Polish Brethren - Revision history

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2024-10-23T05:35:30Z

Added issue. Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Nature of Jesus Christ | #UCB_Category 31/80

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	===Influence in Britain===		===Influence in Britain===
	[[John Locke]] was preceded by a few decades by [[Samuel Przypkowski]] on tolerance and by [[Andrzej Wiszowaty]] on 'rational religion'. [[Isaac Newton]] had met [[Samuel Crell]], son of [[Johannes Crellius]], of the Spinowski family. Newton was well informed about the developments in Poland and collected many books from the [[Racovian Academy]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last= Snobelen \|first=Stephen D. \|title=Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite \|journal=British Journal for the History of Science \|volume=32 \|pages=381–419 \|year=1999 \|url= https://isaacnewtonstheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/heretic.pdf ~~\|format=PDF~~\|doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751}}</ref>		[[John Locke]] was preceded by a few decades by [[Samuel Przypkowski]] on tolerance and by [[Andrzej Wiszowaty]] on 'rational religion'. [[Isaac Newton]] had met [[Samuel Crell]], son of [[Johannes Crellius]], of the Spinowski family. Newton was well informed about the developments in Poland and collected many books from the [[Racovian Academy]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last= Snobelen \|first=Stephen D. \|title=Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite \|journal=British Journal for the History of Science \|volume=32 \|pages=381–419 \|year=1999 \|issue=4 \|url= https://isaacnewtonstheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/heretic.pdf \|doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751}}</ref>

	The Englishman [[John Biddle (Unitarian)\|John Biddle]] had translated two works by Przypkowski, as well as the [[Racovian Catechism]] and a work by [[Joachim Stegmann]], a "Polish Brother" from Germany. Biddle's followers had very close relations with the Polish Socinian family of Crellius (aka Spinowski).		The Englishman [[John Biddle (Unitarian)\|John Biddle]] had translated two works by Przypkowski, as well as the [[Racovian Catechism]] and a work by [[Joachim Stegmann]], a "Polish Brother" from Germany. Biddle's followers had very close relations with the Polish Socinian family of Crellius (aka Spinowski).

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	* Socinian.org [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515111348/http://www.socinian.org/polish_socinians.html Polish Socinians: from the Polish Socinians to the American Constitution], [[Marian Hillar]], article from ''A Journal from the Radical Reformation, A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism,'' Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 22–57, 1994		* Socinian.org [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515111348/http://www.socinian.org/polish_socinians.html Polish Socinians: from the Polish Socinians to the American Constitution], [[Marian Hillar]], article from ''A Journal from the Radical Reformation, A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism,'' Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 22–57, 1994
	* [[Alan Eyre]], chapter from ''Brethren in Christ'' CSSS, Adelaide [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044220/http://www.west.net/~antipas/books/brethren_in_christ/binc_07.html ''The Little Ecclesia in Poland]''		* [[Alan Eyre]], chapter from ''Brethren in Christ'' CSSS, Adelaide [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044220/http://www.west.net/~antipas/books/brethren_in_christ/binc_07.html ''The Little Ecclesia in Poland'']
	* [http://www.braciapolscy.com Cyprian Sajna's bracia polscy.com portal] (Polish)		* [http://www.braciapolscy.com Cyprian Sajna's bracia polscy.com portal] (Polish)
	* [http://culture.pl/en/article/the-polish-brethren-the-first-reformed-peace-church-polands-first-banned-religion The Polish Brethren: The First Reformed Peace Church & Poland’s First Banned Religion]		* [http://culture.pl/en/article/the-polish-brethren-the-first-reformed-peace-church-polands-first-banned-religion The Polish Brethren: The First Reformed Peace Church & Poland’s First Banned Religion]

RockviewLove at 09:46, 21 December 2023

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	* [[Unitarianism]]		* [[Unitarianism]]
	* [[History of philosophy in Poland#Renaissance\|History of philosophy in Poland]]		* [[History of philosophy in Poland#Renaissance\|History of philosophy in Poland]]
			* [[Polish Reformed Church]]

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

2A02:A310:E23F:400:405D:8797:19A7:EF0E at 20:07, 22 July 2023

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	===1565: Split with the Calvinists===		===1565: Split with the Calvinists===
	[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1573.svg\|166px\|thumb\|right\|Religions in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1573 (Catholics in yellow, ~~Protestant~~ in purple/gray, Orthodox in green)]]		[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1573.svg\|166px\|thumb\|right\|Religions in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1573 (Catholics in yellow, Calvinists in purple, Lutherans in gray, Orthodox in green)]]

