Shōzō Tanaka - Revision history

5boel: /* Philosophy */ Grammar change

2023-04-06T13:27:08Z

Philosophy: Grammar change

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:27, 6 April 2023
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	Tanaka was a leader in a larger movement re-conceptualizing nature during the [[Meiji (era)\|Meiji period]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad Water : Nature, Pollution, and Politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Duke University Press\|year=2014\|location=ProQuest Ebook Central\|pages=10}}</ref> His activism associated with the Ashio Copper Mine touches on the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement]]'s ideologies of Natural Rights and Utilitarianism, ultimately leading to the development of environmental politics in Japan.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert P.\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Ann Arbor\|pages=6}}</ref>		Tanaka was a leader in a larger movement re-conceptualizing nature during the [[Meiji (era)\|Meiji period]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad Water : Nature, Pollution, and Politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Duke University Press\|year=2014\|location=ProQuest Ebook Central\|pages=10}}</ref> His activism associated with the Ashio Copper Mine touches on the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement]]'s ideologies of Natural Rights and Utilitarianism, ultimately leading to the development of environmental politics in Japan.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert P.\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Ann Arbor\|pages=6}}</ref>

	Tanaka’s political activism against the 1896 River Law led to the development of his ecological philosophy and terminology; poison (Doku) and flow (Nagare). This philosophy is described by Robert Stolz as an "...ecological theory of society based on the twin processes of nature..."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|date=January 2, 2007\|title=Remake Politics, Not Nature: Tanaka Shozo's Philosophies of 'Poison' and 'Flow' and Japan's Environment\|journal=The Asia Pacific Journal\|volume=5\|issue=1\|id=2331}}</ref> In relation to the 1896 River Law, which sought to remake the [[Kantō Plain\|Kanto Plain]], Doku represented the unnatural damming of the river and the inevitable build up poisons in the watershed, while Nagare represented the natural way of things.<ref name=":2" /> Through his ideas on river flow, Tanaka predicted real engineering problems the dam would face. Tanaka believed his philosophy to be applicable, not only to nature, but to social and political situations as well.<ref name=":2" />		Tanaka’s political activism against the 1896 River Law led to the development of his ecological philosophy and terminology; poison (Doku) and flow (Nagare). This philosophy is described by Robert Stolz as an "...ecological theory of society based on the twin processes of nature..."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|date=January 2, 2007\|title=Remake Politics, Not Nature: Tanaka Shozo's Philosophies of 'Poison' and 'Flow' and Japan's Environment\|journal=The Asia Pacific Journal\|volume=5\|issue=1\|id=2331}}</ref> In relation to the 1896 River Law, which sought to remake the [[Kantō Plain\|Kanto Plain]], Doku represented the unnatural damming of the river and the inevitable build-up of poisons in the watershed, while Nagare represented the natural way of things.<ref name=":2" /> Through his ideas on river flow, Tanaka predicted real engineering problems the dam would face. Tanaka believed his philosophy to be applicable, not only to nature, but to social and political situations as well.<ref name=":2" />

	Tanaka further developed his environmental philosophy upon moving to Yanaka, where he pioneered the philosophy of Yanakagaku (Yanaka studies). "Yanakagaku was meant to be a method of living in harmony with nature’s flows."<ref name=":5" /> According to Yanakagaku thought, the Japanese state's construction of dams and sluices inhibits the natural flow of the river, thereby increasing Doku.<ref name=":5" /> He studied ecology with the Tochigi water control research group by walking and surveying the river catchment.<ref name=":6" /> He died on tour of this practice.<ref name=":6" />		Tanaka further developed his environmental philosophy upon moving to Yanaka, where he pioneered the philosophy of Yanakagaku (Yanaka studies). "Yanakagaku was meant to be a method of living in harmony with nature’s flows."<ref name=":5" /> According to Yanakagaku thought, the Japanese state's construction of dams and sluices inhibits the natural flow of the river, thereby increasing Doku.<ref name=":5" /> He studied ecology with the Tochigi water control research group by walking and surveying the river catchment.<ref name=":6" /> He died on tour of this practice.<ref name=":6" />

