Risk pool - Revision history

BD2412: /* In supply chain management */Clean up spacing around commas and other punctuation fixes, replaced: ,E → , E, ,P → , P

2024-07-31T02:21:49Z

In supply chain management: Clean up spacing around commas and other punctuation fixes, replaced: ,E → , E, ,P → , P

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	== In supply chain management ==		== In supply chain management ==

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi, P.Kaminsky, E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].

	For example, in the [[distribution (business)\|centralized distribution system]], the [[warehouse]] serves all customers, which leads to a reduction in variability measured by either the [[standard deviation]] or the [[coefficient of variation]].		For example, in the [[distribution (business)\|centralized distribution system]], the [[warehouse]] serves all customers, which leads to a reduction in variability measured by either the [[standard deviation]] or the [[coefficient of variation]].

CommonKnowledgeCreator: /* References */ Added Insurance navbox

2024-05-20T18:28:55Z

References: Added Insurance navbox

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	{{Financial risk}}		{{Financial risk}}
			{{Insurance}}

	[[Category:Financial economics]]		[[Category:Financial economics]]

Denniscabrams: /* top */

2024-04-23T02:27:33Z

top

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	A '''risk pool''' is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		A '''risk pool''' is a form of [[risk management]] that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

	== In supply chain management ==		== In supply chain management ==

Richarit: placing SCM text in a separate section from the lead

2023-11-28T13:30:32Z

placing SCM text in a separate section from the lead

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:30, 28 November 2023
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	A '''risk pool''' is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		A '''risk pool''' is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

			== In supply chain management ==

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].

Sauer202 at 13:11, 8 October 2023

2023-10-08T13:11:10Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:11, 8 October 2023
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	A '''~~rRisk~~ pool''' is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		A '''risk pool''' is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].

Sauer202 at 13:11, 8 October 2023

2023-10-08T13:11:04Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:11, 8 October 2023
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	A ~~“Risk~~ ~~pool”~~ is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		A '''rRisk pool''' is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].

Dough34: fix capitalization

2022-11-26T14:45:20Z

fix capitalization

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:45, 26 November 2022
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	A “Risk pool” is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		A “Risk pool” is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[~~Inventory~~]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[inventory]].

	For example, in the [[distribution (business)\|centralized distribution system]], the [[warehouse]] serves all customers, which leads to a reduction in variability measured by either the [[standard deviation]] or the [[coefficient of variation]].		For example, in the [[distribution (business)\|centralized distribution system]], the [[warehouse]] serves all customers, which leads to a reduction in variability measured by either the [[standard deviation]] or the [[coefficient of variation]].

Grammarguy28: Grammatical

2021-12-26T05:35:03Z

Grammatical

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	A “Risk pool” is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks ~~that~~ the concept of insurance. It is basically like ~~more than one~~ insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		A “Risk pool” is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks within the concept of insurance. It is basically like multiple insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[Inventory]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[Inventory]].

	For example:l, in the [[distribution (business)\|centralized distribution system]], the [[warehouse]] serves all customers, which leads to a reduction in variability measured by either the [[standard deviation]] or the [[coefficient of variation]].		For example, in the [[distribution (business)\|centralized distribution system]], the [[warehouse]] serves all customers, which leads to a reduction in variability measured by either the [[standard deviation]] or the [[coefficient of variation]].

	The three critical points to risk pooling are:		The three critical points to risk pooling are:
	# Centralized inventory saves safety stock and average inventory in the system.		# Centralized inventory saves safety stock and average inventory in the system.
	# When demands from markets are negatively correlated, the higher the coefficient of variation, the greater the benefit obtained from centralized systems; that is, the greater the benefit from risk pooling.		# When demands from markets are negatively correlated, the higher the coefficient of variation, the greater the benefit obtained from centralized systems; that is, the greater the benefit from risk pooling.
	# The benefits from risk pooling ~~depends~~ directly on ~~the~~ relative market behavior. If two markets are ~~compatedband~~ when demand from both markets are more or less than the average demand, the demands from the market are said to be positively correlated. Thus, the benefits derived from risk pooling decreases as the correlation between demands from both markets becomes more positive.		# The benefits from risk pooling depend directly on relative market behavior. If two markets are competing when demand from both markets are more or less than the average demand, the demands from the market are said to be positively correlated. Thus, the benefits derived from risk pooling decreases as the correlation between demands from both markets becomes more positive.

