Orde Wingate - Revision history

Browserman20: /* Further reading */ added 2023 book with long section on Wingate

2024-09-20T15:35:19Z

Further reading: added 2023 book with long section on Wingate

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:35, 20 September 2024
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* {{cite book \|last1=Bierman \|first1=John \|last2=Smith \|first2=Colin \|year=1999 \|title=Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion \|url=https://archive.org/details/fireinnightwinga00bier \|publisher=Random House \|location=New York \|isbn=0-375-50061-8 \|oclc=40595354 }}		* {{cite book \|last1=Bierman \|first1=John \|last2=Smith \|first2=Colin \|year=1999 \|title=Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion \|url=https://archive.org/details/fireinnightwinga00bier \|publisher=Random House \|location=New York \|isbn=0-375-50061-8 \|oclc=40595354 }}
			* [[Oren Kessler\|Kessler, Oren]] (2023). ''Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict.'' Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN\|1538148803}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Rolo \|first=Charles J. \|year=1944 \|title=Wingate's Raiders \|location=London \|publisher=George G. Harrap & Co.}}		* {{cite book \|last=Rolo \|first=Charles J. \|year=1944 \|title=Wingate's Raiders \|location=London \|publisher=George G. Harrap & Co.}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}		* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}

Thylacine24: /* Palestine and the Special Night Squads */

2024-09-18T18:10:06Z

Palestine and the Special Night Squads

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:10, 18 September 2024
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	After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}		After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}

	Wingate trained, commanded and accompanied them on their patrols. The units frequently ambushed Arab saboteurs who attacked oil [[Pipeline transport\|pipeline]]s of the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], raiding border villages the attackers had used as bases. In these raids, Wingate's men sometimes imposed severe [[collective punishment]]s on the villagers. This included killing innocent Arabs who happened to be in the village but ~~weren’t~~ involve in blowing up the pipeline.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}} In another instance, the SNS went into a village, lined up all the male villagers and shot every eighth man.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=286}}		Wingate trained, commanded and accompanied them on their patrols. The units frequently ambushed Arab saboteurs who attacked oil [[Pipeline transport\|pipeline]]s of the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], raiding border villages the attackers had used as bases. In these raids, Wingate's men sometimes imposed severe [[collective punishment]]s on the villagers. This included killing innocent Arabs who happened to be in the village but were not involve in blowing up the pipeline.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}} In another instance, the SNS went into a village, lined up all the male villagers and shot every eighth man.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=286}}

	These methods were criticised by Zionist leaders as well as Wingate's British superiors. Israeli historian [[Yoram Kaniuk]] wrote about Wingate's brutality.<blockquote>The operations came more frequently and became more ruthless. The Arabs complained to the British about Wingate's brutality and harsh punitive methods. Even members of the field squads complained... that during the raids on Bedouin encampments Wingate would behave with extreme viciousness and fire mercilessly. Wingate believed in the principle of surprise in punishment, which was designed to confine the gangs to their villages. More than once he had lined rioters up in a row and shot them in cold blood. Wingate did not try to justify himself; weapons and war cannot be pure.<ref>Kaniuk, 2001, p. 19.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Hughes \|first=Matthew \|date=2015-08-08 \|title=Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39 \|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \|language=en \|volume=43 \|issue=4 \|pages=590–610 \|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|issn=0308-6534}}</ref></blockquote>		These methods were criticised by Zionist leaders as well as Wingate's British superiors. Israeli historian [[Yoram Kaniuk]] wrote about Wingate's brutality.<blockquote>The operations came more frequently and became more ruthless. The Arabs complained to the British about Wingate's brutality and harsh punitive methods. Even members of the field squads complained... that during the raids on Bedouin encampments Wingate would behave with extreme viciousness and fire mercilessly. Wingate believed in the principle of surprise in punishment, which was designed to confine the gangs to their villages. More than once he had lined rioters up in a row and shot them in cold blood. Wingate did not try to justify himself; weapons and war cannot be pure.<ref>Kaniuk, 2001, p. 19.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Hughes \|first=Matthew \|date=2015-08-08 \|title=Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39 \|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \|language=en \|volume=43 \|issue=4 \|pages=590–610 \|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|issn=0308-6534}}</ref></blockquote>