SakurabaJun: /* Political activism */ added Wikilink

2022-10-17T01:08:34Z

Political activism: added Wikilink

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	In May 1868, Tanaka was imprisoned for challenging a higher-ranking official. Tanaka submitted a petition which called for the official’s arrest for the embezzlement of government money.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/14 14]}}</ref> In prison, Tanaka was tortured. He was forced to maintain to [[stress position]]s for extensive periods of time and survived for 30 days by licking a stick of dried bonito.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15]}}</ref> Tanaka was convicted of, "...disturbing the peace of the Fief, betraying the trust of his position (as Headman of Kanaka), plotting in a nefarious manner and submitting presumptuous petitions...".<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15], 16}}</ref> He was released from prison in 1869.<ref name=":0" />		In May 1868, Tanaka was imprisoned for challenging a higher-ranking official. Tanaka submitted a petition which called for the official’s arrest for the embezzlement of government money.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/14 14]}}</ref> In prison, Tanaka was tortured. He was forced to maintain to [[stress position]]s for extensive periods of time and survived for 30 days by licking a stick of dried bonito.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15]}}</ref> Tanaka was convicted of, "...disturbing the peace of the Fief, betraying the trust of his position (as Headman of Kanaka), plotting in a nefarious manner and submitting presumptuous petitions...".<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15], 16}}</ref> He was released from prison in 1869.<ref name=":0" />

	After being released from prison, Tanaka taught in a small shrine. He studied with Oda Takizaburō in Tokyo before leaving for Iwate Prefecture. In 1870, Tanaka was arrested in relation to the murder of a man named Kimura. A biography about Tanaka Shozo, ''Ox Against the Storm'' by Kenneth Strong, contends that the blame shifted upon Tanaka was wrongful and likely due to his isolated position as an "...ex-peasant, with no samurai connections to protect him..."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's conservationist pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=U of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kimura's son was eventually cross-examined and asserted that he had seen the killer before he left and that it could not have been Tanaka.<ref name=":1" /> He was placed in Iwate prison where he studied Jean Jacques Rousseau’s (1712–78) ''[[Du Contrat Social]]'' (1762) and Samuel Smiles’s (1812–1904) ''[[Self-Help (book)\|Self-Help]]'' (1859).<ref name=":0" /> He was released in April 1874.<ref name=":0" />		After being released from prison, Tanaka taught in a small shrine. He studied with Oda Takizaburō in Tokyo before leaving for Iwate Prefecture. In 1870, Tanaka was arrested in relation to the murder of a man named Kimura. A biography about Tanaka Shozo, ''Ox Against the Storm'' by [[Kenneth Strong (translator)\|Kenneth Strong]], contends that the blame shifted upon Tanaka was wrongful and likely due to his isolated position as an "...ex-peasant, with no samurai connections to protect him..."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's conservationist pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=U of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kimura's son was eventually cross-examined and asserted that he had seen the killer before he left and that it could not have been Tanaka.<ref name=":1" /> He was placed in Iwate prison where he studied Jean Jacques Rousseau’s (1712–78) ''[[Du Contrat Social]]'' (1762) and Samuel Smiles’s (1812–1904) ''[[Self-Help (book)\|Self-Help]]'' (1859).<ref name=":0" /> He was released in April 1874.<ref name=":0" />

	In 1879, he founded the ''Tochigi Shimbun'' (or ''Tochigi News''), a periodical in which he discussed human rights and contemporary issues.<ref name="n2">{{cite encyclopedia\|encyclopedia=Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika)\|title=田中正造\|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|access-date=2013-11-08\|year=2013\|publisher=Shogakukan\|location=Tokyo\|language=ja\|trans-title=Shōzō Tanaka\|oclc=153301537\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|archive-date=August 25, 2007}}</ref>		In 1879, he founded the ''Tochigi Shimbun'' (or ''Tochigi News''), a periodical in which he discussed human rights and contemporary issues.<ref name="n2">{{cite encyclopedia\|encyclopedia=Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika)\|title=田中正造\|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|access-date=2013-11-08\|year=2013\|publisher=Shogakukan\|location=Tokyo\|language=ja\|trans-title=Shōzō Tanaka\|oclc=153301537\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|archive-date=August 25, 2007}}</ref>

