Panchayati raj - Revision history

Tera Ranjit Punjabi at 03:09, 5 October 2024

2024-10-05T03:09:23Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:09, 5 October 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]] and neighboring countries [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

59.91.253.25 at 23:09, 27 August 2024

2024-08-27T23:09:34Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:09, 27 August 2024
Line 58:		Line 58:
	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Panchayat (Nepal)]]		* [[Panchayat (Nepal)]]
			* [[Khap panchayat]]

	==References==		==References==

Calisthenis: Cleaned up the random italics

2024-08-25T01:09:20Z

Cleaned up the random italics

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:09, 25 August 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat~~''<nowiki/>~~' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

PinkDucky91: Removed copyedit flag

2024-08-24T01:16:02Z

Removed copyedit flag

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:16, 24 August 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{short description\|Indian political system}}		{{short description\|Indian political system}}
	{{redirect\|Panchayat}}		{{redirect\|Panchayat}}
	{{Copy edit\|date=October 2023}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}

PinkDucky91: Fixed grammer

2024-08-24T01:15:11Z

Fixed grammer

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:15, 24 August 2024
Line 47:		Line 47:

	===Post-Independence period===		===Post-Independence period===
	Panchayat raj ~~had to go~~ through various stages. The First [[Five-Year Plans of India\|Five Year Plan]] failed to ~~bring about~~ active [[participation (decision making)\|participation]] and involvement of the people in ~~the~~ Plan processes, ~~which included Plan~~ formulation implementation and monitoring. The Second Five Year Plan ~~attempted~~ to cover the entire countryside ~~with~~ National ~~Extensive~~ Service Blocks ~~through the institutions of~~ Block Development Officers, Assistant Development Officers, Village Level Workers, in ~~addition~~ to nominated representatives of village panchayats ~~of that area~~ and ~~some~~ other popular ~~organisations~~ like ~~co-operative~~ societies. ~~But~~ ~~the~~ plan ~~failed~~ to satisfactorily accomplish ~~decentralisation~~. ~~Hence~~, committees were constituted ~~by various authorities~~ to advise the ~~centre~~ on different aspects of ~~decentralisation~~.		Panchayat raj went through various stages. The First [[Five-Year Plans of India\|Five-Year Plan]] failed to achieve active [[participation (decision making)\|participation]] and involvement of the people in Plan processes, including formulation, implementation, and monitoring. The Second Five-Year Plan aimed to cover the entire countryside through National Extension Service Blocks, utilizing Block Development Officers, Assistant Development Officers, Village Level Workers, as well as nominated representatives of village panchayats and other popular organizations like cooperative societies. However, this plan did not satisfactorily accomplish decentralization. Consequently, various committees were constituted to advise the central government on different aspects of decentralization.

	At ~~least in part to provide~~ the [[Gandhi]]an goal of direct political participation ~~of people~~ at the ~~grass root~~ level~~, in 1957~~, the National Development Council appointed a committee under [[Balwant Rai Mehta]], ~~which~~ submitted its report in 1958 in ~~which it~~ ~~recommended: A 3~~-tier structure consisting of Zila Parishad at the ~~District~~ level, Panchayat Samiti at the ~~Block~~ level and Gram Panchayat at the village level.		To advance the [[Gandhi]]an goal of direct political participation at the grassroots level, the National Development Council appointed a committee under [[Balwant Rai Mehta]] in 1957. The committee submitted its report in 1958, recommending a three-tier structure consisting of a Zila Parishad at the district level, a Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and a Gram Panchayat at the village level.

	The next major change in the panchayat system of India came ~~in the form of~~ the passage of the Panchayati Raj Act (73rd Amendment) in 1992. A key motivation of this act was the belief that local governments ~~may~~ be ~~better~~ ~~placed~~ than centrally appointed bureaucrats to ~~identify~~ and ~~respond~~ to the needs of ~~the village~~. ~~Hence~~, this act was an ~~important~~ ~~part~~ of India's move towards decentralization.		The next major change in the panchayat system of India came with the passage of the Panchayati Raj Act (73rd Amendment) in 1992. A key motivation behind this act was the belief that local governments could be more effective than centrally appointed bureaucrats in identifying and responding to the needs of villages. Consequently, this act was a significant step in India's move towards decentralization.