Browserman20: /* Palestine and the Special Night Squads */ added citation for Biblical Gideon as model

2024-07-16T13:37:14Z

Palestine and the Special Night Squads: added citation for Biblical Gideon as model

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:37, 16 July 2024
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	In September 1936, Wingate was assigned to a staff officer position in the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British Mandate of Palestine]], and became an [[intelligence officer]].<ref>{{London Gazette \|issue=34337 \|date=3 November 1936 \|page=7025}}</ref> From his arrival he saw the creation of a [[Jewish State]] in Palestine as being a religious duty, and immediately put himself into absolute alliance with Jewish political leaders. [[Palestinian people\|Palestinian Arab]] guerrillas had at the time of his arrival begun a [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine\|campaign of attacks]] against both British mandate officials and [[Jews\|Jewish]] communities.		In September 1936, Wingate was assigned to a staff officer position in the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British Mandate of Palestine]], and became an [[intelligence officer]].<ref>{{London Gazette \|issue=34337 \|date=3 November 1936 \|page=7025}}</ref> From his arrival he saw the creation of a [[Jewish State]] in Palestine as being a religious duty, and immediately put himself into absolute alliance with Jewish political leaders. [[Palestinian people\|Palestinian Arab]] guerrillas had at the time of his arrival begun a [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine\|campaign of attacks]] against both British mandate officials and [[Jews\|Jewish]] communities.

	Wingate became politically involved with a number of Zionist leaders, and became an ardent [[Christian Zionist]] himself.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}}<ref name="Masters161">{{Harvnb \|Masters\|1979\|p=161}}</ref> He always returned to Kibbutz [[Ein Harod\|En Harod]], because he felt familiar with the biblical judge [[Gideon]], who fought in this area, and used it himself as a military base. He formulated the idea of raising small assault units of British-led Jewish commandos armed with grenades and light infantry small arms to combat the Arab revolt. Wingate took his idea personally to [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell\|Archibald Wavell]], who was then the commander of British forces in Palestine.		Wingate became politically involved with a number of Zionist leaders, and became an ardent [[Christian Zionist]] himself.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}}<ref name="Masters161">{{Harvnb \|Masters\|1979\|p=161}}</ref> He always returned to Kibbutz [[Ein Harod\|En Harod]], because he felt familiar with the biblical judge [[Gideon]], who fought in this area, and used it himself as a military base. He formulated the idea of raising small assault units of British-led Jewish commandos armed with grenades and light infantry small arms to combat the Arab revolt.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Kessler \|first=Oren \|title=Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict \|date=2023 \|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield \|isbn=978-1-5381-4880-8 \|location=Lanham, Maryland \|pages=172-173}}</ref> Wingate took his idea personally to [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell\|Archibald Wavell]], who was then the commander of British forces in Palestine.

	After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}		After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}

Citation bot: Altered title. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | Category:CS1 errors: invisible characters | #UCB_Category 24/46

2024-07-16T01:19:56Z

Altered title. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | Category:CS1 errors: invisible characters | #UCB_Category 24/46

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:19, 16 July 2024
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	* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}		* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Thompson \|first=Julian F. \|title=The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Line \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMHAAAACAAJ \|date=2001 \|publisher=Brasseys \|isbn=157488381X}}		*{{cite book \|last=Thompson \|first=Julian F. \|title=The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Line \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMHAAAACAAJ \|date=2001 \|publisher=Brasseys \|isbn=157488381X}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Anglim\|first=Simon\|title=Orde Wingate: Unconventional Warrior: From the 1920s to the Twenty-First Century\|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]\|year=2023\|isbn=978-1783462186}}		*{{cite book\|last=Anglim\|first=Simon\|title=Orde Wingate: Unconventional Warrior: From the 1920s to the Twenty-First Century\|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]\|year=2023\|isbn=978-1783462186}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Webster \|first=Donovan \|author-link=Donovan Webster \|year=2005 \|orig-year=2003 \|title=The Burma Road: the epic story of one of World War II's most remarkable endeavours \|publisher=Pan Books \|location=London \|isbn=0-330-42703-2}}		* {{cite book \|last=Webster \|first=Donovan \|author-link=Donovan Webster \|year=2005 \|orig-year=2003 \|title=The Burma Road: the epic story of one of World War II's most remarkable endeavours \|publisher=Pan Books \|location=London \|isbn=0-330-42703-2}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Taylor \|first=Thomas H. \|year=1988 \|title=Born of War \|location=New York \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|isbn=0-07-063192-1}}		* {{cite book \|last=Taylor \|first=Thomas H. \|year=1988 \|title=Born of War \|location=New York \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|isbn=0-07-063192-1}}