Arcahaeoindris: /* References */

2022-05-03T10:35:01Z

References

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	*{{cite web\|url=http://japanfocus.org/-Robert-Stolz/2331\|title=Remake Politics, Not Nature: Tanaka Shozo's Philosophies of 'Poison' and 'Flow' and Japan's Environment :: JapanFocus\|publisher=japanfocus.org\|access-date=2014-02-09}}		*{{cite web\|url=http://japanfocus.org/-Robert-Stolz/2331\|title=Remake Politics, Not Nature: Tanaka Shozo's Philosophies of 'Poison' and 'Flow' and Japan's Environment :: JapanFocus\|publisher=japanfocus.org\|access-date=2014-02-09}}
	*{{cite web\|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu35ie/uu35ie05.htm\|title=III. Mine operations in the Post Sino-Japanese War era and the stance of the government\|publisher=archive.unu.edu\|access-date=2014-02-09}}		*{{cite web\|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu35ie/uu35ie05.htm\|title=III. Mine operations in the Post Sino-Japanese War era and the stance of the government\|publisher=archive.unu.edu\|access-date=2014-02-09}}
		⚫	{{Environmentalism}}{{Authority control}}

⚫	{{Authority control}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanaka, Shozo}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanaka, Shozo}}

Arcahaeoindris: added Category:Japanese conservationists using HotCat

2022-05-03T10:34:38Z

added Category:Japanese conservationists using HotCat

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	[[Category:Japanese environmentalists]]		[[Category:Japanese environmentalists]]
	[[Category:Japanese newspaper editors]]		[[Category:Japanese newspaper editors]]
			[[Category:Japanese conservationists]]

Felipe A. Alfaro: /* Ashio Copper Mine activism */ The correct word for appealing directly to the emperor is "Jikiso" (直訴) not "Jikisio".

2021-09-30T04:35:33Z

Ashio Copper Mine activism: The correct word for appealing directly to the emperor is "Jikiso" (直訴) not "Jikisio".

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:35, 30 September 2021
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	In 1900, villagers in the valley of the [[Watarase River]], downstream from the mine, planned a mass protest in [[Tokyo]], but were rebuffed by government troops and forced to disperse.		In 1900, villagers in the valley of the [[Watarase River]], downstream from the mine, planned a mass protest in [[Tokyo]], but were rebuffed by government troops and forced to disperse.

	In 1901, Tanaka resigned from the Diet.<ref name="Letter2" /><ref name="Policy2">{{cite book\|last=Imura\|first=Hidefumi\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3_pgPtf-QoC&pg=PA18\|title=Environmental Policy in Japan\|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing\|year=2005\|isbn=9781781008249\|page=18\|access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> At 11:20 on the morning of 10 Dec 1901, Tanaka attempted to perform a ~~jikisio~~, “...an illegal, out-of-channels direct appeal to the sovereign punishable by death.”<ref name=":8">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Illinois\|pages=14}}</ref> As an act of sacrifice, he attempted to deliver a petition written by himself and radical journalist [[Kōtoku Shūsui\|Kotoku Shusui]], directly to [[Emperor Meiji]], who was returning to his residence from the 17th session of the Diet.<ref name=":8" /> He was arrested, placed in jail for the night, evaluated for mental stability, and then released.<ref name=":8" /> Newspapers ran editorials and front page news stories about the ~~“Jikisio~~ Scandal” the following day.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Yanakagaku: Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Illinois\|pages=15}}</ref><ref name="Policy2" />		In 1901, Tanaka resigned from the Diet.<ref name="Letter2" /><ref name="Policy2">{{cite book\|last=Imura\|first=Hidefumi\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3_pgPtf-QoC&pg=PA18\|title=Environmental Policy in Japan\|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing\|year=2005\|isbn=9781781008249\|page=18\|access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> At 11:20 on the morning of 10 Dec 1901, Tanaka attempted to perform a jikiso, “...an illegal, out-of-channels direct appeal to the sovereign punishable by death.”<ref name=":8">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Illinois\|pages=14}}</ref> As an act of sacrifice, he attempted to deliver a petition written by himself and radical journalist [[Kōtoku Shūsui\|Kotoku Shusui]], directly to [[Emperor Meiji]], who was returning to his residence from the 17th session of the Diet.<ref name=":8" /> He was arrested, placed in jail for the night, evaluated for mental stability, and then released.<ref name=":8" /> Newspapers ran editorials and front page news stories about the “Jikiso Scandal” the following day.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Yanakagaku: Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Illinois\|pages=15}}</ref><ref name="Policy2" />