	The main features of this act are: (a) a 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all ~~States~~ ~~having~~ population of over 20 lakh; (b) Panchayat elections ~~regularly~~ every 5 years; (c) reservation of seats for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes]] and women (not less than one-third of seats); (d) appointment of State Finance Commission to ~~make recommendations as regards~~ the financial powers of the Panchayats. ~~Hence~~, in theory, ~~panchayats~~ have been given sufficient authority to function as institutions of self-governance and ~~aid~~ social justice.		The main features of this act are: (a) a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states with a population of over 20 lakh; (b) regular Panchayat elections every five years; (c) reservation of seats for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes\|Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes]], and women (not less than one-third of the seats); and (d) the appointment of a State Finance Commission to recommend the financial powers of the Panchayats. Thus, in theory, Panchayats have been given sufficient authority to function as institutions of self-governance and promote social justice.

	There ~~were~~ several positive effects of this amendment, some of which ~~have been~~ listed above. However, there is also evidence of deeply ingrained vote-trading structures maintained through extra-political means. This can potentially be ~~blamed~~ on the fact that Gram Sabhas have not been sufficiently empowered and strengthened to ensure greater ~~people's~~ participation and transparency in functioning of Panchayats as envisaged in the Panchayat Act.		There have been several positive effects of this amendment, some of which are listed above. However, there is also evidence of deeply ingrained vote-trading structures maintained through extra-political means. This issue can potentially be attributed to the fact that Gram Sabhas have not been sufficiently empowered and strengthened to ensure greater public participation and transparency in the functioning of Panchayats, as envisaged in the Panchayat Act.

	==See also==		==See also==

PinkDucky91: Fixed grammer

2024-08-24T01:01:28Z

Fixed grammer

Show changes

PinkDucky91: Fixed grammer

2024-08-24T00:44:27Z

Fixed grammer

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:44, 24 August 2024
Line 20:		Line 20:
	{{see also \| Monarchy in ancient India}}		{{see also \| Monarchy in ancient India}}

	The Hindu text [[Rigveda]] (1700 BCE) provides evidence ~~to suggest~~ that self-governing village bodies called ''sabhas'' existed.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Panchayat Raj in India: Emerging Trends Across the States\|publisher=Rawat Publications\|author=R. P. Joshi, G. S. Narwani\|year=2002\|page=21}}</ref> ~~With the passage of~~ time, these bodies ~~became~~ panchayats (five-person councils). Panchayats were functional institutions of [[grassroots]] governance in almost every village. The village ~~Panchayat~~ or elected council had ~~large~~ ~~ers~~, both executive and judicial. ~~Land was~~ distributed ~~by this panchayat which also~~ collected taxes ~~out of~~ the produce and paid the government's share on behalf of the village. Above ~~a number of~~ these village councils ~~there was~~ a larger panchayat or council to supervise and intervene if necessary.<ref>[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], (1964), ''[[The Discovery of India]]'', Signet Press, Calcutta, p.288</ref> [[~~Casteism~~]] and feudalistic system of governance under Mughal rule in the medieval period ~~slowly~~ eroded ~~the~~ self-government in villages. A new class of feudal chiefs and revenue collectors ([[zamindar]]s) emerged between the ruler and the people~~. And~~, so ~~began~~ the stagnation and decline of self-government in villages.		The Hindu text [[Rigveda]] (1700 BCE) provides evidence suggesting that self-governing village bodies called ''sabhas'' existed.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Panchayat Raj in India: Emerging Trends Across the States\|publisher=Rawat Publications\|author=R. P. Joshi, G. S. Narwani\|year=2002\|page=21}}</ref> Over time, these bodies evolved into panchayats (five-person councils). Panchayats were functional institutions of [[grassroots]] governance in almost every village. The village panchayat or elected council had significant powers, both executive and judicial. It distributed land, collected taxes from the produce, and paid the government's share on behalf of the village. Above these village councils, a larger panchayat or council existed to supervise and intervene if necessary.<ref>[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], (1964), ''[[The Discovery of India]]'', Signet Press, Calcutta, p.288</ref> However, [[Caste\|casteism]] and the feudalistic system of governance under Mughal rule during the medieval period gradually eroded self-government in villages. A new class of feudal chiefs and revenue collectors ([[zamindar]]s) emerged between the ruler and the people, leading to the stagnation and decline of self-government in villages.