	== In government ==		== In government ==
	'''Intergovernmental risk pools''' (IRPs) operate under the same general principle except that they are made up of public entities, such as government agencies, school districts, county governments and municipalities. They provide [[alternative risk financing]] and [[transfer mechanisms]] to their members through self-funding by particular types of risk being underwritten with contributions (premiums), with losses and expenses shared in agreed ratios. In other words, intergovernmental risk pools are a cooperative group of governmental entities joining together through written agreement to finance an exposure, liability, or risk. Although they are not considered insurance, pools extend nearly-identical coverage through similar underwriting and claim activities, as well as provide other risk management services. Pools have many advantages over insurers for their members. Pools tend to protect their members from cyclic insurance rates, offer loss prevention services, offer savings (as they are non-profit organizations and do not lose funds through broker fees), and have focus and expertise in governmental entities that are often not found in insurers.<ref>Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, 55-63 (2014) https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253</ref>		'''Intergovernmental risk pools''' (IRPs) operate under the same general principle except that they are made up of public entities, such as government agencies, school districts, county governments and municipalities. They provide [[alternative risk financing]] and [[transfer mechanisms]] to their members through self-funding by particular types of risk being underwritten with contributions (premiums), with losses and expenses shared in agreed ratios. In other words, intergovernmental risk pools are a cooperative group of governmental entities joining together through written agreement to finance an exposure, liability, or risk. Although they are not considered insurance, pools extend nearly identical coverage through similar underwriting and claim activities, as well as provide other risk management services. Pools have many advantages over insurers for their members. Pools tend to protect their members from cyclic insurance rates, offer loss prevention services, offer savings (as they are non-profit organizations and do not lose funds through broker fees), and have focus and expertise in governmental entities that are often not found in insurers.<ref>Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, 55-63 (2014) https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253</ref>

	Intergovernmental risk pools may include [[public authority\|authorities]], [[joint power authority\|joint power authorities]], [[voluntary association\|associations]], [[government agency\|agencies]], [[trust company\|trusts]], risk management funds, and other risk pools.		Intergovernmental risk pools may include [[public authority\|authorities]], [[joint power authority\|joint power authorities]], [[voluntary association\|associations]], [[government agency\|agencies]], [[trust company\|trusts]], risk management funds, and other risk pools.

190.213.160.135 at 21:57, 16 May 2021

2021-05-16T21:57:23Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:57, 16 May 2021
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	is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks that the concept of insurance. It is basically like more than one insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		A “Risk pool” is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks that the concept of insurance. It is basically like more than one insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[Inventory]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[Inventory]].

190.213.160.135 at 21:55, 16 May 2021

2021-05-16T21:55:53Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:55, 16 May 2021
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	~~A '''risk pool'''~~ is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks that the concept of insurance. It is basically like more than one insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>		is a form of risk management that is mostly practiced by [[insurance]] companies, which come together to form a pool to provide protection to insurance companies against catastrophic risks such as floods or earthquakes. The term is also used to describe the pooling of similar risks that the concept of insurance. It is basically like more than one insurance companies coming together to form one. While risk pooling is necessary for insurance to work, not all risks can be effectively pooled in a voluntary insurance bracket unless there is a subsidy available to encourage participation.<ref>"Wading Through Medical Insurance Pools: A Primer," [[American Academy of Actuaries]] September 2006 http://www.actuary.org/pdf/health/pools_sep06.pdf</ref>

	Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[Inventory]].		Risk pooling is an important concept in [[supply chain management]].<ref>D.S.Levi,P.Kaminsky,E. Simchi-Levi."Chapter 3: Inventory Management and Risk Pooling"; "Designing & Managing the Supply Chain-Second Edition"(p-66)</ref> Risk pooling suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates demand across locations because as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another. The reduction in variability allows a decrease in [[safety stock]] and therefore reduces average [[Inventory]].