	A theological debate called by the Polish king [[Sigismund II Augustus]] himself in 1565 did not succeed in bringing both Protestant factions together again. Finally, the faction that had supported Piotr of Goniądz's arguments broke all ties with the Calvinists and organised its own synod in the town of [[Brzeziny]] on June 10, 1565.<ref>Hewett, p. 24.</ref>		A theological debate called by the Polish king [[Sigismund II Augustus]] himself in 1565 did not succeed in bringing both Protestant factions together again. Finally, the faction that had supported Piotr of Goniądz's arguments broke all ties with the Calvinists and organised its own synod in the town of [[Brzeziny]] on June 10, 1565.<ref>Hewett, p. 24.</ref>

38.88.161.234: /* 1658: Expulsion */ fixed minor typo

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1658: Expulsion: fixed minor typo

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	===1658: Expulsion===		===1658: Expulsion===
	The Brethren never participated in the [[Sandomierz Agreement]] of 1570 between different Polish [[Protestants]]. The Minor Church in Poland was dissolved on July 20, 1658, when the [[Sejm]] expelled the Socinians from Poland after a series of 17th-century wars known as [[The Deluge (Polish history)\|the Deluge]] in which Protestant [[Sweden]] invaded Poland since the ~~Btethren~~ (like almost all other non-Catholic Christians) were commonly seen as Swedish collaborators.		The Brethren never participated in the [[Sandomierz Agreement]] of 1570 between different Polish [[Protestants]]. The Minor Church in Poland was dissolved on July 20, 1658, when the [[Sejm]] expelled the Socinians from Poland after a series of 17th-century wars known as [[The Deluge (Polish history)\|the Deluge]] in which Protestant [[Sweden]] invaded Poland since the Brethren (like almost all other non-Catholic Christians) were commonly seen as Swedish collaborators.

	The Brethren were exiled in three directions and found asylum in the following regions:		The Brethren were exiled in three directions and found asylum in the following regions:

Nihil novi: /* See also */

2023-05-04T07:44:37Z

69.157.144.137 at 17:47, 2 January 2023

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	==Beliefs==		==Beliefs==
	{{main\|Racovian Catechism}}		{{main\|Racovian Catechism}}

	===Theology===		===Theology===
	Originally, the Minor Church followed a non-trinitarian doctrine inspired by the writings of [[Michael Servetus]]. Later on, [[Socinianism]], named for Italian theologian [[Fausto Sozzini]], became its main theological approach.		Originally, the Minor Church followed a non-trinitarian doctrine, inspired by the writings of [[Michael Servetus]]. Later on, [[Socinianism]], named for the Italian theologian [[Fausto Sozzini]], became its main theological approach.
	They were against [[capital punishment]], and did not believe in the traditional Christian doctrines of [[Hell]] or the [[Trinity]].		They were against [[capital punishment]] and did not believe in the traditional Christian doctrines of [[Hell]] or the [[Trinity]].

	===Church and state===		===Church and state===
	They advocated the [[separation of church and state]] and taught the equality and brotherhood of all people; ~~they~~ opposed social privileges based on religious affiliation, and their adherents refused military service (they were known for carrying wooden swords instead of real, almost obligatory, [[szabla]]s), and they declined to serve in political office.		They advocated the [[separation of church and state]] and taught the equality and brotherhood of all people. They opposed social privileges based on religious affiliation, and their adherents refused military service (they were known for carrying wooden swords, instead of the real almost obligatory [[szabla]]s), and they declined to serve in political office.

	==Influence==		==Influence==

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	[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1573.svg\|166px\|thumb\|right\|Religions in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1573 (Catholics in yellow, Protestant in purple/gray, Orthodox in green)]]		[[File:Religie w I Rz-plitej 1573.svg\|166px\|thumb\|right\|Religions in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1573 (Catholics in yellow, Protestant in purple/gray, Orthodox in green)]]

	A theological debate called by the Polish king [[Sigismund II Augustus]] himself in 1565 did not succeed in bringing both Protestant factions together again. Finally, the faction that had supported Piotr of Goniądz' arguments broke all ties with the Calvinists and ~~organized~~ ~~their~~ own synod in the town of [[Brzeziny]] on June 10, 1565.<ref>Hewett, p. 24.</ref>		A theological debate called by the Polish king [[Sigismund II Augustus]] himself in 1565 did not succeed in bringing both Protestant factions together again. Finally, the faction that had supported Piotr of Goniądz's arguments broke all ties with the Calvinists and organised its own synod in the town of [[Brzeziny]] on June 10, 1565.<ref>Hewett, p. 24.</ref>