	One success of this activism was the 1897 Third Mine Pollution Prevention Order. The order directed Furukawa, owner of the mine, to make mitigation efforts to control erosion and prevent waste from getting into the Watarase River.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Walker\|first=Brett\|title=Toxic Archipelago: A History of Industrial Disease in Japan\|publisher=Washington University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-0295991382\|pages=101}}</ref>		One success of this activism was the 1897 Third Mine Pollution Prevention Order. The order directed Furukawa, owner of the mine, to make mitigation efforts to control erosion and prevent waste from getting into the Watarase River.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Walker\|first=Brett\|title=Toxic Archipelago: A History of Industrial Disease in Japan\|publisher=Washington University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-0295991382\|pages=101}}</ref>

121.84.89.220: /* Philosophy */ Fixed misspelling

2021-08-15T00:35:57Z

Philosophy: Fixed misspelling

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:35, 15 August 2021
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	Tanaka was a leader in a larger movement re-conceptualizing nature during the [[Meiji (era)\|Meiji period]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad Water : Nature, Pollution, and Politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Duke University Press\|year=2014\|location=ProQuest Ebook Central\|pages=10}}</ref> His activism associated with the Ashio Copper Mine touches on the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement]]'s ideologies of Natural Rights and Utilitarianism, ultimately leading to the development of environmental politics in Japan.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert P.\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Ann Arbor\|pages=6}}</ref>		Tanaka was a leader in a larger movement re-conceptualizing nature during the [[Meiji (era)\|Meiji period]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad Water : Nature, Pollution, and Politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Duke University Press\|year=2014\|location=ProQuest Ebook Central\|pages=10}}</ref> His activism associated with the Ashio Copper Mine touches on the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement]]'s ideologies of Natural Rights and Utilitarianism, ultimately leading to the development of environmental politics in Japan.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert P.\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Ann Arbor\|pages=6}}</ref>

	Tanaka’s political activism against the 1896 River Law led to the development of his ecological philosophy and terminology; poison (Doku) and flow (Nagare). This philosophy is described by Robert Stolz as an "...ecological theory of society based on the twin processes of nature..."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|date=January 2, 2007\|title=Remake Politics, Not Nature: Tanaka Shozo's Philosophies of 'Poison' and 'Flow' and Japan's Environment\|journal=The Asia Pacific Journal\|volume=5\|issue=1\|id=2331}}</ref> In relation to the 1896 River Law, which sought to remake the [[Kantō Plain\|Kanto Plain]], Doku represented the unnatural ~~damning~~ of the river and the inevitable build up poisons in the watershed, while Nagare represented the natural way of things.<ref name=":2" /> Through his ideas on river flow, Tanaka predicted real engineering problems the dam would face. Tanaka believed his philosophy to be applicable, not only to nature, but to social and political situations as well.<ref name=":2" />		Tanaka’s political activism against the 1896 River Law led to the development of his ecological philosophy and terminology; poison (Doku) and flow (Nagare). This philosophy is described by Robert Stolz as an "...ecological theory of society based on the twin processes of nature..."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|date=January 2, 2007\|title=Remake Politics, Not Nature: Tanaka Shozo's Philosophies of 'Poison' and 'Flow' and Japan's Environment\|journal=The Asia Pacific Journal\|volume=5\|issue=1\|id=2331}}</ref> In relation to the 1896 River Law, which sought to remake the [[Kantō Plain\|Kanto Plain]], Doku represented the unnatural damming of the river and the inevitable build up poisons in the watershed, while Nagare represented the natural way of things.<ref name=":2" /> Through his ideas on river flow, Tanaka predicted real engineering problems the dam would face. Tanaka believed his philosophy to be applicable, not only to nature, but to social and political situations as well.<ref name=":2" />

	Tanaka further developed his environmental philosophy upon moving to Yanaka, where he pioneered the philosophy of Yanakagaku (Yanaka studies). "Yanakagaku was meant to be a method of living in harmony with nature’s flows."<ref name=":5" /> According to Yanakagaku thought, the Japanese state's construction of dams and sluices inhibits the natural flow of the river, thereby increasing Doku.<ref name=":5" /> He studied ecology with the Tochigi water control research group by walking and surveying the river catchment.<ref name=":6" /> He died on tour of this practice.<ref name=":6" />		Tanaka further developed his environmental philosophy upon moving to Yanaka, where he pioneered the philosophy of Yanakagaku (Yanaka studies). "Yanakagaku was meant to be a method of living in harmony with nature’s flows."<ref name=":5" /> According to Yanakagaku thought, the Japanese state's construction of dams and sluices inhibits the natural flow of the river, thereby increasing Doku.<ref name=":5" /> He studied ecology with the Tochigi water control research group by walking and surveying the river catchment.<ref name=":6" /> He died on tour of this practice.<ref name=":6" />

