Shabiba Islamiya - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Islamist extremist group}}
	{{Italic title}}The '''''Shabiba Islamiya''''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>		{{Italic title}}The '''''Shabiba Islamiya''''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>

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	Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>		Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>

	In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />		In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and [[propaganda techniques]].<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />

	== Beliefs ==		== Beliefs ==

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	== Founding ==		== Founding ==
	Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism~~\|pages=45–4116–45-4116~~}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>		Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>

	In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />		In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />

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	== Founding ==		== Founding ==
	Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite ~~journal~~\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism~~\|journal=Choice Reviews Online\|volume=45\|issue=8~~\|pages=45–4116–45-4116~~\|doi=10.5860/choice.45-4116\|issn=0009-4978~~}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>		Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism\|pages=45–4116–45-4116}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>

	In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />		In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />
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	Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist–Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757\|doi-access=free}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />		Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist–Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757\|doi-access=free}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />

	The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group's leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group's beliefs mirrored that of Qotb's beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />		The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group's leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|s2cid=219624706 \|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group's beliefs mirrored that of Qotb's beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />

	== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==		== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==

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	== Founding ==		== Founding ==
	Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism\|journal=Choice Reviews Online\|volume=45\|issue=8\|pages=~~45–4116-45~~-4116\|doi=10.5860/choice.45-4116\|issn=0009-4978}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>		Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism\|journal=Choice Reviews Online\|volume=45\|issue=8\|pages=45–4116–45-4116\|doi=10.5860/choice.45-4116\|issn=0009-4978}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>

	In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />		In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />
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	[[Category:Islamist insurgent groups]]		[[Category:Islamist insurgent groups]]
	[[Category:Rebel groups in Morocco]]		[[Category:Rebel groups in Morocco]]


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	The '''Shabiba Islamiya''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>		{{Italic title}}The '''''Shabiba Islamiya''''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>

	== Founding ==		== Founding ==

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	== Beliefs ==		== Beliefs ==
	Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist–Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />		Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist–Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757\|doi-access=free}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />

	The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group's leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group's beliefs mirrored that of Qotb's beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />		The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group's leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group's beliefs mirrored that of Qotb's beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />

Iridescent: Cleanup and typo fixing, typo(s) fixed: Marxist-Leninist → Marxist–Leninist, 1972-1975 → 1972–1975, ’s → 's (3)

2020-03-10T20:40:59Z

Cleanup and typo fixing, typo(s) fixed: Marxist-Leninist → Marxist–Leninist, 1972-1975 → 1972–1975, ’s → 's (3)

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	Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism\|journal=Choice Reviews Online\|volume=45\|issue=8\|pages=45–4116-45-4116\|doi=10.5860/choice.45-4116\|issn=0009-4978}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>		Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism\|journal=Choice Reviews Online\|volume=45\|issue=8\|pages=45–4116-45-4116\|doi=10.5860/choice.45-4116\|issn=0009-4978}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>

	In ~~1972-1975~~, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />		In 1972–1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />

	== Beliefs ==		== Beliefs ==
	Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of ~~Marxist-Leninist~~ organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />		Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist–Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />

	The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The ~~group’s~~ leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The ~~group’s~~ beliefs mirrored that of ~~Qotb’s~~ beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />		The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group's leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group's beliefs mirrored that of Qotb's beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />

	== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==		== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:05, 7 December 2019
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	The '''Shabiba Islamiya''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book~~\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840~~\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.~~\|first=~~\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press~~\|year=~~\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>		The '''Shabiba Islamiya''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>

	== Founding ==		== Founding ==
	Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism~~\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-4116~~\|journal=Choice Reviews Online\|volume=45\|issue=08\|pages=45–4116-45-4116\|doi=10.5860/choice.45-4116\|issn=0009-4978}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>		Shabiba Islamya was founded in 1969 by Abdelkrim Motil and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1" /> Before leading the organization, Motil was an education ministry inspector and former militant against the French colonial regime, and Ibrahim a former teacher.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|date=2008-04-01\|title=The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism\|journal=Choice Reviews Online\|volume=45\|issue=8\|pages=45–4116-45-4116\|doi=10.5860/choice.45-4116\|issn=0009-4978}}</ref> The Sunni conservative movement attracted many teachers and students. It also established its own military branch.<ref name=":3">Lahlou , Aicha. “1. Intermestic Strategies for Democratization in the Arab World and the Rise of the Islamist Threat: The Case of Morocco.” ''University of Houston'', 2005.</ref>