Berserker276: /* Further reading */

2024-07-14T03:22:58Z

Lightiggy: Added categories with another source

2024-07-10T16:08:41Z

Added categories with another source

LABoy12: Removed unsourced categories

2024-07-09T23:39:52Z

Removed unsourced categories

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:39, 9 July 2024
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	[[Category:British Army personnel killed in World War II]]		[[Category:British Army personnel killed in World War II]]
	[[Category:British Christian Zionists]]		[[Category:British Christian Zionists]]
	[[Category:British mass murderers]]
	[[Category:British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]		[[Category:British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]
	[[Category:British Plymouth Brethren]]		[[Category:British Plymouth Brethren]]
	[[Category:British war criminals]]
	[[Category:British white supremacists]]
	[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]		[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
	[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]		[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]

Jochen64: typos & links

2024-07-07T21:00:28Z

typos & links

Show changes

Panamitsu: /* In popular culture */British spelling, replaced: stylized → stylised

2024-07-06T00:20:14Z

In popular culture: British spelling, replaced: stylized → stylised

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:20, 6 July 2024
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	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==
	*In 1976, the [[BBC]] produced a three-part drama called ''Orde Wingate'', based on his life, in which he was played by [[Barry Foster (actor)\|Barry Foster]]. The programme was made on a limited budget with reduced or ~~stylized~~ settings. It did not attempt to tell the complete story of his life, but presented key episodes in a non-linear way, mainly his time in [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] but including [[Burma]].{{sfn\|Meyer\|2017}} Foster reprised his role as Wingate in a 1982 TV movie ''A Woman Called Golda''.		*In 1976, the [[BBC]] produced a three-part drama called ''Orde Wingate'', based on his life, in which he was played by [[Barry Foster (actor)\|Barry Foster]]. The programme was made on a limited budget with reduced or stylised settings. It did not attempt to tell the complete story of his life, but presented key episodes in a non-linear way, mainly his time in [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] but including [[Burma]].{{sfn\|Meyer\|2017}} Foster reprised his role as Wingate in a 1982 TV movie ''A Woman Called Golda''.
	*A fictionalised version of Wingate called "P.P. Malcolm" appears in [[Leon Uris]]'s novel ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)\|Exodus]]'', while he also appears in another [[Leon Uris]] novel, ''[[The Haj (novel)\|The Haj]]''. Additionally, in [[James Michener]]'s ''[[The Source (novel)\|The Source]]'', a reference is made to the "Orde Wingate Forest", which is located in Israel at [[Mount Gilboa]].		*A fictionalised version of Wingate called "P.P. Malcolm" appears in [[Leon Uris]]'s novel ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)\|Exodus]]'', while he also appears in another [[Leon Uris]] novel, ''[[The Haj (novel)\|The Haj]]''. Additionally, in [[James Michener]]'s ''[[The Source (novel)\|The Source]]'', a reference is made to the "Orde Wingate Forest", which is located in Israel at [[Mount Gilboa]].
	*"Wingate and Chindits" is an episode of the documentary TV series ''Narrow Escapes of World War II'' first presented in the United States on the [[Military Channel]] in 2012.		*"Wingate and Chindits" is an episode of the documentary TV series ''Narrow Escapes of World War II'' first presented in the United States on the [[Military Channel]] in 2012.