	In the 1570s a split was developing between the pacifist and [[Arian]] group, led by [[Marcin Czechowic]] and [[Gregory Paul of Brzeziny\|Grzegorz Paweł z Brzezin]] and the non-pacifist and [[Ebionites\|Ebionite]] group led by the Belarusian [[Symon Budny]]. In 1579 the Italian exile [[Fausto Sozzini]] arrived in Poland and applied for admission to the ''Ecclesia Minor'', which was refused because of his rather unusual personal objection to water baptism, ~~however~~ they saw in the Italian an able advocate and Sozzini's capable answering of Budny, followed by his marriage to the daughter of [[Krzysztof Morsztyn Sr.]] in 1586 cemented his place among the Polish Brethren. The calling of the group "[[Socinian]]" in England is more a result of the place given to Sozzini's writings in the publishing of his grandson [[Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr.]] in Amsterdam a century later than any role of active leadership in Sozzini's life – especially given that without submitting to baptism he could never formally join the church that later bore his name abroad.		In the 1570s a split was developing between the pacifist and [[Arian]] group, led by [[Marcin Czechowic]] and [[Gregory Paul of Brzeziny\|Grzegorz Paweł z Brzezin]], and the non-pacifist and [[Ebionites\|Ebionite]] group, led by the Belarusian [[Symon Budny]]. In 1579, the Italian exile [[Fausto Sozzini]] arrived in Poland and applied for admission to the ''Ecclesia Minor'', which was refused because of his rather unusual personal objection to water baptism, but they saw in the Italian an able advocate and Sozzini's capable answering of Budny, followed by his marriage to the daughter of [[Krzysztof Morsztyn Sr.]] in 1586 cemented his place among the Polish Brethren. The calling of the group "[[Socinian]]" in England is more a result of the place given to Sozzini's writings in the publishing of his grandson [[Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr.]] in Amsterdam a century later than any role of active leadership in Sozzini's life, especially given that without submitting to baptism, he could never formally join the church that later bore his name abroad.

	===1602–1638: ~~The~~ Racovian Academy===		===1602–1638: Racovian Academy===
	Their biggest cultural ~~centers~~ were [[Pińczów]] and [[Raków, Kielce County\|Raków]], site of the main Arian [[printing press]] and the university ''[[Racovian Academy]]'' ({{lang\|la\|Gymnasium Bonarum Artium}}) founded in 1602 and closed in 1638, which trained over 1000 students.		Their biggest cultural centres were [[Pińczów]] and [[Raków, Kielce County\|Raków]], site of the main Arian [[printing press]] and the university ''[[Racovian Academy]]'' ({{lang\|la\|Gymnasium Bonarum Artium}}) founded in 1602 and closed in 1638, which trained over 1000 students.

	===1658: Expulsion===		===1658: Expulsion===
	The Brethren never participated in the [[Sandomierz Agreement]] of 1570 between different Polish [[~~Protestant~~]]s. The Minor Church in Poland was dissolved on July 20, 1658, when the [[Sejm]] expelled the Socinians from Poland~~. This occurred~~ after a series of 17th-century wars known as [[The Deluge (Polish history)\|the Deluge]] in which Protestant [[Sweden]] invaded Poland, since ~~they~~ (like almost all non-Catholic Christians) were commonly seen as Swedish collaborators.		The Brethren never participated in the [[Sandomierz Agreement]] of 1570 between different Polish [[Protestants]]. The Minor Church in Poland was dissolved on July 20, 1658, when the [[Sejm]] expelled the Socinians from Poland after a series of 17th-century wars known as [[The Deluge (Polish history)\|the Deluge]] in which Protestant [[Sweden]] invaded Poland since the Btethren (like almost all other non-Catholic Christians) were commonly seen as Swedish collaborators.

