Paul Walden - Revision history

JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences to :Category:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

2024-09-12T22:47:43Z

Moving Category:Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences to Category:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

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Wiz KDDI at 17:35, 9 January 2024

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	{{about\|\|the member of the Oregon House of Representatives\|Paul E. Walden\|the Jersey musician\|Guru Josh}}		{{about\|\|the member of the Oregon House of Representatives\|Paul E. Walden\|the Jersey musician\|Guru Josh}}
	{{Infobox scientist		{{Infobox scientist
	\|name = Paul Walden		\| name = Paul Walden
	\|image = Paul Walden.jpg		\| image = Paul Walden.jpg
	\|image_size =		\| image_size =
	\|caption = Paul Walden		\| caption = Paul Walden
	\|birth_date = {{Birth date\|1863\|7\|26\|df=y}}		\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1863\|7\|26\|df=y}}
	\|birth_place = Rozulas, [[~~Governorate of~~ Livonia]], [[Russian Empire]] (now Pīpēni, [[Stalbe parish]], [[Latvia]])		\| birth_place = Rozulas, [[Livonia Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now Pīpēni, [[Stalbe parish]], [[Latvia]])
	\|residence =		\| residence =
	\|nationality = German		\| nationality = German
	\|death_date = {{Death date and age\|1957\|1\|22\|1863\|7\|26\|df=y}}		\| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1957\|1\|22\|1863\|7\|26\|df=y}}
	\|death_place = [[Gammertingen]], [[West Germany]]		\| death_place = [[Gammertingen]], [[West Germany]]
	\|field =		\| field =
	\|work_institution = [[University of Rostock]]		\| work_institution = [[University of Rostock]]
	\|alma_mater = [[Riga Technical University]]		\| alma_mater = [[Riga Technical University]]
	\|doctoral_advisor =		\| doctoral_advisor =
	\|doctoral_students =		\| doctoral_students =
	\|~~known_for~~ = [[Walden inversion]]<br>[[Conductivity_(electrolytic)#Weak_electrolytes\|Walden's rule]]<br>[[Ethylammonium nitrate]]		\| known_for = [[Walden inversion]]<br>[[Conductivity_(electrolytic)#Weak_electrolytes\|Walden's rule]]<br>[[Ethylammonium nitrate]]
	\|~~prizes~~ = [[Gmelin-Beilstein Medal]] {{small\|(1954)}}		\| prizes = [[Gmelin-Beilstein Medal]] {{small\|(1954)}}
	\|religion =		\| religion =
	\|footnotes =}}		\| footnotes =
			}}

	'''Paul Walden''' ({{lang-lv\|Pauls Valdens}}; {{lang-ru\|Павел Иванович Вальден}}; {{lang-de\|Paul von Walden}}; 26 July 1863 – 22 January 1957) was a [[Russian Empire\|Russian]], [[Latvians\|Latvian]] and [[Germany\|German]] [[chemist]] known for his work in [[stereochemistry]] and history of chemistry. In particular, he discovered the [[Walden rule]],<ref>Paul Walden (1863–1957): the man behind the Walden inversion, the Walden rule, the Ostwald-Walden-Bredig rule and Ionic liquids. 2019. ChemTexts. 5/1. G. Boeck. doi: 10.1007/s40828-019-0080-9.</ref> he invented the stereochemical reaction known as [[Walden inversion]] and synthesized the first room-temperature [[ionic liquid]], [[ethylammonium nitrate]].<ref name=r3>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8d9F7NG60cC&pg=PR27\|page=xxvii\|title=Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis\|author=Mihkel Koel\|publisher=CRC Press\|year=2008\|isbn=978-1-4200-4646-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omLPJJ0MLJMC&pg=PA82\|page=82\|title=Chemical thermodynamics for industry\|author=Trevor M. Letcher\|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry\|year=2004\|isbn=0-85404-591-0}}</ref>		'''Paul Walden''' ({{lang-lv\|Pauls Valdens}}; {{lang-ru\|Павел Иванович Вальден}}; {{lang-de\|Paul von Walden}}; 26 July 1863 – 22 January 1957) was a [[Russian Empire\|Russian]], [[Latvians\|Latvian]] and [[Germany\|German]] [[chemist]] known for his work in [[stereochemistry]] and history of chemistry. In particular, he discovered the [[Walden rule]],<ref>Paul Walden (1863–1957): the man behind the Walden inversion, the Walden rule, the Ostwald-Walden-Bredig rule and Ionic liquids. 2019. ChemTexts. 5/1. G. Boeck. doi: 10.1007/s40828-019-0080-9.</ref> he invented the stereochemical reaction known as [[Walden inversion]] and synthesized the first room-temperature [[ionic liquid]], [[ethylammonium nitrate]].<ref name=r3>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8d9F7NG60cC&pg=PR27\|page=xxvii\|title=Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis\|author=Mihkel Koel\|publisher=CRC Press\|year=2008\|isbn=978-1-4200-4646-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omLPJJ0MLJMC&pg=PA82\|page=82\|title=Chemical thermodynamics for industry\|author=Trevor M. Letcher\|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry\|year=2004\|isbn=0-85404-591-0}}</ref>