	A detailed account of how a medieval ~~south~~ Indian village council functioned ~~was~~ carved into a temple wall in [[Uthiramerur]], a village in [[Tamil Nadu]] ~~some~~ ~~{{convert\|~~85~~\|km}}~~ west of [[Chennai]]. Thirty ~~councilmembers~~ were chosen by lot, a form of [[sortition]]. Males were eligible for selection if they were of good character and met ~~a set of~~ requirements based on landholdings and knowledge of Hindu scriptures. They were then assigned to various committees in ~~charge of~~ irrigation works, gardens and other matters.<ref>{{cite book \|title= The First Spring: Life in the Golden Age of India \|author=Abraham Eraly \|publisher=Penguin Books \|pages=184–186 \|year= 2011 \|isbn=9780143424574}}</ref>		A detailed account of how a medieval South Indian village council functioned is carved into a temple wall in [[Uthiramerur]], a village in [[Tamil Nadu]], approximately 85 kilometers (53 miles) west of [[Chennai]]. Thirty council members were chosen by lot, a form of [[sortition]]. Males were eligible for selection if they were of good character and met certain requirements based on landholdings and knowledge of Hindu scriptures. They were then assigned to various committees responsible for irrigation works, gardens, and other matters.<ref>{{cite book \|title= The First Spring: Life in the Golden Age of India \|author=Abraham Eraly \|publisher=Penguin Books \|pages=184–186 \|year= 2011 \|isbn=9780143424574}}</ref>

	===During British rule===		===During British rule===

PinkDucky91: Fixed grammer

2024-08-24T00:38:05Z

Fixed grammer

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:38, 24 August 2024
Line 5:		Line 5:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj''' is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word ~~'<nowiki/>'~~'raj~~''<nowiki/>~~' means 'rule,' and ~~'''~~panchayat''<nowiki/>' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat''<nowiki/>' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

PinkDucky91: Fixed grammer

2024-08-24T00:36:59Z

Fixed grammer

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:36, 24 August 2024
Line 5:		Line 5:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj''' is a [[political system]], originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], ~~found~~ ~~mainly~~ in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, ~~and~~ historical mentions ~~date~~ to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word ''raj'' means 'rule' and ''panchayat'' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies ~~settled~~ disputes between ~~both~~ individuals and villages. However, there were ~~varying~~ forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj''' is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word '<nowiki/>''raj''<nowiki/>' means 'rule,' and '''panchayat''<nowiki/>' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s ~~are~~ ~~neither to~~ be confused with the traditional system ~~nor with~~ the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

	[[File:Panchayat India.jpg\|thumb\|Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]		[[File:Panchayat India.jpg\|thumb\|Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
	[[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated ''panchayat raj'' as the foundation of India's political system. It ~~would~~ ~~have~~ ~~been~~ a ~~decentralised~~ form of government, where each village would be responsible for its own affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Sisodia, R. S. \|year=1971 \|title=Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj \|journal=Panchayat Aur Insan \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|author=Sharma, Manohar Lal \|year=1987 \|title=Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications\|oclc=17678104}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000916234 Hathi Trust copy, search only]</ref> ~~The term for such a~~ vision was ''[[Swaraj\|Gram Swaraj]]'' ("village self-governance"). While India developed a highly ~~centralised~~ system of government,<ref>{{Cite book\|author1=Hardgrave, Robert L. \|author2=Kochanek, Stanley A. \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2008 \|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation \|edition=seventh \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT157 157] \|isbn=978-0-495-00749-4}}</ref> this has been moderated by ~~the delegation of~~ several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Pellissery, S. \|year=2007 \|title=Do Multi-level Governance Meet Local Aspirations? \|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration \|volume=28 \|issue=1 \|pages=28–40}}</ref>		[[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated for panchayat raj as the foundation of India's political system. It was envisioned as a decentralized form of government, where each village would be responsible for its own affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Sisodia, R. S. \|year=1971 \|title=Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj \|journal=Panchayat Aur Insan \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|author=Sharma, Manohar Lal \|year=1987 \|title=Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications\|oclc=17678104}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000916234 Hathi Trust copy, search only]</ref> This vision was termed ''[[Swaraj\|Gram Swaraj]]'' ("village self-governance"). While India developed a highly centralized system of government,<ref>{{Cite book\|author1=Hardgrave, Robert L. \|author2=Kochanek, Stanley A. \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2008 \|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation \|edition=seventh \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT157 157] \|isbn=978-0-495-00749-4}}</ref> this has been moderated by delegating several administrative functions to the local level, thereby empowering elected gram panchayats.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Pellissery, S. \|year=2007 \|title=Do Multi-level Governance Meet Local Aspirations? \|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration \|volume=28 \|issue=1 \|pages=28–40}}</ref>