	In 1972-1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />		In 1972-1975, the Shabiba Islamiya experienced significant growth in Moroccan universities, filling the void left by the National Union of Moroccan Students when it was repressed.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the organisation's recruitment strategy was to run vacation camps where high school and university students could receive training in protest and propaganda techniques.<ref name=":0" /> It was officially recognized in November, 1972.<ref name=":2" />

	== Beliefs ==		== Beliefs ==
	Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist-Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism~~\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.167341~~\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=~~43–43~~\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />		Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist-Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />

	The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group’s leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco~~\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463~~\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group’s beliefs mirrored that of Qotb’s beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />		The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group’s leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group’s beliefs mirrored that of Qotb’s beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />

	== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==		== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==

GünniX: Reflist

2019-11-22T18:41:37Z

Reflist

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:41, 22 November 2019
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	The '''Shabiba Islamiya''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.\|first=\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>		The '''Shabiba Islamiya''' ({{Lang-ar\|الشبيبة الإسلامية}}, {{Lang-fr\|Chabiba Islamiya}}) was a violent and clandestine [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] extremist [[Islamist]] group founded in 1969 by [[Abdelkrim Motii]] and Kamal Ibrahim.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840\|title=A history of modern Morocco\|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.\|first=\|date=2013\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=\|isbn=9781139624695\|location=New York\|pages=188\|oclc=855022840}}</ref> Its goal was the establishment of an [[Islamist\|Islamic state]] in Morocco. The group was active until 1985, due to a government crackdown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://almanac.afpc.org/Morocco\|title=Morocco {{!}} The World Almanac of Islamism\|website=almanac.afpc.org\|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>

	== Founding ==		== Founding ==
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	== Beliefs ==		== Beliefs ==
	Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist-Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43–43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />		Shabiba Islamiya's declared aim was to oppose the influence of Marxist-Leninist organizations, which they viewed as detrimental to society. They also aimed to promote the Islamization of Morocco for it to become an Islamic State under Sharia law.<ref name=":2" /> It was a conservative Sunni movement. It was the first Islamist movement in Morocco to politically weaponise violence, though towards the end of the organization's duration, there was a significant divergence in opinion of the effectiveness of this strategy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Hissouf\|first=Abdellatif\|date=2016-01-02\|title=The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: Pragmatic Cohabitation and the Need for Islamic Political Secularism\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|journal=All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace\|volume=5\|issue=1\|pages=43–43\|doi=10.20991/allazimuth.167341\|issn=2146-7757}}</ref> The group was known for their opposition of leftist politics, with their primary targets were Moroccan leftists and secularists, including most famously the attacks on Omar Bendelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui.<ref name=":4" />

	The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group’s leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group’s beliefs mirrored that of Qotb’s beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance<ref name=":5" />. Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />		The group was inspired by the ideas of [[Sayyid Qutb\|Sayid Qutb]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt\|Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name=":1" /> The group’s leaders were particularly influenced by the concepts Qotb developed in his book ''Ma’alim fi al Tariq.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last=El Hachimi\|first=Mohamed\|date=2015-09-22\|title=Democratisation as a learning process: the case of Morocco\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|journal=The Journal of North African Studies\|volume=20\|issue=5\|pages=754–769\|doi=10.1080/13629387.2015.1081463\|issn=1362-9387}}</ref> The group’s beliefs mirrored that of Qotb’s beliefs about Egyptian society, as they considered Morocco to be in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance.<ref name=":5" /> Like Qotb, they also believed that violence was necessary in order to achieve a Moroccan Islamic State.<ref name=":5" />

	== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==		== Assassinations of Omar Benjelloun and Abderrahim Meniaoui ==
	Moroccan authorities have accused the organization of being involved in the murder of [[Omar Benjelloun]], popular labor unionist and editor of [[Al Muharrir]], the socialist party newspaper in Morocco<ref name=":1" /> and official of the [[Socialist Union of Popular Forces\|Socialist Union for the Forces of Progress]]. [[Abdelkrim Motii]], a leader of the Shabiba Islamiya, was fingered for the assassination that took place on December 18, 1975, and subsequently fled to [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/60314/18th-december-1975-omar-benjelloun.html\|title=18th of December 1975 : Omar Benjelloun, when Morocco lost one of its most committed politicians\|last=Yabiladi.com\|website=en.yabiladi.com\|language=en\|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> The Shabiba has also been blamed for an attack on Abderrahim Meniaoui, a member of the Party for Progressive Socialism.<ref name=":0" /> The subsequent investigation of this attack resulted in the disclosure of the armed branch of Shabiba Islamiya, run by law student Abdelaziz Naamani.<ref name=":2" /> When the involvement of Motii and Shabiba Islamiya in the murders had been revealed, authorities called for an intensifaction of arrest campaigns among its members.<ref name=":5" />		Moroccan authorities have accused the organization of being involved in the murder of [[Omar Benjelloun]], popular labor unionist and editor of [[Al Muharrir]], the socialist party newspaper in Morocco<ref name=":1" /> and official of the [[Socialist Union of Popular Forces\|Socialist Union for the Forces of Progress]]. [[Abdelkrim Motii]], a leader of the Shabiba Islamiya, was fingered for the assassination that took place on December 18, 1975, and subsequently fled to [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/60314/18th-december-1975-omar-benjelloun.html\|title=18th of December 1975 : Omar Benjelloun, when Morocco lost one of its most committed politicians\|last=Yabiladi.com\|website=en.yabiladi.com\|language=en\|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> The Shabiba has also been blamed for an attack on Abderrahim Meniaoui, a member of the Party for Progressive Socialism.<ref name=":0" /> The subsequent investigation of this attack resulted in the disclosure of the armed branch of Shabiba Islamiya, run by law student Abdelaziz Naamani.<ref name=":2" /> When the involvement of Motii and Shabiba Islamiya in the murders had been revealed, authorities called for an intensifaction of arrest campaigns among its members.<ref name=":5" />

	The investigation led to the arrest of Kamal Imbrahim on December 23, 1975. Sentenced to death in absentia,<ref name=":0" /> Motil fled to Saudi Arabia, and later Libya and Europe.<ref name=":2" /> He later settled in Belgium, where he continued to organize against the Moroccan government, publishing the small magazine Al-Mujahid ("The Holy Warrior"), which has garnered a small following among European Muslim immigrant communities.<ref name=":0" /> The assassinations and subsequent arrests signaled a shift in the organization, causing it to lose its momentum and later many of its followers until its ultimate disbandment.		The investigation led to the arrest of Kamal Imbrahim on December 23, 1975. Sentenced to death in absentia,<ref name=":0" /> Motil fled to Saudi Arabia, and later Libya and Europe.<ref name=":2" /> He later settled in Belgium, where he continued to organize against the Moroccan government, publishing the small magazine Al-Mujahid ("The Holy Warrior"), which has garnered a small following among European Muslim immigrant communities.<ref name=":0" /> The assassinations and subsequent arrests signaled a shift in the organization, causing it to lose its momentum and later many of its followers until its ultimate disbandment.

	== Government Crackdown and Following Political Movements ==		== Government Crackdown and Following Political Movements ==
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	By 1981, the movement lost much of its membership and structure, as many of its members questions the groups strategies and effectiveness.<ref name=":4" /> Several new political groups were founded by former Shabiba members, including ''Al-Islah wa’t-Tajdid (“Reform and Renewal”)'', later known as ''At-Tawhid wa’l-Islah (“Unity and Reform”)'', in 1992.<ref name=":0" /> This group rejected their former organization's use of violence and instead looked to advance their political objectives within Morocco's existing political system.<ref name=":0" /> After the political party failed to obtain legla recognition from King Hassan II, they merged with the longstanding political party the Democratic Constitutional Movement in 1997. This merger enabled them to participate in later elections.<ref name=":0" /> This party has been founded by [[Abdelkrim Al Khatib]] and was later renamed to [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)\|Justice and Development Party]]. It is now the main Moroccan [[Islamist]] party.<ref name=":0" />		By 1981, the movement lost much of its membership and structure, as many of its members questions the groups strategies and effectiveness.<ref name=":4" /> Several new political groups were founded by former Shabiba members, including ''Al-Islah wa’t-Tajdid (“Reform and Renewal”)'', later known as ''At-Tawhid wa’l-Islah (“Unity and Reform”)'', in 1992.<ref name=":0" /> This group rejected their former organization's use of violence and instead looked to advance their political objectives within Morocco's existing political system.<ref name=":0" /> After the political party failed to obtain legla recognition from King Hassan II, they merged with the longstanding political party the Democratic Constitutional Movement in 1997. This merger enabled them to participate in later elections.<ref name=":0" /> This party has been founded by [[Abdelkrim Al Khatib]] and was later renamed to [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)\|Justice and Development Party]]. It is now the main Moroccan [[Islamist]] party.<ref name=":0" />

			==References==
	<br />
			{{Reflist}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabiba Islamia}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabiba Islamia}}
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	[[Category:Islamist insurgent groups]]		[[Category:Islamist insurgent groups]]
	[[Category:Rebel groups in Morocco]]		[[Category:Rebel groups in Morocco]]


	{{Islam-org-stub}}		{{Islam-org-stub}}