IOHANNVSVERVS: wikilink

2024-06-30T05:41:26Z

wikilink

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:41, 30 June 2024
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	[[Major-general (United Kingdom)\|Major General]] '''Orde Charles Wingate''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100\|DSO2}} (26 February 1903 – 24 March 1944) was a senior [[British Army]] officer known for his creation of the [[Chindits\|Chindit]] deep-penetration missions in Japanese-held territory during the [[Burma Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]].		[[Major-general (United Kingdom)\|Major General]] '''Orde Charles Wingate''', {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100\|DSO2}} (26 February 1903 – 24 March 1944) was a senior [[British Army]] officer known for his creation of the [[Chindits\|Chindit]] deep-penetration missions in Japanese-held territory during the [[Burma Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]].

	Wingate was an exponent of unconventional military thinking and the value of surprise tactics. Wingate was a dedicated [[Christian Zionist]].{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} In [[Mandatory Palestine]], he set up a joint British–Jewish counter-insurgency unit called the "Special Night Squads". Under the patronage of the area commander [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell\|Archibald Wavell]], Wingate was given increasing latitude to put his ideas into practice during the Second World War. He created units in [[Ethiopian Empire\|Abyssinia]] and Burma.		Wingate was an exponent of unconventional military thinking and the value of surprise tactics. Wingate was a dedicated [[Christian Zionist]].{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} In [[Mandatory Palestine]], he set up a joint British–Jewish counter-insurgency unit called the [[Special Night Squads]]. Under the patronage of the area commander [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell\|Archibald Wavell]], Wingate was given increasing latitude to put his ideas into practice during the Second World War. He created units in [[Ethiopian Empire\|Abyssinia]] and Burma.

	At a time when Britain was in need of morale-boosting generalship, Wingate attracted [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]]'s attention with a self-reliant aggressive philosophy of war, and was given resources to stage a large-scale operation. The last Chindit campaign may have determined the outcome of the [[Battle of Kohima]], although the offensive into India by the Japanese may have occurred because Wingate's first operation had demonstrated the possibility of moving through the jungle. In practice, both Japanese and British forces suffered severe supply problems and malnutrition.		At a time when Britain was in need of morale-boosting generalship, Wingate attracted [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]]'s attention with a self-reliant aggressive philosophy of war, and was given resources to stage a large-scale operation. The last Chindit campaign may have determined the outcome of the [[Battle of Kohima]], although the offensive into India by the Japanese may have occurred because Wingate's first operation had demonstrated the possibility of moving through the jungle. In practice, both Japanese and British forces suffered severe supply problems and malnutrition.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:35, 20 September 2024
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* {{cite book \|last1=Bierman \|first1=John \|last2=Smith \|first2=Colin \|year=1999 \|title=Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion \|url=https://archive.org/details/fireinnightwinga00bier \|publisher=Random House \|location=New York \|isbn=0-375-50061-8 \|oclc=40595354 }}		* {{cite book \|last1=Bierman \|first1=John \|last2=Smith \|first2=Colin \|year=1999 \|title=Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion \|url=https://archive.org/details/fireinnightwinga00bier \|publisher=Random House \|location=New York \|isbn=0-375-50061-8 \|oclc=40595354 }}
			* [[Oren Kessler\|Kessler, Oren]] (2023). ''Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict.'' Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN\|1538148803}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Rolo \|first=Charles J. \|year=1944 \|title=Wingate's Raiders \|location=London \|publisher=George G. Harrap & Co.}}		* {{cite book \|last=Rolo \|first=Charles J. \|year=1944 \|title=Wingate's Raiders \|location=London \|publisher=George G. Harrap & Co.}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}		* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:10, 18 September 2024
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	After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}		After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}

	Wingate trained, commanded and accompanied them on their patrols. The units frequently ambushed Arab saboteurs who attacked oil [[Pipeline transport\|pipeline]]s of the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], raiding border villages the attackers had used as bases. In these raids, Wingate's men sometimes imposed severe [[collective punishment]]s on the villagers. This included killing innocent Arabs who happened to be in the village but ~~weren’t~~ involve in blowing up the pipeline.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}} In another instance, the SNS went into a village, lined up all the male villagers and shot every eighth man.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=286}}		Wingate trained, commanded and accompanied them on their patrols. The units frequently ambushed Arab saboteurs who attacked oil [[Pipeline transport\|pipeline]]s of the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], raiding border villages the attackers had used as bases. In these raids, Wingate's men sometimes imposed severe [[collective punishment]]s on the villagers. This included killing innocent Arabs who happened to be in the village but were not involve in blowing up the pipeline.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}} In another instance, the SNS went into a village, lined up all the male villagers and shot every eighth man.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=286}}