	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
	Walden was born in [[Rozulas]] in ~~present-day~~ [[Stalbe parish]], [[Pārgauja municipality]], [[Latvia]] in a large Latvian peasant family. At the age of four, he lost his father and later his mother. Thanks to financial support from his two older brothers who lived in [[Riga]] (one was a merchant and another served as a [[lieutenant]] in the military) Walden managed to complete his education – first graduated with honors from the district school in the town of [[Cēsis]] (1876), and then from the Riga Technical High School (1882).		Walden was born in Rozulas in the Russian Empire (now Stalbe parish, [[Pārgauja municipality]], Latvia) in a large Latvian peasant family. At the age of four, he lost his father and later his mother. Thanks to financial support from his two older brothers who lived in [[Riga]] (one was a merchant and another served as a [[lieutenant]] in the military) Walden managed to complete his education – first graduated with honors from the district school in the town of [[Cēsis]] (1876), and then from the Riga Technical High School (1882).

	In December 1882, he enrolled into the [[Riga Technical University]] and became seriously interested in chemistry. In 1886, he published his first scientific study on the color evaluation of the reactions of nitric and nitrous acid with various reagents and establishing the limits of sensitivity of the color method to detection of nitric acid.		In December 1882, he enrolled into the [[Riga Technical University]] and became seriously interested in chemistry. In 1886, he published his first scientific study on the color evaluation of the reactions of nitric and nitrous acid with various reagents and establishing the limits of sensitivity of the color method to detection of nitric acid.

Walter Tau: added Walden rule with a recent review reference.

2023-11-18T21:07:58Z

added Walden rule with a recent review reference.

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	\|footnotes =}}		\|footnotes =}}

