and follows a [[hyperbolic tangent]], or a [[logistic function]] characterized by an induction period (initiation), a quasi-linear propagation, and a saturation plateau ([[asymptote]]).]]
	Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by [[Charles Wyckoff]] and [[EG&G]] "in the course of a contract with the [[United States Air Force\|Department of the Air Force]]".<ref>{{cite patent \|inventor1-last=Wyckoff \|inventor1-first=Charles W. \|inventor1-link=Charles Wyckoff \|inventor2=EG&G Inc., assignee \|inventor2-link=EG&G \|fdate=1961-03-24 \|pubdate=1969-09-17 \|title=Silver Halide Photographic Film having Increased Exposure-response Characteristics \|country=US -number=3450536 \|url= http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3450536&id=43RzAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22Extended+exposure%22+Wyckoff&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22Extended%20exposure%22%20Wyckoff&f=false}}</ref> This XR film had three [[Photographic emulsion\|emulsion]] layers, an upper layer having an [[Film speed#ASA\|ASA]] speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to [[Color photography#"Modern" color film\|color films]], and each layer produced a different color.<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=Charles W. \|last1=Wyckoff \|author-link=Charles Wyckoff \|title=Experimental extended exposure response film \|journal=Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers Newsletter \|date=June–July 1962 \|pages=16–20}}</ref> The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:10<sup>8</sup>.<ref>{{cite web \|first1=Michael \|last1=Goesele \|display-authors=etal \|title=High Dynamic Range Techniques in Graphics: from Acquisition to Display \|url= http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/resources/tmo/EG05_HDRTutorial_Complete.pdf \|work=Eurographics 2005 Tutorial T7 \|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Informatics}}</ref> It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions,<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/mctl98-2/p2sec05.pdf \|title=The Militarily Critical Technologies List \|date=1998 \|pages=II-5-100, II-5-107 \|work=FAS.org \|publisher=Intelligence Resource Program, [[Federation of American Scientists]] \|access-date=June 12, 2020}}</ref> for astronomical photography,<ref>{{cite book \|first1=Andrew T. \|last1=Young \| first2=Harold Jr. \|last2=Boeschenstein \|title=Isotherms in the Region of Proclus at a Phase Angle of 9.8 Degrees \|series=Scientific Report series \|volume=~~No.~~ 5 \|publisher=College Observatory, Harvard University \|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts \|date=1964}}</ref> for spectrographic research,<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=R. L. \|last1=Bryant \|first2=G. J. \|last2=Troup \|first3=R. G. \|last3=Turner \|title=The use of a high-intensity-range photographic film for recording extended diffraction patterns and for spectrographic work \|journal=Journal of Scientific Instruments \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|date=1965 \|page=116 \|doi=10.1088/0950-7671/42/2/315\|bibcode=1965JScI...42..116B }}</ref> and for medical imaging.<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=Leslie M. \|last1=Eber \|first2=Haervey M. \|last2=Greenberg \|first3=John M. \|last3=Cooke \|first4=Richard \|last4=Gorlin \|title=Dynamic Changes in Left Ventricular Free Wall Thickness in the Human Heart \|journal=Circulation \|volume=39 \|date=1969 \|issue=4 \|pages=455–464 \|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.39.4.455 \|pmid=5778246 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of ''[[Life (magazine)\|Life]]'' magazine in the mid-1950s.		Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by [[Charles Wyckoff]] and [[EG&G]] "in the course of a contract with the [[United States Air Force\|Department of the Air Force]]".<ref>{{cite patent \|inventor1-last=Wyckoff \|inventor1-first=Charles W. \|inventor1-link=Charles Wyckoff \|inventor2=EG&G Inc., assignee \|inventor2-link=EG&G \|fdate=1961-03-24 \|pubdate=1969-09-17 \|title=Silver Halide Photographic Film having Increased Exposure-response Characteristics \|country=US -number=3450536 \|url= http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3450536&id=43RzAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=%22Extended+exposure%22+Wyckoff&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=%22Extended%20exposure%22%20Wyckoff&f=false}}</ref> This XR film had three [[Photographic emulsion\|emulsion]] layers, an upper layer having an [[Film speed#ASA\|ASA]] speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to [[Color photography#"Modern" color film\|color films]], and each layer produced a different color.<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=Charles W. \|last1=Wyckoff \|author-link=Charles Wyckoff \|title=Experimental extended exposure response film \|journal=Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers Newsletter \|date=June–July 1962 \|pages=16–20}}</ref> The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:10<sup>8</sup>.<ref>{{cite web \|first1=Michael \|last1=Goesele \|display-authors=etal \|title=High Dynamic Range Techniques in Graphics: from Acquisition to Display \|url= http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/resources/tmo/EG05_HDRTutorial_Complete.pdf \|work=Eurographics 2005 Tutorial T7 \|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Informatics}}</ref> It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions,<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/mctl98-2/p2sec05.pdf \|title=The Militarily Critical Technologies List \|date=1998 \|pages=II-5-100, II-5-107 \|work=FAS.org \|publisher=Intelligence Resource Program, [[Federation of American Scientists]] \|access-date=June 12, 2020}}</ref> for astronomical photography,<ref>{{cite book \|first1=Andrew T. \|last1=Young \| first2=Harold Jr. \|last2=Boeschenstein \|title=Isotherms in the Region of Proclus at a Phase Angle of 9.8 Degrees \|series=Scientific Report series \|volume=5 \|publisher=College Observatory, Harvard University \|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts \|date=1964}}</ref> for spectrographic research,<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=R. L. \|last1=Bryant \|first2=G. J. \|last2=Troup \|first3=R. G. \|last3=Turner \|title=The use of a high-intensity-range photographic film for recording extended diffraction patterns and for spectrographic work \|journal=Journal of Scientific Instruments \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|date=1965 \|page=116 \|doi=10.1088/0950-7671/42/2/315\|bibcode=1965JScI...42..116B }}</ref> and for medical imaging.<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=Leslie M. \|last1=Eber \|first2=Haervey M. \|last2=Greenberg \|first3=John M. \|last3=Cooke \|first4=Richard \|last4=Gorlin \|title=Dynamic Changes in Left Ventricular Free Wall Thickness in the Human Heart \|journal=Circulation \|volume=39 \|date=1969 \|issue=4 \|pages=455–464 \|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.39.4.455 \|pmid=5778246 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of ''[[Life (magazine)\|Life]]'' magazine in the mid-1950s.