	These methods were criticised by Zionist leaders as well as Wingate's British superiors. Israeli historian [[Yoram Kaniuk]] wrote about Wingate's brutality.<blockquote>The operations came more frequently and became more ruthless. The Arabs complained to the British about Wingate's brutality and harsh punitive methods. Even members of the field squads complained... that during the raids on Bedouin encampments Wingate would behave with extreme viciousness and fire mercilessly. Wingate believed in the principle of surprise in punishment, which was designed to confine the gangs to their villages. More than once he had lined rioters up in a row and shot them in cold blood. Wingate did not try to justify himself; weapons and war cannot be pure.<ref>Kaniuk, 2001, p. 19.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Hughes \|first=Matthew \|date=2015-08-08 \|title=Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39 \|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \|language=en \|volume=43 \|issue=4 \|pages=590–610 \|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|issn=0308-6534}}</ref></blockquote>		These methods were criticised by Zionist leaders as well as Wingate's British superiors. Israeli historian [[Yoram Kaniuk]] wrote about Wingate's brutality.<blockquote>The operations came more frequently and became more ruthless. The Arabs complained to the British about Wingate's brutality and harsh punitive methods. Even members of the field squads complained... that during the raids on Bedouin encampments Wingate would behave with extreme viciousness and fire mercilessly. Wingate believed in the principle of surprise in punishment, which was designed to confine the gangs to their villages. More than once he had lined rioters up in a row and shot them in cold blood. Wingate did not try to justify himself; weapons and war cannot be pure.<ref>Kaniuk, 2001, p. 19.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Hughes \|first=Matthew \|date=2015-08-08 \|title=Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39 \|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \|language=en \|volume=43 \|issue=4 \|pages=590–610 \|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|issn=0308-6534}}</ref></blockquote>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:37, 16 July 2024
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	In September 1936, Wingate was assigned to a staff officer position in the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British Mandate of Palestine]], and became an [[intelligence officer]].<ref>{{London Gazette \|issue=34337 \|date=3 November 1936 \|page=7025}}</ref> From his arrival he saw the creation of a [[Jewish State]] in Palestine as being a religious duty, and immediately put himself into absolute alliance with Jewish political leaders. [[Palestinian people\|Palestinian Arab]] guerrillas had at the time of his arrival begun a [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine\|campaign of attacks]] against both British mandate officials and [[Jews\|Jewish]] communities.		In September 1936, Wingate was assigned to a staff officer position in the [[Mandatory Palestine\|British Mandate of Palestine]], and became an [[intelligence officer]].<ref>{{London Gazette \|issue=34337 \|date=3 November 1936 \|page=7025}}</ref> From his arrival he saw the creation of a [[Jewish State]] in Palestine as being a religious duty, and immediately put himself into absolute alliance with Jewish political leaders. [[Palestinian people\|Palestinian Arab]] guerrillas had at the time of his arrival begun a [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine\|campaign of attacks]] against both British mandate officials and [[Jews\|Jewish]] communities.