	'''Paul Walden''' ({{lang-lv\|Pauls Valdens}}; {{lang-ru\|Павел Иванович Вальден}}; {{lang-de\|Paul von Walden}}; 26 July 1863 – 22 January 1957) was a [[Russian Empire\|Russian]], [[Latvians\|Latvian]] and [[Germany\|German]] [[chemist]] known for his work in [[stereochemistry]] and history of chemistry. In particular he invented the stereochemical reaction known as [[Walden inversion]] and synthesized the first room-temperature [[ionic liquid]], [[ethylammonium nitrate]].<ref name=r3>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8d9F7NG60cC&pg=PR27\|page=xxvii\|title=Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis\|author=Mihkel Koel\|publisher=CRC Press\|year=2008\|isbn=978-1-4200-4646-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omLPJJ0MLJMC&pg=PA82\|page=82\|title=Chemical thermodynamics for industry\|author=Trevor M. Letcher\|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry\|year=2004\|isbn=0-85404-591-0}}</ref>		'''Paul Walden''' ({{lang-lv\|Pauls Valdens}}; {{lang-ru\|Павел Иванович Вальден}}; {{lang-de\|Paul von Walden}}; 26 July 1863 – 22 January 1957) was a [[Russian Empire\|Russian]], [[Latvians\|Latvian]] and [[Germany\|German]] [[chemist]] known for his work in [[stereochemistry]] and history of chemistry. In particular, he discovered the [[Walden rule]],<ref>Paul Walden (1863–1957): the man behind the Walden inversion, the Walden rule, the Ostwald-Walden-Bredig rule and Ionic liquids. 2019. ChemTexts. 5/1. G. Boeck. doi: 10.1007/s40828-019-0080-9.</ref> he invented the stereochemical reaction known as [[Walden inversion]] and synthesized the first room-temperature [[ionic liquid]], [[ethylammonium nitrate]].<ref name=r3>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8d9F7NG60cC&pg=PR27\|page=xxvii\|title=Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis\|author=Mihkel Koel\|publisher=CRC Press\|year=2008\|isbn=978-1-4200-4646-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omLPJJ0MLJMC&pg=PA82\|page=82\|title=Chemical thermodynamics for industry\|author=Trevor M. Letcher\|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry\|year=2004\|isbn=0-85404-591-0}}</ref>

	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
	Walden was born in [[Rozulas]] in present-day [[Stalbe parish]], [[Pārgauja municipality]], [[Latvia]] in a large Latvian peasant family. At the age of four, he lost his father and later his mother. Thanks to financial support from his two older brothers who lived in [[Riga]] (one was a merchant and another served as a [[lieutenant]]) Walden managed to complete his education – first graduated with honors from the district school in the town of [[Cēsis]] (1876), and then from the Riga Technical High School (1882).		Walden was born in [[Rozulas]] in present-day [[Stalbe parish]], [[Pārgauja municipality]], [[Latvia]] in a large Latvian peasant family. At the age of four, he lost his father and later his mother. Thanks to financial support from his two older brothers who lived in [[Riga]] (one was a merchant and another served as a [[lieutenant]] in the military) Walden managed to complete his education – first graduated with honors from the district school in the town of [[Cēsis]] (1876), and then from the Riga Technical High School (1882).

	In December 1882, he enrolled into the [[Riga Technical University]] and became seriously interested in chemistry. In 1886, he published his first scientific study on the color evaluation of the reactions of nitric and nitrous acid with various reagents and establishing the limits of sensitivity of the color method to detection of nitric acid.		In December 1882, he enrolled into the [[Riga Technical University]] and became seriously interested in chemistry. In 1886, he published his first scientific study on the color evaluation of the reactions of nitric and nitrous acid with various reagents and establishing the limits of sensitivity of the color method to detection of nitric acid.

	In April 1887, Walden ~~was~~ ~~appointed~~ a member of the Russian Physico-chemical Society. During this time, Walden started his collaboration with [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] ([[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] 1909) which greatly influenced his development as a scientist. Their first work together was published in 1887 and was devoted to the dependence of the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of salts on their molecular weight.<ref name="r1" /><ref name="r2">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GucWm-1OVyMC&pg=PA921\|page=921\|title=Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, Volume 1\|author=John Daintith\|publisher=CRC Press\|year=1994\|isbn=0-7503-0287-9}}</ref><ref name="r4">[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] [http://www.physchem.chimfak.rsu.ru/Source/History/Persones/Walden.html ВАЛЬДЕН (Walden), Пауль] (in Russian)</ref>		In April 1887, Walden became an active member of the Russian Physico-chemical Society. During this time, Walden started his collaboration with [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] ([[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] 1909) which greatly influenced his development as a scientist. Their first work together was published in 1887 and was devoted to the dependence of the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of salts on their molecular weight.<ref name="r1" /><ref name="r2">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GucWm-1OVyMC&pg=PA921\|page=921\|title=Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, Volume 1\|author=John Daintith\|publisher=CRC Press\|year=1994\|isbn=0-7503-0287-9}}</ref><ref name="r4">[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] [http://www.physchem.chimfak.rsu.ru/Source/History/Persones/Walden.html ВАЛЬДЕН (Walden), Пауль] (in Russian)</ref>