	[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated panchayati at [[Nagaur]] on ~~October~~ 2, 1959. The ~~day~~ was ~~selected~~ ~~on the~~ ~~occasion~~ of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi ~~wanted~~ Gram Swaraj through ~~Panchayati~~ ~~Raj~~.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book \| last=Sharma \| first=Shakuntla \| title=Grass Root Politics and Panchayati Raj \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=1994 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOotj52KG9QC \| page=131}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book \| last=Singh \| first=Surat \| title=Decentralised Governance in India: Myth and Reality \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-81-7629-577-2 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-4taHca3HQC \| page=74}}</ref> The system was modified in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=Singh, Vijandra \|year=2003 \|chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi \|title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration \|series=Studies in public administration \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|pages=84–90\|isbn=978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref>		[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated the panchayati raj system at [[Nagaur]] on 2 October 1959. The date was chosen to coincide with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi envisioned Gram Swaraj through the panchayati raj system.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book \| last=Sharma \| first=Shakuntla \| title=Grass Root Politics and Panchayati Raj \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=1994 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOotj52KG9QC \| page=131}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book \| last=Singh \| first=Surat \| title=Decentralised Governance in India: Myth and Reality \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-81-7629-577-2 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-4taHca3HQC \| page=74}}</ref> The system was later modified in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=Singh, Vijandra \|year=2003 \|chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi \|title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration \|series=Studies in public administration \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|pages=84–90\|isbn=978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref>

	==In the Indian subcontinent==		==In the Indian subcontinent==

Worldbruce: clean up, used convert template, filled in thesis citation, typo(s) fixed: Centre → centre, October 11, 1959 → October 11, 1959,

2024-05-20T05:58:37Z

clean up, used convert template, filled in thesis citation, typo(s) fixed: Centre → centre, October 11, 1959 → October 11, 1959,

Show changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:09, 5 October 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]] and neighboring countries [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:09, 25 August 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat~~''<nowiki/>~~' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:16, 24 August 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{short description\|Indian political system}}		{{short description\|Indian political system}}
	{{redirect\|Panchayat}}		{{redirect\|Panchayat}}
	{{Copy edit\|date=October 2023}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:38, 24 August 2024
Line 5:		Line 5:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj''' is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word ~~'<nowiki/>'~~'raj~~''<nowiki/>~~' means 'rule,' and ~~'''~~panchayat''<nowiki/>' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj '''is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat''<nowiki/>' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:36, 24 August 2024
Line 5:		Line 5:
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
	[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]		[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Panchayat office in [[Muhamma]], Kerala]]
	The '''Panchayat raj''' is a [[political system]], originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], ~~found~~ ~~mainly~~ in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, ~~and~~ historical mentions ~~date~~ to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word ''raj'' means 'rule' and ''panchayat'' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies ~~settled~~ disputes between ~~both~~ individuals and villages. However, there were ~~varying~~ forms of such assemblies.		The '''Panchayat raj''' is a [[political system]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], primarily found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>Although it is also found in other places such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html\|title=The Panchayat system as an early form of conflict resolution in Trinidad - GCSE History\|website=www.markedbyteachers.com}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html\|title=Carmona wants "Panchayat" system to resolve conflicts \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=30 May 2016}} {{cite news \|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html\|title=Return of the panchayat \|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday \|date=12 May 2005}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of [[local government]] in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.<ref name="ref23goroq">{{Citation \| title= Political Institutions & Administration \| author= P.B. Udgaonkar \| year= 1986 \| publisher= Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1986 \| isbn= 978-81-20-82087-6 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA210 \| quote= ''... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada, Brishaspati, Somadeva and Sukra. These writers covered a period of about a thousand years, c. 100 to 1950 A.D., and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ...''}}</ref> The word '<nowiki/>''raj''<nowiki/>' means 'rule,' and '''panchayat''<nowiki/>' means 'assembly' (''ayat'') of 'five' (''panch''). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.