	Wingate became politically involved with a number of Zionist leaders, and became an ardent [[Christian Zionist]] himself.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}}<ref name="Masters161">{{Harvnb \|Masters\|1979\|p=161}}</ref> He always returned to Kibbutz [[Ein Harod\|En Harod]], because he felt familiar with the biblical judge [[Gideon]], who fought in this area, and used it himself as a military base. He formulated the idea of raising small assault units of British-led Jewish commandos armed with grenades and light infantry small arms to combat the Arab revolt. Wingate took his idea personally to [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell\|Archibald Wavell]], who was then the commander of British forces in Palestine.		Wingate became politically involved with a number of Zionist leaders, and became an ardent [[Christian Zionist]] himself.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}}<ref name="Masters161">{{Harvnb \|Masters\|1979\|p=161}}</ref> He always returned to Kibbutz [[Ein Harod\|En Harod]], because he felt familiar with the biblical judge [[Gideon]], who fought in this area, and used it himself as a military base. He formulated the idea of raising small assault units of British-led Jewish commandos armed with grenades and light infantry small arms to combat the Arab revolt.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Kessler \|first=Oren \|title=Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict \|date=2023 \|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield \|isbn=978-1-5381-4880-8 \|location=Lanham, Maryland \|pages=172-173}}</ref> Wingate took his idea personally to [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell\|Archibald Wavell]], who was then the commander of British forces in Palestine.

	After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}		After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining\|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:19, 16 July 2024
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	* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}		* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Thompson \|first=Julian F. \|title=The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Line \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMHAAAACAAJ \|date=2001 \|publisher=Brasseys \|isbn=157488381X}}		*{{cite book \|last=Thompson \|first=Julian F. \|title=The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Line \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMHAAAACAAJ \|date=2001 \|publisher=Brasseys \|isbn=157488381X}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Anglim\|first=Simon\|title=Orde Wingate: Unconventional Warrior: From the 1920s to the Twenty-First Century\|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]\|year=2023\|isbn=978-1783462186}}		*{{cite book\|last=Anglim\|first=Simon\|title=Orde Wingate: Unconventional Warrior: From the 1920s to the Twenty-First Century\|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]\|year=2023\|isbn=978-1783462186}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Webster \|first=Donovan \|author-link=Donovan Webster \|year=2005 \|orig-year=2003 \|title=The Burma Road: the epic story of one of World War II's most remarkable endeavours \|publisher=Pan Books \|location=London \|isbn=0-330-42703-2}}		* {{cite book \|last=Webster \|first=Donovan \|author-link=Donovan Webster \|year=2005 \|orig-year=2003 \|title=The Burma Road: the epic story of one of World War II's most remarkable endeavours \|publisher=Pan Books \|location=London \|isbn=0-330-42703-2}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Taylor \|first=Thomas H. \|year=1988 \|title=Born of War \|location=New York \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|isbn=0-07-063192-1}}		* {{cite book \|last=Taylor \|first=Thomas H. \|year=1988 \|title=Born of War \|location=New York \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|isbn=0-07-063192-1}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:22, 14 July 2024
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	* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}		* {{cite book \|last=Shirreff \|first=David \|year=2009 \|orig-year=1995 \|title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia \|location=Barnsley \|publisher=Pen & Sword Military \|isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Thompson \|first=Julian F. \|title=The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Line \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMHAAAACAAJ \|date=2001 \|publisher=Brasseys \|isbn=157488381X}}		*{{cite book \|last=Thompson \|first=Julian F. \|title=The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Line \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMHAAAACAAJ \|date=2001 \|publisher=Brasseys \|isbn=157488381X}}
			*{{cite book\|last=Anglim\|first=Simon\|title=Orde Wingate: Unconventional Warrior: From the 1920s to the Twenty-First Century\|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]\|year=2023\|isbn=978-1783462186}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Webster \|first=Donovan \|author-link=Donovan Webster \|year=2005 \|orig-year=2003 \|title=The Burma Road: the epic story of one of World War II's most remarkable endeavours \|publisher=Pan Books \|location=London \|isbn=0-330-42703-2}}		* {{cite book \|last=Webster \|first=Donovan \|author-link=Donovan Webster \|year=2005 \|orig-year=2003 \|title=The Burma Road: the epic story of one of World War II's most remarkable endeavours \|publisher=Pan Books \|location=London \|isbn=0-330-42703-2}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Taylor \|first=Thomas H. \|year=1988 \|title=Born of War \|location=New York \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|isbn=0-07-063192-1}}		* {{cite book \|last=Taylor \|first=Thomas H. \|year=1988 \|title=Born of War \|location=New York \|publisher=McGraw Hill \|isbn=0-07-063192-1}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:08, 10 July 2024
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	Wingate trained, commanded and accompanied them on their patrols. The units frequently ambushed Arab saboteurs who attacked oil [[Pipeline transport\|pipeline]]s of the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], raiding border villages the attackers had used as bases. In these raids, Wingate's men sometimes imposed severe [[collective punishment]]s on the villagers. This included killing innocent Arabs who happened to be in the village but weren’t involve in blowing up the pipeline.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}} In another instance, the SNS went into a village, lined up all the male villagers and shot every eighth man.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=286}}		Wingate trained, commanded and accompanied them on their patrols. The units frequently ambushed Arab saboteurs who attacked oil [[Pipeline transport\|pipeline]]s of the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], raiding border villages the attackers had used as bases. In these raids, Wingate's men sometimes imposed severe [[collective punishment]]s on the villagers. This included killing innocent Arabs who happened to be in the village but weren’t involve in blowing up the pipeline.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=283}} In another instance, the SNS went into a village, lined up all the male villagers and shot every eighth man.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=286}}