	=== Late 20th century ===		=== Late 20th century ===
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	On June 30, 2016, [[Microsoft]] added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to [[Windows 10]] using the [[Universal Windows Platform]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Microsoft talks up the advantages of HDR photography and videography in Universal Windows Platform apps \|first=Kareem \|last=Anderson \|work=OnMSFT.com \|url= https://www.onmsft.com/news/microsoft-talks-advantages-hdr-photography-videography-universal-windows-platform-apps \|date=June 30, 2016 \|access-date=June 12, 2020}}</ref>		On June 30, 2016, [[Microsoft]] added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to [[Windows 10]] using the [[Universal Windows Platform]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Microsoft talks up the advantages of HDR photography and videography in Universal Windows Platform apps \|first=Kareem \|last=Anderson \|work=OnMSFT.com \|url= https://www.onmsft.com/news/microsoft-talks-advantages-hdr-photography-videography-universal-windows-platform-apps \|date=June 30, 2016 \|access-date=June 12, 2020}}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Comparison of graphics file formats]]		* [[Comparison of graphics file formats]]
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	* {{Commons category inline\|High-dynamic-range imaging}}		* {{Commons category-inline\|High-dynamic-range imaging}}

	{{Photography}}		{{Photography}}

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drop ", or very faint nebulae". wording. drop sentence on film hdr