Goszei at 01:02, 25 January 2021

2021-01-25T01:02:53Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:02, 25 January 2021
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	In 1902, Tanaka engaged in a political battle against the second Pollution Prevention Committee, which was an attempt to shift the blame of contamination from the Ashio Copper Mine incident to the movement of the river, "...they had concluded that only amounts of soluble copper were still reaching the rivers from the mine, committee held that the cause of current suffering was not mining, but flooding that agitated the polluted mud, allowing the embedded insoluble copper to escape and cause damage."<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad Water: Nature, Pollution, and Politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Duke University Press\|year=2014\|pages=89}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad water : Nature, pollution, and politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Asia Pacific\|year=2014\|pages=88–91}}</ref> The second Pollution Prevention Committee adopted a zero tolerance policy on flooding, asserting that the Watarase and Tone Valleys, historically Japan's most fertile agriculture zones, were ill suited to agriculture and required massive reengineering to make the river system flood-proof.<ref name=":12" /> This schema nationalized rivers and required a village called Yanaka to be demolished to make way for a flood control reservoir.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert P.\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Ann Arbor\|pages=9, 10}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Tanaka moved to Yanaka and protested these measures. He did so through a philosophical discourse portending the ineffectuality and hostility of such measures. See philosophy section for more. This was Tanaka's final political campaign before death.		In 1902, Tanaka engaged in a political battle against the second Pollution Prevention Committee, which was an attempt to shift the blame of contamination from the Ashio Copper Mine incident to the movement of the river, "...they had concluded that only amounts of soluble copper were still reaching the rivers from the mine, committee held that the cause of current suffering was not mining, but flooding that agitated the polluted mud, allowing the embedded insoluble copper to escape and cause damage."<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad Water: Nature, Pollution, and Politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Duke University Press\|year=2014\|pages=89}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title=Bad water : Nature, pollution, and politics in Japan, 1870-1950\|publisher=Asia Pacific\|year=2014\|pages=88–91}}</ref> The second Pollution Prevention Committee adopted a zero tolerance policy on flooding, asserting that the Watarase and Tone Valleys, historically Japan's most fertile agriculture zones, were ill suited to agriculture and required massive reengineering to make the river system flood-proof.<ref name=":12" /> This schema nationalized rivers and required a village called Yanaka to be demolished to make way for a flood control reservoir.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert P.\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest in Modern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Ann Arbor\|pages=9, 10}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Tanaka moved to Yanaka and protested these measures. He did so through a philosophical discourse portending the ineffectuality and hostility of such measures. See philosophy section for more. This was Tanaka's final political campaign before death.

	== Ashio Copper Mine ~~Activism~~ ==		== Ashio Copper Mine activism ==
	Tanaka is known for his anti-pollution activism and often referenced as Japan's first conservationist.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest inModern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Illinois\|pages=4}}</ref>		Tanaka is known for his anti-pollution activism and often referenced as Japan's first conservationist.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book\|last=Stolz\|first=Robert\|title="Yanakagaku": Pollution and Environmental Protest inModern Japan\|publisher=The University of Chicago\|year=2006\|location=Illinois\|pages=4}}</ref>