	These methods were criticised by Zionist leaders as well as Wingate's British superiors. Israeli historian [[Yoram Kaniuk]] wrote about Wingate's brutality.<blockquote>The operations came more frequently and became more ruthless. The Arabs complained to the British about Wingate's brutality and harsh punitive methods. Even members of the field squads complained... that during the raids on Bedouin encampments Wingate would behave with extreme viciousness and fire mercilessly. Wingate believed in the principle of surprise in punishment, which was designed to confine the gangs to their villages. More than once he had lined rioters up in a row and shot them in cold blood. Wingate did not try to justify himself; weapons and war cannot be pure.<ref>Kaniuk, 2001, p. 19.</ref>{{~~Nonspecific~~ \|date=~~February~~ ~~2024~~}}</blockquote>		These methods were criticised by Zionist leaders as well as Wingate's British superiors. Israeli historian [[Yoram Kaniuk]] wrote about Wingate's brutality.<blockquote>The operations came more frequently and became more ruthless. The Arabs complained to the British about Wingate's brutality and harsh punitive methods. Even members of the field squads complained... that during the raids on Bedouin encampments Wingate would behave with extreme viciousness and fire mercilessly. Wingate believed in the principle of surprise in punishment, which was designed to confine the gangs to their villages. More than once he had lined rioters up in a row and shot them in cold blood. Wingate did not try to justify himself; weapons and war cannot be pure.<ref>Kaniuk, 2001, p. 19.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Hughes \|first=Matthew \|date=2015-08-08 \|title=Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39 \|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \|language=en \|volume=43 \|issue=4 \|pages=590–610 \|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|issn=0308-6534}}</ref></blockquote>

	Wingate employed various forms of torture against the Arabs, some non-lethal.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=287}} Wingate would force sand into villagers' mouths until they vomited.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=288}} In one case, when Arab saboteurs had caused an oil leak, he took all the men from an Arab village and threw them into a pool of [[crude oil]].{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=287-288}}		Wingate employed various forms of torture against the Arabs, some non-lethal.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=287}} Wingate would force sand into villagers' mouths until they vomited.{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=288}} In one case, when Arab saboteurs had caused an oil leak, he took all the men from an Arab village and threw them into a pool of [[crude oil]].{{sfn\|Hughes\|2019\|p=287-288}}