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	=== Merging the images into an HDR image ===		=== Merging the images into an HDR image ===
	[[File:Dynamic Range Increase.jpg\|thumb\|Highlight areas from the window (upper right) are extracted from an underexposed image (upper left) and composited with a scene-averaged exposure (bottom left) to produce a HDR image (bottom right)]]		[[File:Dynamic Range Increase.jpg\|thumb\|Highlight areas from the window (upper right) are extracted from an underexposed image (upper left) and composited with a scene-averaged exposure (bottom left) to produce a HDR image (bottom right).]]
	{{See also\|Exposure fusion}}		{{See also\|Exposure fusion}}
	Tonal information and details from shadow areas can be recovered from images that are deliberately overexposed (i.e., with positive EV compared to the correct scene exposure), while similar tonal information from highlight areas can be recovered from images that are deliberately underexposed (negative EV). The process of selecting and extracting shadow and highlight information from these over/underexposed images and then combining them with image(s) that are exposed correctly for the overall scene is known as [[exposure fusion]]. Exposure fusion can be performed manually, relying on the HDR operator's judgment, experience, and training, but usually, fusion is performed automatically by software.		Tonal information and details from shadow areas can be recovered from images that are deliberately overexposed (i.e., with positive EV compared to the correct scene exposure), while similar tonal information from highlight areas can be recovered from images that are deliberately underexposed (negative EV). The process of selecting and extracting shadow and highlight information from these over/underexposed images and then combining them with image(s) that are exposed correctly for the overall scene is known as [[exposure fusion]]. Exposure fusion can be performed manually, relying on the HDR operator's judgment, experience, and training, but usually, fusion is performed automatically by software.

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:26, 11 December 2023
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	In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|author1-link=Sing Bing Kang\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>		In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|author1-link=Sing Bing Kang\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>

	With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>		With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget\|date=9 September 2010 }}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>

	In 2005, [[Adobe Systems]] introduced several new features in [[Photoshop CS2]] including ''Merge to HDR'', 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102063950/http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 2, 2010 \|title=Merge to HDR in Photoshop CS2: A First Look \|first=Michael \|last=Reichmann \|work=The Luminous Landscape \|date=2005 \|access-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref>		In 2005, [[Adobe Systems]] introduced several new features in [[Photoshop CS2]] including ''Merge to HDR'', 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102063950/http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 2, 2010 \|title=Merge to HDR in Photoshop CS2: A First Look \|first=Michael \|last=Reichmann \|work=The Luminous Landscape \|date=2005 \|access-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref>

Citation bot: Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

2023-09-27T18:56:31Z

Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:56, 27 September 2023
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	Although not as established as for still photography capture, it is also possible to capture and combine multiple images for each frame of a video in order to increase the dynamic range captured by the camera.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED.com\|url=https://www.red.com/red-101/hdrx-high-dynamic-range-video\|access-date=2021-11-05\|website=www.red.com}}</ref> This can be done via multiple methods:		Although not as established as for still photography capture, it is also possible to capture and combine multiple images for each frame of a video in order to increase the dynamic range captured by the camera.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED.com\|url=https://www.red.com/red-101/hdrx-high-dynamic-range-video\|access-date=2021-11-05\|website=www.red.com}}</ref> This can be done via multiple methods:

	* Creating a [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] of individually images created via the multi-exposure HDR technique.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2011-02-07\|title=Create HDR time-lapse video with a digital camera\|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/210116/hdr.html~~\|url-status=live~~\|access-date=2021-11-06\|website=Macworld\|language=en-US}}</ref>		* Creating a [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] of individually images created via the multi-exposure HDR technique.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2011-02-07\|title=Create HDR time-lapse video with a digital camera\|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/210116/hdr.html\|access-date=2021-11-06\|website=Macworld\|language=en-US}}</ref>
	* Taking consecutively two differently exposed images by cutting the frame rate in half.<ref name=":0" />		* Taking consecutively two differently exposed images by cutting the frame rate in half.<ref name=":0" />
	* Taking simultaneously two differently exposed images by cutting the resolution in half.<ref name=":0" />		* Taking simultaneously two differently exposed images by cutting the resolution in half.<ref name=":0" />