	The Brethren were exiled in three directions, ~~finding~~ asylum in the following regions:		The Brethren were exiled in three directions and found asylum in the following regions:
	* [[Duchy of Prussia]], where [[Krzysztof Crell-Spinowski\|Christopher Crell]] and his sons founded new congregations.		* [[Duchy of Prussia]], where [[Krzysztof Crell-Spinowski\|Christopher Crell]] and his sons founded new congregations.
	* [[Dutch Republic\|Netherlands]], where [[Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr.]] published the ''[[Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum]] quos Unitarios vocant'' (1668) and [[Christopher Sand]] published the {{lang\|la\|[[Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum]]}} (1684).		* [[Dutch Republic\|Netherlands]], where [[Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr.]] published the ''[[Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum]] quos Unitarios vocant'' (1668) and [[Christopher Sand]] published the {{lang\|la\|[[Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum]]}} (1684).

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	===In the modern era===		===In the modern era===
	In the [[Second Polish Republic]], ~~1937,~~ priest [[Karol Grycz-Śmiałowski]] recreated what he considered was a revival of the Church of Polish Brethren in [[Kraków]]. In the [[People's Republic of Poland]] it was registered in 1967 as the Unity of Polish Brethren ({{lang\|pl\|Jednota Braci Polskich}}).		During the [[Second Polish Republic]], the priest [[Karol Grycz-Śmiałowski]] recreated what he considered was a revival of the Church of Polish Brethren in [[Kraków]] in 1937. During the [[People's Republic of Poland]], it was registered in 1967 as the Unity of Polish Brethren ({{lang\|pl\|Jednota Braci Polskich}}).

	Modern groups ~~which~~ look to the Polish Brethren include the [[Christadelphians]] and [[Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith)\|~~CoGGC~~]]. Although Christadelphians had since their origins in the 1840s always looked for historical precedents, the group was unaware of closer precedents in [[Socinianism]]. ~~This~~ changed with a series of articles in the community magazine during the early ~~seventies~~ subsequently published.<ref>Eyre, Alan, ''The Protestors'', Birmingham 1975</ref><ref>Eyre, Alan, ''Brethren in Christ'', Adelaide, 1983</ref> The Polish arm of the Christadelphians use the name {{lang\|pl\|Bracia w Chrystusie}} in a conscious echo of Socinian precedents. The Atlanta Bible College of the ~~CoGGC~~ also ~~publish~~ a Journal continuing research into the Polish Brethren and related groups.<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| title = Journal for The Radical Reformation \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100702052220/http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| archive-date = 2010-07-02 }}</ref>		Modern groups that look to the Polish Brethren include the [[Christadelphians]] and [[Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith)\|Church of God General Conference]]. Although Christadelphians had since their origins in the 1840s always looked for historical precedents, the group was unaware of closer precedents in [[Socinianism]]. That changed with a series of articles in the community magazine during the early 1970 that was subsequently published.<ref>Eyre, Alan, ''The Protestors'', Birmingham 1975</ref><ref>Eyre, Alan, ''Brethren in Christ'', Adelaide, 1983</ref> The Polish arm of the Christadelphians use the name {{lang\|pl\|Bracia w Chrystusie}} in a conscious echo of Socinian precedents. The Atlanta Bible College of the Church of God General Conference also publishes a Journal continuing research into the Polish Brethren and related groups.<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| title = Journal for The Radical Reformation \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100702052220/http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| archive-date = 2010-07-02}}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

Hairy Dude: /* Influence */MOS:LQ etc.

2022-11-25T21:39:16Z

Influence: MOS:LQ etc.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:39, 25 November 2022
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	===Influence in Britain===		===Influence in Britain===
	[[John Locke]] was preceded by a few decades by [[Samuel Przypkowski]] on tolerance and by [[Andrzej Wiszowaty]] on 'rational religion.' [[Isaac Newton]] had met [[Samuel Crell]], son of [[Johannes Crellius]], of the Spinowski family. Newton was well informed about the developments in Poland and collected many books from the [[Racovian Academy]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last= Snobelen \|first=Stephen D. \|title=Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite \|journal=British Journal for the History of Science \|volume=32 \|pages=381–419 \|year=1999 \|url= https://isaacnewtonstheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/heretic.pdf \|format=PDF\|doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751}}</ref>		[[John Locke]] was preceded by a few decades by [[Samuel Przypkowski]] on tolerance and by [[Andrzej Wiszowaty]] on 'rational religion'. [[Isaac Newton]] had met [[Samuel Crell]], son of [[Johannes Crellius]], of the Spinowski family. Newton was well informed about the developments in Poland and collected many books from the [[Racovian Academy]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last= Snobelen \|first=Stephen D. \|title=Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite \|journal=British Journal for the History of Science \|volume=32 \|pages=381–419 \|year=1999 \|url= https://isaacnewtonstheology.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/heretic.pdf \|format=PDF\|doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751}}</ref>