	Wingate disliked Arabs, once shouting at Haganah fighters after a June 1938 attack on a village on the border between Mandatory Palestine and [[Lebanon]], "I think you are all totally ignorant in your [[Ramat Yochanan]] [the training base for the Haganah] since you do not even know the elementary use of bayonets when attacking dirty Arabs: how can you put your left foot in front?"{{#tag:ref\|The quote is part of Amatziya Cohen's recollection of Wingate's tutelage.{{sfn\|Pappé\|2006\|p=16}}\|group=lower-alpha}} But the brutal tactics proved effective in quelling the uprising, and Wingate was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order\|DSO]] in 1938. In September 1938, after a rebel mine killed the Jewish leader of Ein Harod settlement, Chaim Sturman, Wingate let out a "cry, more a scream than an order" and carried out a reprisal operation on the Arab quarter of [[Beisan]], near the explosion. He ordered "the killing of every Arab discovered in the vicinity of the raid." <blockquote>"'Everybody into the cars!' … . We grabbed our rifles and within a few seconds were all in the cars. Without any plan of action or preparation, with Wingate at our head, we entered the Arab part of Beit Shean, which swarmed with gang members, and began to beat and trample anyone in our path. Wingate himself went out of control, entering stores and destroying whatever was in them. An hour later we returned to Ein Harod."<ref~~>{{Cite~~ ~~journal \|last~~=~~Hughes \|first=Matthew \|date=2015-08-08 \|title=Terror in Galilee~~: ~~British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39 \|url=http:~~//www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History \|language=en \|volume=43 \|issue=4 \|pages=590–610 \|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 \|issn=0308-6534}}</ref></blockquote>However, his deepening direct political involvement with the Zionist cause and an incident where he spoke publicly in favour of the formation of a Jewish state during his leave in Britain, caused his superiors in Palestine to remove him from command. He was so deeply associated with political causes in Palestine that his superiors considered him compromised as an intelligence officer in the country. He was promoting his own agenda rather than that of the army or the government. In May 1939, he was transferred to Britain. Wingate became a hero of the [[Yishuv]] (the Jewish Community), and was loved by leaders such as [[Zvi Brenner]] and [[Moshe Dayan]], who trained under him and claimed that Wingate had "taught us everything we know."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IC04DwAAQBAJ&dq=crucible+dayan+wingate+we+know&pg=PT152 Crucible], Jonathan Fenby</ref>		Wingate disliked Arabs, once shouting at Haganah fighters after a June 1938 attack on a village on the border between Mandatory Palestine and [[Lebanon]], "I think you are all totally ignorant in your [[Ramat Yochanan]] [the training base for the Haganah] since you do not even know the elementary use of bayonets when attacking dirty Arabs: how can you put your left foot in front?"{{#tag:ref\|The quote is part of Amatziya Cohen's recollection of Wingate's tutelage.{{sfn\|Pappé\|2006\|p=16}}\|group=lower-alpha}} But the brutal tactics proved effective in quelling the uprising, and Wingate was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order\|DSO]] in 1938. In September 1938, after a rebel mine killed the Jewish leader of Ein Harod settlement, Chaim Sturman, Wingate let out a "cry, more a scream than an order" and carried out a reprisal operation on the Arab quarter of [[Beisan]], near the explosion. He ordered "the killing of every Arab discovered in the vicinity of the raid."<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>"'Everybody into the cars!' … . We grabbed our rifles and within a few seconds were all in the cars. Without any plan of action or preparation, with Wingate at our head, we entered the Arab part of Beit Shean, which swarmed with gang members, and began to beat and trample anyone in our path. Wingate himself went out of control, entering stores and destroying whatever was in them. An hour later we returned to Ein Harod."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>However, his deepening direct political involvement with the Zionist cause and an incident where he spoke publicly in favour of the formation of a Jewish state during his leave in Britain, caused his superiors in Palestine to remove him from command. He was so deeply associated with political causes in Palestine that his superiors considered him compromised as an intelligence officer in the country. He was promoting his own agenda rather than that of the army or the government. In May 1939, he was transferred to Britain. Wingate became a hero of the [[Yishuv]] (the Jewish Community), and was loved by leaders such as [[Zvi Brenner]] and [[Moshe Dayan]], who trained under him and claimed that Wingate had "taught us everything we know."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IC04DwAAQBAJ&dq=crucible+dayan+wingate+we+know&pg=PT152 Crucible], Jonathan Fenby</ref>

	==Ethiopia and Gideon Force==		==Ethiopia and Gideon Force==
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	[[Category:British Army personnel killed in World War II]]		[[Category:British Army personnel killed in World War II]]
	[[Category:British Christian Zionists]]		[[Category:British Christian Zionists]]
			[[Category:British mass murderers]]
	[[Category:British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]		[[Category:British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]
	[[Category:British Plymouth Brethren]]		[[Category:British Plymouth Brethren]]
			[[Category:British war criminals]]
	[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]		[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
	[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]		[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]