David Eppstein: Sing Bing Kang

2023-09-26T15:30:29Z

Sing Bing Kang

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:30, 26 September 2023
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	In February 2001, the Dynamic Ranger technique was demonstrated, using multiple photos with different exposure levels to accomplish high dynamic range similar to the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.digitalsecrets.net/secrets/DynamicRanger.html\|title = Dynamic Ranger}}</ref>		In February 2001, the Dynamic Ranger technique was demonstrated, using multiple photos with different exposure levels to accomplish high dynamic range similar to the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.digitalsecrets.net/secrets/DynamicRanger.html\|title = Dynamic Ranger}}</ref>

	In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>		In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|author1-link=Sing Bing Kang\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>

	With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>		With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>

Fgnievinski: WP:NOTAMB

2023-09-03T21:49:22Z

WP:NOTAMB

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:49, 3 September 2023
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	{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}		{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}
	{{About\|\|the technology related to HDR displays\|High-dynamic-range video}}
	{{Multiple issues\|		{{Multiple issues\|
	{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}		{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}

Fgnievinski: /* top */ WP:RELATED

2023-09-03T21:42:21Z

top: WP:RELATED

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:42, 3 September 2023
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	{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}		{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}
	{{About\|\|the technology related to HDR displays\|High-dynamic-range video~~\|other uses\|High dynamic range~~}}		{{About\|\|the technology related to HDR displays\|High-dynamic-range video}}
	{{Multiple issues\|		{{Multiple issues\|
	{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}		{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}
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	[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]		[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]

	In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates ''~~'extended''' or '''~~high dynamic range''' (HDR) images by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposure levels]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.		In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates ''[[high dynamic range]]'' (HDR) images (or extended [[dynamic range]] images) by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposure levels]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.

	A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.		A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.

Citation bot: Alter: title. Add: chapter. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

2023-09-02T02:18:39Z

Alter: title. Add: chapter. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:18, 2 September 2023
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	In February 2001, the Dynamic Ranger technique was demonstrated, using multiple photos with different exposure levels to accomplish high dynamic range similar to the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.digitalsecrets.net/secrets/DynamicRanger.html\|title = Dynamic Ranger}}</ref>		In February 2001, the Dynamic Ranger technique was demonstrated, using multiple photos with different exposure levels to accomplish high dynamic range similar to the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.digitalsecrets.net/secrets/DynamicRanger.html\|title = Dynamic Ranger}}</ref>

	In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing~~\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers – on SIGGRAPH '03~~\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>		In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>

	With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>		With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:25, 6 September 2024
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	[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]		[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]

	In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates ''[[high dynamic range]]'' (HDR) images (or extended [[dynamic range]] images) by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposures]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.		In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates [[high dynamic range]] (HDR) images (or extended [[dynamic range]] images) by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposures]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.

	A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.		A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:26, 11 December 2023
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	In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|author1-link=Sing Bing Kang\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>		In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|author1-link=Sing Bing Kang\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>

	With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>		With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget\|date=9 September 2010 }}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>

	In 2005, [[Adobe Systems]] introduced several new features in [[Photoshop CS2]] including ''Merge to HDR'', 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102063950/http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 2, 2010 \|title=Merge to HDR in Photoshop CS2: A First Look \|first=Michael \|last=Reichmann \|work=The Luminous Landscape \|date=2005 \|access-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref>		In 2005, [[Adobe Systems]] introduced several new features in [[Photoshop CS2]] including ''Merge to HDR'', 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102063950/http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 2, 2010 \|title=Merge to HDR in Photoshop CS2: A First Look \|first=Michael \|last=Reichmann \|work=The Luminous Landscape \|date=2005 \|access-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:30, 26 September 2023
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	In February 2001, the Dynamic Ranger technique was demonstrated, using multiple photos with different exposure levels to accomplish high dynamic range similar to the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.digitalsecrets.net/secrets/DynamicRanger.html\|title = Dynamic Ranger}}</ref>		In February 2001, the Dynamic Ranger technique was demonstrated, using multiple photos with different exposure levels to accomplish high dynamic range similar to the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.digitalsecrets.net/secrets/DynamicRanger.html\|title = Dynamic Ranger}}</ref>