	The leader of the panchayat was often called the president [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s ~~are~~ ~~neither to~~ be confused with the traditional system ~~nor with~~ the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>		The leader of the panchayat was often called the president, [[mukhi]]ya, [[sarpanch]], or [[pradhan]], which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its [[gram panchayat]]s should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.<ref>{{Cite news \| title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts \| date = 9 September 2007 \|author1=Mullick, Rohit \|author2=Raaj, Neelam \|name-list-style=amp \|newspaper= The Times of India \| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms }}</ref>

	[[File:Panchayat India.jpg\|thumb\|Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]		[[File:Panchayat India.jpg\|thumb\|Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
	[[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated ''panchayat raj'' as the foundation of India's political system. It ~~would~~ ~~have~~ ~~been~~ a ~~decentralised~~ form of government, where each village would be responsible for its own affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Sisodia, R. S. \|year=1971 \|title=Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj \|journal=Panchayat Aur Insan \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|author=Sharma, Manohar Lal \|year=1987 \|title=Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications\|oclc=17678104}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000916234 Hathi Trust copy, search only]</ref> ~~The term for such a~~ vision was ''[[Swaraj\|Gram Swaraj]]'' ("village self-governance"). While India developed a highly ~~centralised~~ system of government,<ref>{{Cite book\|author1=Hardgrave, Robert L. \|author2=Kochanek, Stanley A. \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2008 \|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation \|edition=seventh \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT157 157] \|isbn=978-0-495-00749-4}}</ref> this has been moderated by ~~the delegation of~~ several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Pellissery, S. \|year=2007 \|title=Do Multi-level Governance Meet Local Aspirations? \|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration \|volume=28 \|issue=1 \|pages=28–40}}</ref>		[[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated for panchayat raj as the foundation of India's political system. It was envisioned as a decentralized form of government, where each village would be responsible for its own affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Sisodia, R. S. \|year=1971 \|title=Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj \|journal=Panchayat Aur Insan \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|author=Sharma, Manohar Lal \|year=1987 \|title=Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications\|oclc=17678104}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000916234 Hathi Trust copy, search only]</ref> This vision was termed ''[[Swaraj\|Gram Swaraj]]'' ("village self-governance"). While India developed a highly centralized system of government,<ref>{{Cite book\|author1=Hardgrave, Robert L. \|author2=Kochanek, Stanley A. \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2008 \|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation \|edition=seventh \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT157 157] \|isbn=978-0-495-00749-4}}</ref> this has been moderated by delegating several administrative functions to the local level, thereby empowering elected gram panchayats.<ref>{{Cite journal\|author=Pellissery, S. \|year=2007 \|title=Do Multi-level Governance Meet Local Aspirations? \|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration \|volume=28 \|issue=1 \|pages=28–40}}</ref>

	[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated panchayati at [[Nagaur]] on ~~October~~ 2, 1959. The ~~day~~ was ~~selected~~ ~~on the~~ ~~occasion~~ of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi ~~wanted~~ Gram Swaraj through ~~Panchayati~~ ~~Raj~~.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book \| last=Sharma \| first=Shakuntla \| title=Grass Root Politics and Panchayati Raj \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=1994 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOotj52KG9QC \| page=131}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book \| last=Singh \| first=Surat \| title=Decentralised Governance in India: Myth and Reality \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-81-7629-577-2 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-4taHca3HQC \| page=74}}</ref> The system was modified in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=Singh, Vijandra \|year=2003 \|chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi \|title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration \|series=Studies in public administration \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|pages=84–90\|isbn=978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref>		[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated the panchayati raj system at [[Nagaur]] on 2 October 1959. The date was chosen to coincide with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi envisioned Gram Swaraj through the panchayati raj system.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book \| last=Sharma \| first=Shakuntla \| title=Grass Root Politics and Panchayati Raj \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=1994 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOotj52KG9QC \| page=131}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book \| last=Singh \| first=Surat \| title=Decentralised Governance in India: Myth and Reality \| publisher=Deep & Deep Publications \| year=2004 \| isbn=978-81-7629-577-2 \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-4taHca3HQC \| page=74}}</ref> The system was later modified in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=Singh, Vijandra \|year=2003 \|chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi \|title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration \|series=Studies in public administration \|location=New Delhi \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|pages=84–90\|isbn=978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref>

	==In the Indian subcontinent==		==In the Indian subcontinent==