Mutation - Revision history

Zzzs: Oxford spelling, script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM

2024-11-10T02:12:22Z

Oxford spelling, script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM

Freakishclown13: Fixed typo

2024-11-10T01:57:03Z

Fixed typo

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:57, 10 November 2024
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	{{Genetics sidebar}}		{{Genetics sidebar}}

	In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from [[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]],[[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from [[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]], [[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]		[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]

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2024-11-05T17:38:30Z

Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:38, 5 November 2024
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	== Causes ==		== Causes ==
	{{main\|Mutagenesis}}		{{main\|Mutagenesis}}
	Four classes of mutations are (1) {{vanchor\|spontaneous}} mutations (molecular decay), (2) mutations due to error-prone replication bypass of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|naturally occurring DNA damage]] (also called error-prone translesion synthesis), (3) errors introduced during DNA repair, and (4) induced mutations caused by [[mutagen]]s. Scientists may sometimes deliberately introduce mutations into cells or research organisms for the sake of scientific experimentation.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Alberts \|first=B \|date=2002 \|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell: Studying Gene Expression and Function \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26818/ ~~\|url-status=live~~ \|access-date=October 29, 2024 \|website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>		Four classes of mutations are (1) {{vanchor\|spontaneous}} mutations (molecular decay), (2) mutations due to error-prone replication bypass of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|naturally occurring DNA damage]] (also called error-prone translesion synthesis), (3) errors introduced during DNA repair, and (4) induced mutations caused by [[mutagen]]s. Scientists may sometimes deliberately introduce mutations into cells or research organisms for the sake of scientific experimentation.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Alberts \|first=B \|date=2002 \|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell: Studying Gene Expression and Function \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26818/ \|access-date=October 29, 2024 \|website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>

	One 2017 study claimed that 66% of cancer-causing mutations are random, 29% are due to the environment (the studied population spanned 69 countries), and 5% are inherited.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|title=Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds\|newspaper=NPR.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713114206/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>		One 2017 study claimed that 66% of cancer-causing mutations are random, 29% are due to the environment (the studied population spanned 69 countries), and 5% are inherited.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|title=Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds\|newspaper=NPR.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713114206/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

Ira Leviton: Fixed a reference. Please see Category:CS1 errors: dates.

2024-10-29T22:01:18Z

Fixed a reference. Please see Category:CS1 errors: dates.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:01, 29 October 2024
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	== Causes ==		== Causes ==
	{{main\|Mutagenesis}}		{{main\|Mutagenesis}}
	Four classes of mutations are (1) {{vanchor\|spontaneous}} mutations (molecular decay), (2) mutations due to error-prone replication bypass of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|naturally occurring DNA damage]] (also called error-prone translesion synthesis), (3) errors introduced during DNA repair, and (4) induced mutations caused by [[mutagen]]s. Scientists may sometimes deliberately introduce mutations into cells or research organisms for the sake of scientific experimentation.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Alberts \|first=B \|date=2002 \|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell: Studying Gene Expression and Function \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26818/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=~~10/~~29/2024 \|website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>		Four classes of mutations are (1) {{vanchor\|spontaneous}} mutations (molecular decay), (2) mutations due to error-prone replication bypass of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|naturally occurring DNA damage]] (also called error-prone translesion synthesis), (3) errors introduced during DNA repair, and (4) induced mutations caused by [[mutagen]]s. Scientists may sometimes deliberately introduce mutations into cells or research organisms for the sake of scientific experimentation.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Alberts \|first=B \|date=2002 \|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell: Studying Gene Expression and Function \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26818/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=October 29, 2024 \|website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>

	One 2017 study claimed that 66% of cancer-causing mutations are random, 29% are due to the environment (the studied population spanned 69 countries), and 5% are inherited.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|title=Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds\|newspaper=NPR.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713114206/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>		One 2017 study claimed that 66% of cancer-causing mutations are random, 29% are due to the environment (the studied population spanned 69 countries), and 5% are inherited.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|title=Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds\|newspaper=NPR.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713114206/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