	In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>		In the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Kang\|first1=Sing Bing\|author1-link=Sing Bing Kang\|last2=Uyttendaele\|first2=Matthew\|last3=Winder\|first3=Simon\|last4=Szeliski\|first4=Richard\|title=ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers \|chapter=High dynamic range video \|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-58113-709-5\|at=ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325)\|doi=10.1145/1201775.882270\|s2cid=13946222}}</ref> A few companies such as [[Red Digital Cinema\|RED]] and [[Arri]] have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=RED Digital Cinema \| 8K & 5K Professional Cameras\|url=https://www.red.com/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727044301/http://www.red.com/\|archive-date=27 July 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=ARRI \| Inspiring your Vision\|url=http://www.arridigital.com\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052342/http://www.arridigital.com/\|archive-date=8 September 2011\|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx images<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=2016-10-12\|title=Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features\|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203436/https://www.xda-developers.com/sony-imx378-comprehensive-breakdown-of-the-google-pixels-sensor-and-its-features/\|archive-date=2019-04-01\|access-date=2016-10-17\|website=xda-developers\|language=en-US}}</ref> with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The [[Arri Alexa]] camera uses a dual-gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=ARRI Group: ALEXA's Sensor\|url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801182433/http://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/technology/arri_imaging_technology/alexas_sensor/\|archive-date=1 August 2016\|access-date=2 July 2016\|website=www.arri.com}}</ref>

	With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>		With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone-mapped HDR [[Time-lapse photography\|time-lapse]] videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a [[beam splitter]] and consumer grade HD video cameras.<ref>{{cite web\|title=HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614065214/https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/09/hdr-video-accomplished-using-dual-5d-mark-iis-is-exactly-what-i/\|archive-date=14 June 2017\|access-date=29 August 2017\|work=Engadget}}</ref> Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web\|title=A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe\|url=http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617205759/http://gl.ict.usc.edu/Research/rtlp/\|archive-date=17 June 2016\|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=McGuire\|first1=Morgan\|last2=Matusik\|first2=Wojciech\|last3=Pfister\|first3=Hanspeter\|last4=Chen\|first4=Billy\|last5=Hughes\|first5=John\|last6=Nayar\|first6=Shree\|year=2007\|title=Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging\|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4101892\|url-status=live\|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications\|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=32–42\|doi=10.1109/MCG.2007.45\|pmid=17388201\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115720/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4101892\|archive-date=23 January 2021\|access-date=14 July 2019\|s2cid=3055332}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:49, 3 September 2023
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	{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}		{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}
	{{About\|\|the technology related to HDR displays\|High-dynamic-range video}}
	{{Multiple issues\|		{{Multiple issues\|
	{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}		{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:42, 3 September 2023
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	{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}		{{Short description\|Technique to capture HDR images and videos}}
	{{About\|\|the technology related to HDR displays\|High-dynamic-range video~~\|other uses\|High dynamic range~~}}		{{About\|\|the technology related to HDR displays\|High-dynamic-range video}}
	{{Multiple issues\|		{{Multiple issues\|
	{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}		{{Plain English\|date=February 2020}}
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	[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]		[[File:St Kentigerns Church HDR (8226826999).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Tone mapped high-dynamic-range (HDR) image of St. Kentigern's Church in [[Blackpool]], Lancashire, England]]

	In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates ''~~'extended''' or '''~~high dynamic range''' (HDR) images by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposure levels]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.		In [[photography]] and [[videography]], '''multi-exposure HDR capture''' is a technique that creates ''[[high dynamic range]]'' (HDR) images (or extended [[dynamic range]] images) by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different [[Exposure (photography)\|exposure levels]]. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on [[computational imaging]] techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.

	A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.		A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of [[Luminosity function\|luminosity]] inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are "burned out" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are "crushed" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the [[dynamic range]]. In photography, dynamic range is measured in [[exposure value]] (EV) differences, also known as ''stops''.