	The Englishman [[John Biddle (Unitarian)\|John Biddle]] had translated two works by Przypkowski, as well as the [[Racovian Catechism]] and a work by [[Joachim Stegmann]], a "Polish Brother" from Germany. Biddle's followers had very close relations with the Polish Socinian family of Crellius (aka Spinowski).		The Englishman [[John Biddle (Unitarian)\|John Biddle]] had translated two works by Przypkowski, as well as the [[Racovian Catechism]] and a work by [[Joachim Stegmann]], a "Polish Brother" from Germany. Biddle's followers had very close relations with the Polish Socinian family of Crellius (aka Spinowski).

	===Influence in the United States===		===Influence in the United States===
	Subsequently, the [[Unitarianism\|Unitarian]] of Christianity was continued by, most notably, [[Joseph Priestley]], who had emigrated to the United States and was a friend of both [[James Madison]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], the latter of whom sometimes attended services at Priestley's congregation in Philadelphia. Notably, Priestley was very well informed on the earlier developments in Poland, especially by his mentions of [[Socinus]] and [[Szymon Budny]] (translator of Bible, author of many pamphlets against the Trinity).		Subsequently, the [[Unitarianism\|Unitarian]] strain of Christianity was continued by, most notably, [[Joseph Priestley]], who had emigrated to the United States and was a friend of both [[James Madison]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], the latter of whom sometimes attended services at Priestley's congregation in Philadelphia. Notably, Priestley was very well informed on the earlier developments in Poland, especially by his mentions of [[Socinus]] and [[Szymon Budny]] (translator of Bible, author of many pamphlets against the Trinity).

	===In the modern era===		===In the modern era===
	In the [[Second Polish Republic]], 1937, priest [[Karol Grycz-Śmiałowski]] recreated what he considered was a revival of the Church of Polish Brethren in [[Kraków]]. In the [[People's Republic of Poland]] it was registered in 1967 as the Unity of Polish Brethren (''Jednota Braci Polskich'').		In the [[Second Polish Republic]], 1937, priest [[Karol Grycz-Śmiałowski]] recreated what he considered was a revival of the Church of Polish Brethren in [[Kraków]]. In the [[People's Republic of Poland]] it was registered in 1967 as the Unity of Polish Brethren ({{lang\|pl\|Jednota Braci Polskich}}).

	Modern groups which look to the Polish Brethren include the [[Christadelphians]] and [[Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith)\|CoGGC]]. Although Christadelphians had since their origins in the 1840s always looked for historical precedents, the group was unaware of closer precedents in [[Socinianism]]. This changed with a series of articles in the community magazine during the early seventies subsequently published.<ref>Eyre, Alan, The Protestors, Birmingham 1975</ref><ref>Eyre, Alan, Brethren in Christ, Adelaide, 1983</ref> The Polish arm of the Christadelphians use the name Bracia w Chrystusie in a conscious echo of Socinian precedents. The Atlanta Bible College of the CoGGC also publish a Journal continuing research into the Polish Brethren and related groups.<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| title = Journal for The Radical Reformation \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100702052220/http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| archive-date = 2010-07-02 }}</ref>		Modern groups which look to the Polish Brethren include the [[Christadelphians]] and [[Church of God General Conference (Abrahamic Faith)\|CoGGC]]. Although Christadelphians had since their origins in the 1840s always looked for historical precedents, the group was unaware of closer precedents in [[Socinianism]]. This changed with a series of articles in the community magazine during the early seventies subsequently published.<ref>Eyre, Alan, ''The Protestors'', Birmingham 1975</ref><ref>Eyre, Alan, ''Brethren in Christ'', Adelaide, 1983</ref> The Polish arm of the Christadelphians use the name {{lang\|pl\|Bracia w Chrystusie}} in a conscious echo of Socinian precedents. The Atlanta Bible College of the CoGGC also publish a Journal continuing research into the Polish Brethren and related groups.<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| title = Journal for The Radical Reformation \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100702052220/http://www.abc-coggc.org/jrad.html \| archive-date = 2010-07-02 }}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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	{{commons category\|Polish Brethren}}		{{commons category\|Polish Brethren}}
	* [[Unitarianism]]		* [[Unitarianism]]
	* [[History of philosophy in Poland]]		* [[History of philosophy in Poland#Renaissance\|History of philosophy in Poland]]

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==