Jollyette: added a citation for scientific mutagenesis

2024-10-29T20:23:19Z

added a citation for scientific mutagenesis

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:23, 29 October 2024
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	== Causes ==		== Causes ==
	{{main\|Mutagenesis}}		{{main\|Mutagenesis}}
	Four classes of mutations are (1) {{vanchor\|spontaneous}} mutations (molecular decay), (2) mutations due to error-prone replication bypass of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|naturally occurring DNA damage]] (also called error-prone translesion synthesis), (3) errors introduced during DNA repair, and (4) induced mutations caused by [[mutagen]]s. Scientists may ~~also~~ deliberately introduce ~~[[mutant]]~~ ~~sequences~~ ~~through~~ ~~DNA~~ ~~manipulation~~ for the sake of scientific experimentation.{{cn\|date=~~February~~ 2024}}		Four classes of mutations are (1) {{vanchor\|spontaneous}} mutations (molecular decay), (2) mutations due to error-prone replication bypass of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|naturally occurring DNA damage]] (also called error-prone translesion synthesis), (3) errors introduced during DNA repair, and (4) induced mutations caused by [[mutagen]]s. Scientists may sometimes deliberately introduce mutations into cells or research organisms for the sake of scientific experimentation.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Alberts \|first=B \|date=2002 \|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell: Studying Gene Expression and Function \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26818/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=10/29/2024 \|website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref>

	One 2017 study claimed that 66% of cancer-causing mutations are random, 29% are due to the environment (the studied population spanned 69 countries), and 5% are inherited.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|title=Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds\|newspaper=NPR.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713114206/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>		One 2017 study claimed that 66% of cancer-causing mutations are random, 29% are due to the environment (the studied population spanned 69 countries), and 5% are inherited.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|title=Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds\|newspaper=NPR.org\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713114206/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds\|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

Ozzie10aaaa: Cleaned up using AutoEd

2024-10-11T00:55:00Z

Cleaned up using AutoEd

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:55, 11 October 2024
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	Mutations may or may not produce detectable changes in the observable characteristics ([[phenotype]]) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: [[evolution]], [[cancer]], and the development of the [[immune system]], including [[junctional diversity]]. Mutation is the ultimate source of all [[genetic variation]], providing the raw material on which evolutionary forces such as [[natural selection]] can act.		Mutations may or may not produce detectable changes in the observable characteristics ([[phenotype]]) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: [[evolution]], [[cancer]], and the development of the [[immune system]], including [[junctional diversity]]. Mutation is the ultimate source of all [[genetic variation]], providing the raw material on which evolutionary forces such as [[natural selection]] can act.

	Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences. Mutations in [[gene]]s can have no effect, alter the [[gene product\|product of a gene]], or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in [[Non-gene locus\|non-genic region]]s. A 2007 study on [[genetic variation]]s between different [[species]] of ''[[Drosophila]]'' suggested that, if a mutation changes a [[protein]] produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70% of [[amino acid]] [[Polymorphism (biology)\|polymorphism]]s that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial.<ref name="Sawyer2007">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL \| title = Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila \| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume = 104 \| issue = 16 \| pages = 6504–10 \| date = April 2007 \| pmid = 17409186 \| pmc = 1871816 \| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0701572104 \| bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.6504S \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences. Mutations in [[gene]]s can have no effect, alter the [[gene product\|product of a gene]], or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in [[Non-gene locus\|non-genic region]]s. A 2007 study on [[genetic variation]]s between different [[species]] of ''[[Drosophila]]'' suggested that, if a mutation changes a [[protein]] produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70% of [[amino acid]] [[Polymorphism (biology)\|polymorphism]]s that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial.<ref name="Sawyer2007">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL \| title = Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila \| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume = 104 \| issue = 16 \| pages = 6504–10 \| date = April 2007 \| pmid = 17409186 \| pmc = 1871816 \| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0701572104 \| bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.6504S \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	Mutation and [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|DNA damage]] are the two major types of errors that occur in DNA, but they are fundamentally different. DNA damage is a physical alteration in the DNA structure, such as a single or double strand break, a modified guanosine residue in DNA such as [[8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine]], or a [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]] adduct. DNA damages can be recognized by enzymes, and therefore can be correctly repaired using the complementary undamaged strand in DNA as a template or an undamaged sequence in a homologous chromosome if it is available. If DNA damage remains in a cell, [[transcription (biology)\|transcription]] of a gene may be prevented and thus translation into a protein may also be blocked. [[DNA replication]] may also be blocked and/or the cell may die. In contrast to a DNA damage, a mutation is an alteration of the base sequence of the DNA. Ordinarily, a mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation is not ordinarily repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can alter protein function and regulation. Unlike DNA damages, mutations are replicated when the cell replicates. At the level of cell populations, cells with mutations will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutations on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce. Although distinctly different from each other, DNA damages and mutations are related because DNA damages often cause errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair and these errors are a major source of mutation.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE \|title=Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex \|journal=Science \|volume=229 \|issue=4719 \|pages=1277–81 \|date=September 1985 \|pmid=3898363 \|doi=10.1126/science.3898363 \|bibcode=1985Sci...229.1277B \|url=}}</ref>		Mutation and [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)\|DNA damage]] are the two major types of errors that occur in DNA, but they are fundamentally different. DNA damage is a physical alteration in the DNA structure, such as a single or double strand break, a modified guanosine residue in DNA such as [[8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine]], or a [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]] adduct. DNA damages can be recognized by enzymes, and therefore can be correctly repaired using the complementary undamaged strand in DNA as a template or an undamaged sequence in a homologous chromosome if it is available. If DNA damage remains in a cell, [[transcription (biology)\|transcription]] of a gene may be prevented and thus translation into a protein may also be blocked. [[DNA replication]] may also be blocked and/or the cell may die. In contrast to a DNA damage, a mutation is an alteration of the base sequence of the DNA. Ordinarily, a mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation is not ordinarily repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can alter protein function and regulation. Unlike DNA damages, mutations are replicated when the cell replicates. At the level of cell populations, cells with mutations will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutations on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce. Although distinctly different from each other, DNA damages and mutations are related because DNA damages often cause errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair and these errors are a major source of mutation.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE \|title=Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex \|journal=Science \|volume=229 \|issue=4719 \|pages=1277–81 \|date=September 1985 \|pmid=3898363 \|doi=10.1126/science.3898363 \|bibcode=1985Sci...229.1277B \|url=}}</ref>
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	Cells with heterozygous loss-of-function mutations (one good copy of gene and one mutated copy) may function normally with the unmutated copy until the good copy has been spontaneously somatically mutated. This kind of mutation happens often in living organisms, but it is difficult to measure the rate. Measuring this rate is important in predicting the rate at which people may develop cancer.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Araten DJ, Golde DW, Zhang RH, Thaler HT, Gargiulo L, Notaro R, Luzzatto L \| title = A quantitative measurement of the human somatic mutation rate \| journal = Cancer Research \| volume = 65 \| issue = 18 \| pages = 8111–7 \| date = September 2005 \| pmid = 16166284 \| doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1198 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		Cells with heterozygous loss-of-function mutations (one good copy of gene and one mutated copy) may function normally with the unmutated copy until the good copy has been spontaneously somatically mutated. This kind of mutation happens often in living organisms, but it is difficult to measure the rate. Measuring this rate is important in predicting the rate at which people may develop cancer.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Araten DJ, Golde DW, Zhang RH, Thaler HT, Gargiulo L, Notaro R, Luzzatto L \| title = A quantitative measurement of the human somatic mutation rate \| journal = Cancer Research \| volume = 65 \| issue = 18 \| pages = 8111–7 \| date = September 2005 \| pmid = 16166284 \| doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1198 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	Point mutations may arise from spontaneous mutations that occur during DNA replication. The rate of mutation may be increased by mutagens. Mutagens can be physical, such as radiation from [[ultraviolet light\|UV rays]], [[X-ray]]s or extreme heat, or chemical (molecules that misplace base pairs or disrupt the helical shape of DNA). Mutagens associated with cancers are often studied to learn about cancer and its prevention.		Point mutations may arise from spontaneous mutations that occur during DNA replication. The rate of mutation may be increased by mutagens. Mutagens can be physical, such as radiation from [[ultraviolet light\|UV rays]], [[X-ray]]s or extreme heat, or chemical (molecules that misplace base pairs or disrupt the helical shape of DNA). Mutagens associated with cancers are often studied to learn about cancer and its prevention.