Goszei at 01:02, 25 January 2021

2021-01-25T01:02:42Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:02, 25 January 2021
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	Tanaka was born in the Watarase River Basin. He was raised by his father, the headman of Konaka Village and principal of the Jōrenji Temple school in present-day [[Sano, Tochigi\|Sano]], [[Tochigi Prefecture\|Tochigi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Walker\|first=Brett\|title=Toxic Archipelago: A History of Industrial Disease in Japan\|publisher=Washington University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-0295991382\|pages=97}}</ref> Tanaka struggled with reading and writing in school, however, he excelled in aural memorization. For example he had the Confucian Analects and Mencius committed to memory.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/4 4]}}</ref> He was an apt farmer and engaged in some entrepreneurial farming projects during his youth. His community came to know Tanaka for his steadfast sense of judgement and responsibility.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/5 5]}}</ref> In 1857, Tanaka's father was promoted to superintendent of the eight villages that made up the domain. Even at the age of 17, Tanaka's village was happy to elect him as headman in his father's place, where he served for twelve years.<ref name=":0" />		Tanaka was born in the Watarase River Basin. He was raised by his father, the headman of Konaka Village and principal of the Jōrenji Temple school in present-day [[Sano, Tochigi\|Sano]], [[Tochigi Prefecture\|Tochigi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Walker\|first=Brett\|title=Toxic Archipelago: A History of Industrial Disease in Japan\|publisher=Washington University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-0295991382\|pages=97}}</ref> Tanaka struggled with reading and writing in school, however, he excelled in aural memorization. For example he had the Confucian Analects and Mencius committed to memory.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/4 4]}}</ref> He was an apt farmer and engaged in some entrepreneurial farming projects during his youth. His community came to know Tanaka for his steadfast sense of judgement and responsibility.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/5 5]}}</ref> In 1857, Tanaka's father was promoted to superintendent of the eight villages that made up the domain. Even at the age of 17, Tanaka's village was happy to elect him as headman in his father's place, where he served for twelve years.<ref name=":0" />

	== Political ~~Activism~~ ==		== Political activism ==
	Tanaka participated in the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement\|Freedom and Popular Rights Movement]] through his position as headman in the village of Kanaka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm: A Biography of Tanaka Shozo: Japans Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Victoria}}</ref>		Tanaka participated in the [[Freedom and People's Rights Movement\|Freedom and Popular Rights Movement]] through his position as headman in the village of Kanaka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm: A Biography of Tanaka Shozo: Japans Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Victoria}}</ref>

Goszei: General fixes, replaced: = Early Life = → = Early life =

2021-01-25T01:01:35Z

General fixes, replaced: = Early Life = → = Early life =

Show changes

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T18 - Fix errors for CW project ( tags)

2020-12-14T20:12:02Z

v2.04b - Bot T18 - Fix errors for CW project (<nowiki> tags)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:12, 14 December 2020
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	== Early Life ==		== Early Life ==

	Tanaka was born in the Watarase River Basin. He was raised by his father, the headman of Konaka Village and principal of the Jōrenji Temple school in present-day [[Sano, Tochigi\|Sano]], [[Tochigi Prefecture\|~~Tochig~~]]~~<nowiki/>i~~.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Walker\|first=Brett\|title=Toxic Archipelago: A History of Industrial Disease in Japan\|publisher=Washington University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-0295991382\|pages=97}}</ref> Tanaka struggled with reading and writing in school, however, he excelled in aural memorization. For example he had the Confucian Analects and Mencius committed to memory.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/4 4]}}</ref> He was an apt farmer and engaged in some entrepreneurial farming projects during his youth. His community came to know Tanaka for his steadfast sense of judgement and responsibility.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/5 5]}}</ref> In 1857, Tanaka's father was promoted to superintendent of the eight villages that made up the domain. Even at the age of 17, Tanaka's village was happy to elect him as headman in his father's place, where he served for twelve years.<ref name=":0" />		Tanaka was born in the Watarase River Basin. He was raised by his father, the headman of Konaka Village and principal of the Jōrenji Temple school in present-day [[Sano, Tochigi\|Sano]], [[Tochigi Prefecture\|Tochigi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Walker\|first=Brett\|title=Toxic Archipelago: A History of Industrial Disease in Japan\|publisher=Washington University Press\|year=2011\|isbn=978-0295991382\|pages=97}}</ref> Tanaka struggled with reading and writing in school, however, he excelled in aural memorization. For example he had the Confucian Analects and Mencius committed to memory.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/4 4]}}</ref> He was an apt farmer and engaged in some entrepreneurial farming projects during his youth. His community came to know Tanaka for his steadfast sense of judgement and responsibility.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press.\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/5 5]}}</ref> In 1857, Tanaka's father was promoted to superintendent of the eight villages that made up the domain. Even at the age of 17, Tanaka's village was happy to elect him as headman in his father's place, where he served for twelve years.<ref name=":0" />