	==Work in chemistry==		==Work in chemistry==
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	1896 brought reforms to the Riga Technical University. Whereas previously, all teaching was conducted in German and Walden was the only professor giving some courses in Russian, from then on, Russian became the official language. This change allowed receiving subsidies from the Russian government and helped the alumni in obtaining positions in Russia. These reforms resulted in another and rather unusual collaboration of Walden with Ostwald: Walden was rebuilding the Chemistry Department and Ostwald sent him the blueprints of the chemical laboratories in Leipzig as an example. In May 1910, Walden was elected a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and in 1911 was invited to [[Saint Petersburg]] to lead the Chemical Laboratories of the academy founded in 1748, by [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]. He remained in that position till 1919. As an exception, he was allowed to stay in Riga where he had better research possibilities, but he was traveling, almost every week, by train, to St. Petersburg for the academy meetings and guidance of research. In the period 1911–1915, Walden published 14 articles in the "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences" on electrochemistry of nonaqueous solutions. In particular, in 1914 he synthesized the first room-temperature [[ionic liquid]], namely [[ethylammonium nitrate]] ({{chem\|C\|2\|H\|5}}){{chem\|NH\|3\|+\|}}·{{chem\|NO\|3\|-}} with the [[melting point]] of 12 °C.<ref name=r3/><ref name=r1/><ref name=r4/><ref name=i1>{{Cite journal\| author =P. Walden\| journal = Bull. Russian Acad. Sci.\|title = Molecular weights and electrical conductivity of several fused salts\| year = 1914\|pages = 405–422}}</ref>		1896 brought reforms to the Riga Technical University. Whereas previously, all teaching was conducted in German and Walden was the only professor giving some courses in Russian, from then on, Russian became the official language. This change allowed receiving subsidies from the Russian government and helped the alumni in obtaining positions in Russia. These reforms resulted in another and rather unusual collaboration of Walden with Ostwald: Walden was rebuilding the Chemistry Department and Ostwald sent him the blueprints of the chemical laboratories in Leipzig as an example. In May 1910, Walden was elected a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and in 1911 was invited to [[Saint Petersburg]] to lead the Chemical Laboratories of the academy founded in 1748, by [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]. He remained in that position till 1919. As an exception, he was allowed to stay in Riga where he had better research possibilities, but he was traveling, almost every week, by train, to St. Petersburg for the academy meetings and guidance of research. In the period 1911–1915, Walden published 14 articles in the "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences" on electrochemistry of nonaqueous solutions. In particular, in 1914 he synthesized the first room-temperature [[ionic liquid]], namely [[ethylammonium nitrate]] ({{chem\|C\|2\|H\|5}}){{chem\|NH\|3\|+\|}}·{{chem\|NO\|3\|-}} with the [[melting point]] of 12 °C.<ref name=r3/><ref name=r1/><ref name=r4/><ref name=i1>{{Cite journal\| author =P. Walden\| journal = Bull. Russian Acad. Sci.\|title = Molecular weights and electrical conductivity of several fused salts\| year = 1914\|pages = 405–422}}</ref>