	== Beneficial and conditional mutations ==		== Beneficial and conditional mutations ==

2401:7000:DBC2:7C01:5431:8BD7:CDEF:3039 at 21:56, 29 September 2024

2024-09-29T21:56:53Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:56, 29 September 2024
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	{{Genetics sidebar}}		{{Genetics sidebar}}

	In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from ~~<ref name ="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous_substitution" </ref>~~[[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]], [[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from [[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]],[[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]		[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]

2401:7000:DBC2:7C01:5431:8BD7:CDEF:3039 at 21:56, 29 September 2024

2024-09-29T21:56:00Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:56, 29 September 2024
Line 6:		Line 6:
	{{Genetics sidebar}}		{{Genetics sidebar}}

	In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from <ref name ="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous_substitution" >[[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]], [[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from <ref name ="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous_substitution" </ref>[[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]], [[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]		[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]

2401:7000:DBC2:7C01:5431:8BD7:CDEF:3039 at 21:55, 29 September 2024

2024-09-29T21:55:16Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:55, 29 September 2024
Line 6:		Line 6:
	{{Genetics sidebar}}		{{Genetics sidebar}}

	In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from [[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]] [[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from <ref name ="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous_substitution" >[[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]], [[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]		[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]

2401:7000:DBC2:7C01:5431:8BD7:CDEF:3039 at 21:53, 29 September 2024

2024-09-29T21:53:07Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:53, 29 September 2024
Line 6:		Line 6:
	{{Genetics sidebar}}		{{Genetics sidebar}}

	In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from [[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]][[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>		In [[biology]], a '''mutation''' is an alteration in the [[nucleic acid sequence]] of the [[genome]] of an [[organism]], [[virus]], or [[extrachromosomal DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web\|publisher=Nature Education \|url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mutation-8\|title=mutation {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable\|website=Nature\|language=en\|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Viral genomes contain either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]]. Mutations result from errors during [[DNA replication\|DNA]] or [[viral replication]], [[mitosis]], or [[meiosis]] or other types of [[DNA repair#DNA damage\|damage]] to DNA (such as [[pyrimidine dimer]]s caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] radiation), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially [[microhomology-mediated end joining]]),<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Sfeir A, Symington LS \| title = Microhomology-Mediated End Joining: A Back-up Survival Mechanism or Dedicated Pathway? \| journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences \| volume = 40 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 701–714 \| date = November 2015 \| pmid = 26439531 \| pmc = 4638128 \| doi = 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.08.006 }}</ref> cause an error during other forms of repair,<ref name="pmid24843013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV \| title = Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA \| journal = eLife \| volume = 3 \| pages = e02001 \| date = April 2014 \| pmid = 24843013 \| pmc = 3999860 \| doi = 10.7554/elife.02001 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid26033759">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rodgers K, McVey M \| title = Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks \| journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology \| volume = 231 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–24 \| date = January 2016 \| pmid = 26033759 \| pmc = 4586358 \| doi = 10.1002/jcp.25053 }}</ref> or cause an error during replication ([[DNA repair#Translesion synthesis\|translesion synthesis]]). Mutations may also result from [[substitution (genetics)\|substitution]] [[Insertion (genetics)\|insertion]] or [[Deletion (genetics)\|deletion]] of segments of DNA due to [[mobile genetic elements]].<ref name="Bertram">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Bertram JS \| title = The molecular biology of cancer \| journal = Molecular Aspects of Medicine \| volume = 21 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 167–223 \| date = December 2000 \| pmid = 11173079 \| doi = 10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8 \| s2cid = 24155688 }}</ref><ref name="transposition764">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA \| s2cid = 11640993 \| title = Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila \| journal = Science \| volume = 309 \| issue = 5735 \| pages = 764–7 \| date = July 2005 \| pmid = 16051794 \| doi = 10.1126/science.1112699 \| bibcode = 2005Sci...309..764A }}</ref><ref name="Burrus">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burrus V, Waldor MK \| title = Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements \| journal = Research in Microbiology \| volume = 155 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 376–86 \| date = June 2004 \| pmid = 15207870 \| doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012 \| doi-access = free }}</ref>

	[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]		[[File:Darwin Hybrid Tulip Mutation 2014-05-01.jpg\|thumb\|A red [[tulip]] exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a [[somatic mutation]] in a cell that formed that petal]]