	== Political Activism ==		== Political Activism ==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:08, 17 October 2022
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	In May 1868, Tanaka was imprisoned for challenging a higher-ranking official. Tanaka submitted a petition which called for the official’s arrest for the embezzlement of government money.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/14 14]}}</ref> In prison, Tanaka was tortured. He was forced to maintain to [[stress position]]s for extensive periods of time and survived for 30 days by licking a stick of dried bonito.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15]}}</ref> Tanaka was convicted of, "...disturbing the peace of the Fief, betraying the trust of his position (as Headman of Kanaka), plotting in a nefarious manner and submitting presumptuous petitions...".<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15], 16}}</ref> He was released from prison in 1869.<ref name=":0" />		In May 1868, Tanaka was imprisoned for challenging a higher-ranking official. Tanaka submitted a petition which called for the official’s arrest for the embezzlement of government money.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/14 14]}}</ref> In prison, Tanaka was tortured. He was forced to maintain to [[stress position]]s for extensive periods of time and survived for 30 days by licking a stick of dried bonito.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia Press\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15]}}</ref> Tanaka was convicted of, "...disturbing the peace of the Fief, betraying the trust of his position (as Headman of Kanaka), plotting in a nefarious manner and submitting presumptuous petitions...".<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's Conservationist Pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=University of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/n38 15], 16}}</ref> He was released from prison in 1869.<ref name=":0" />

	After being released from prison, Tanaka taught in a small shrine. He studied with Oda Takizaburō in Tokyo before leaving for Iwate Prefecture. In 1870, Tanaka was arrested in relation to the murder of a man named Kimura. A biography about Tanaka Shozo, ''Ox Against the Storm'' by Kenneth Strong, contends that the blame shifted upon Tanaka was wrongful and likely due to his isolated position as an "...ex-peasant, with no samurai connections to protect him..."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's conservationist pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=U of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kimura's son was eventually cross-examined and asserted that he had seen the killer before he left and that it could not have been Tanaka.<ref name=":1" /> He was placed in Iwate prison where he studied Jean Jacques Rousseau’s (1712–78) ''[[Du Contrat Social]]'' (1762) and Samuel Smiles’s (1812–1904) ''[[Self-Help (book)\|Self-Help]]'' (1859).<ref name=":0" /> He was released in April 1874.<ref name=":0" />		After being released from prison, Tanaka taught in a small shrine. He studied with Oda Takizaburō in Tokyo before leaving for Iwate Prefecture. In 1870, Tanaka was arrested in relation to the murder of a man named Kimura. A biography about Tanaka Shozo, ''Ox Against the Storm'' by [[Kenneth Strong (translator)\|Kenneth Strong]], contends that the blame shifted upon Tanaka was wrongful and likely due to his isolated position as an "...ex-peasant, with no samurai connections to protect him..."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Strong\|first=Kenneth\|title=Ox Against the Storm : A Biography of Tanaka Shozo, Japan's conservationist pioneer\|url=https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro\|url-access=registration\|publisher=U of British Columbia\|year=1977\|location=Vancouver\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxagainststorm00stro/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kimura's son was eventually cross-examined and asserted that he had seen the killer before he left and that it could not have been Tanaka.<ref name=":1" /> He was placed in Iwate prison where he studied Jean Jacques Rousseau’s (1712–78) ''[[Du Contrat Social]]'' (1762) and Samuel Smiles’s (1812–1904) ''[[Self-Help (book)\|Self-Help]]'' (1859).<ref name=":0" /> He was released in April 1874.<ref name=":0" />

	In 1879, he founded the ''Tochigi Shimbun'' (or ''Tochigi News''), a periodical in which he discussed human rights and contemporary issues.<ref name="n2">{{cite encyclopedia\|encyclopedia=Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika)\|title=田中正造\|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|access-date=2013-11-08\|year=2013\|publisher=Shogakukan\|location=Tokyo\|language=ja\|trans-title=Shōzō Tanaka\|oclc=153301537\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|archive-date=August 25, 2007}}</ref>		In 1879, he founded the ''Tochigi Shimbun'' (or ''Tochigi News''), a periodical in which he discussed human rights and contemporary issues.<ref name="n2">{{cite encyclopedia\|encyclopedia=Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika)\|title=田中正造\|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|access-date=2013-11-08\|year=2013\|publisher=Shogakukan\|location=Tokyo\|language=ja\|trans-title=Shōzō Tanaka\|oclc=153301537\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/\|archive-date=August 25, 2007}}</ref>