	After 1915, due to the difficulties caused by the World War I, political unrest in Russia and then October Revolution, Walden had reduced his research activity and focused on teaching and administrative work, taking numerous leading positions in science. Due to the political unrest in Latvia, Walden had immigrated to Germany ~~together~~. He was appointed as professor of inorganic chemistry at the [[University of Rostock]] where he worked until retirement in 1934. In 1924 he was invited back to Riga, where he gave a series of lectures. He was offered leading positions in chemistry in Riga and in St. Petersburg, but declined. Despite his emigration, Walden retained his popularity in Russia, and in 1927 he was appointed as a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Later, he also became a member of the Swedish (1928) and Finnish (1932) Academies.<ref name=r1/><ref name=r4/>		After 1915, due to the difficulties caused by the World War I, political unrest in Russia and then October Revolution, Walden had reduced his research activity and focused on teaching and administrative work, taking numerous leading positions in science. Due to the political unrest in Latvia, Walden had immigrated to Germany. He was appointed as professor of inorganic chemistry at the [[University of Rostock]] where he worked until retirement in 1934. In 1924 he was invited back to Riga, where he gave a series of lectures. He was offered leading positions in chemistry in Riga and in St. Petersburg, but declined. Despite his emigration, Walden retained his popularity in Russia, and in 1927 he was appointed as a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Later, he also became a member of the Swedish (1928) and Finnish (1932) Academies.<ref name=r1/><ref name=r4/>

	==Personal life==		==Personal life==

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OAbot: Open access bot: doi added to citation with #oabot.

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Late years

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	==Late years==		==Late years==
	In his ~~late~~ years, Walden focused on history of chemistry and collected a unique library of over 10,000 volumes. The library and his house were destroyed ~~during~~ the British ~~bombing of~~ Rostock in 1942. Walden moved to Berlin and then to [[Frankfurt am Main]] where he became a visiting professor of the history of chemistry at the local university. He met the end of [[World War II]] in the [[Allied-occupied Germany#French Zone of Occupation\|French Occupation Zone]], cut off ~~the~~ Rostock University, ~~which was~~ located in the [[Allied-occupied Germany#Soviet Zone\|Soviet Zone]], and thus left without any source of income.		In his last years, Walden focused on history of chemistry and collected a unique library of over 10,000 volumes. The library and his house were destroyed when the British bombed Rostock in 1942. Walden moved to Berlin and then to [[Frankfurt am Main]], where he became a visiting professor of the history of chemistry at the local university. He met the end of [[World War II]] in the [[Allied-occupied Germany#French Zone of Occupation\|French Occupation Zone]], cut off from Rostock University, located in the [[Allied-occupied Germany#Soviet Zone\|Soviet Zone]], and thus left without any source of income.

	He survived on a modest pension arranged by German chemists, giving occasional lectures in [[Tübingen]] and writing memoirs.<ref name="r2" /> In 1949, he published his ~~most well~~ known book ~~on "~~History of Chemistry". He died in [[Gammertingen]] in 1957 at the age of 93. His memoirs were published only in 1974.<ref name="r1">Volkov VA, Raskin NM, Stradynja JP [http://www.ihst.ru/projects/emigrants/valden.htm New Materials for a Biography of P. Walden], Izv. Acad. Science of Latvia. SSR, 1987, No. 9; Stradynja JP, Solovyov YI Pavel Ivanovich (Paul) Walden: 1863-1957. Moscow, 1988. (in Russian)</ref><ref name="r4" />		Walden survived on a modest pension arranged by German chemists, giving occasional lectures in [[Tübingen]] and writing memoirs.<ref name="r2" /> In 1949, he published his best-known book, ''History of Chemistry''. He died in [[Gammertingen]] in 1957, at the age of 93. His memoirs were published only in 1974.<ref name="r1">Volkov VA, Raskin NM, Stradynja JP [http://www.ihst.ru/projects/emigrants/valden.htm New Materials for a Biography of P. Walden], Izv. Acad. Science of Latvia. SSR, 1987, No. 9; Stradynja JP, Solovyov YI Pavel Ivanovich (Paul) Walden: 1863-1957. Moscow, 1988. (in Russian)</ref><ref name="r4" />

	==References==		==References==

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