Shilluk Kingdom - Revision history

DervotNum4: Space

2024-09-25T16:57:10Z

Space

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:57, 25 September 2024
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	[[File:Sobat.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|The river [[Sobat River\|Sobat]] in South Sudan where the first King Nyikang founded the Shilluk Kingdom.]]The Shilluk, like other Nilotic peoples, do not give great importance to cosmology. The Shilluk focus on a figure who lived so long ago his life is shrouded in myth: King Nyikang.<ref>Graeber 2010, p. 18-21</ref> His origins were considered divine. A white cow named ''Dean Aduk (Dhyang Adugø)'' bore a gourd. When it was torn, a man named Kolo (Köölø, Pöölø) arose. Kolo fathered Omaro (Omaarø), who fathered Wat Mol (Wäd Möölø), who fathered Okwä.<ref name="Westernmann 1912">Westermann 1912, p. XL</ref>{{efn\|[[Oyler\|DS Oyler]]'s document states the cow that gave it birth Omaro (Omaarɔ) begat Kolo (Köölø, Pöölø) who begot Okwa Mol (Okwä Möölø) as opposed to Kolo being the founder.}}		[[File:Sobat.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|The river [[Sobat River\|Sobat]] in South Sudan where the first King Nyikang founded the Shilluk Kingdom.]]The Shilluk, like other Nilotic peoples, do not give great importance to cosmology. The Shilluk focus on a figure who lived so long ago his life is shrouded in myth: King Nyikang.<ref>Graeber 2010, p. 18-21</ref> His origins were considered divine. A white cow named ''Dean Aduk (Dhyang Adugø)'' bore a gourd. When it was torn, a man named Kolo (Köölø, Pöölø) arose. Kolo fathered Omaro (Omaarø), who fathered Wat Mol (Wäd Möölø), who fathered Okwä.<ref name="Westernmann 1912">Westermann 1912, p. XL</ref>{{efn\|[[Oyler\|DS Oyler]]'s document states the cow that gave it birth Omaro (Omaarɔ) begat Kolo (Köölø, Pöölø) who begot Okwa Mol (Okwä Möölø) as opposed to Kolo being the founder.}}

	Okwa was said to have visited a riverbank and saw two beautiful young women, Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) and Ongwak, coming out of the water. They had long hair, and part of their bodies was crocodile-shaped. Okwa grabbed them, and took them by force; their screams alerted their father, Dunyel Ju'Okwa, who was nearby. Dunyel's was a man on his right side, but a crocodile on his left. After some discussion, Dunyel agreed to give his two daughters to Okwa (Okwä) at a high [[bride price]]. Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) Nyikang bore several children; Nyikang was considered by some his eldest son, but according to others he was his youngest son. Another tradition says that Nyikang's twin brother was Duwat (Dïwäädɔ) .<ref name="Westernmann 1912"/> A popular belief connects the confluence of the River Sobat and the White Nile with Nyakayo's home.<ref>Westermann 1912, p. XLI</ref>		Okwa was said to have visited a riverbank and saw two beautiful young women, Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) and Ongwak, coming out of the water. They had long hair, and part of their bodies was crocodile-shaped. Okwa grabbed them, and took them by force; their screams alerted their father, Dunyel Ju'Okwa, who was nearby. Dunyel's was a man on his right side, but a crocodile on his left. After some discussion, Dunyel agreed to give his two daughters to Okwa (Okwä) at a high [[bride price]]. Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) Nyikang bore several children; Nyikang was considered by some his eldest son, but according to others he was his youngest son. Another tradition says that Nyikang's twin brother was Duwat (Dïwäädɔ).<ref name="Westernmann 1912"/> A popular belief connects the confluence of the River Sobat and the White Nile with Nyakayo's home.<ref>Westermann 1912, p. XLI</ref>

	=== {{anchor\|Exile of Nyikang}}Exile ===		=== {{anchor\|Exile of Nyikang}}Exile ===

DervotNum4: Undid revision 1247582071 by Johndebwor (talk) Best to keep existing terminology as the article is called Shilluk Kingdom and sources reffer to it as such

2024-09-25T16:56:16Z

Undid revision 1247582071 by Johndebwor (talk) Best to keep existing terminology as the article is called Shilluk Kingdom and sources reffer to it as such

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:56, 25 September 2024
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	{{Infobox country		{{Infobox country
	\| native_name = ''Läg Cøllø'' or "Pödh Cøllø" or "Sudan" in Arabic		\| native_name = ''Läg Cøllø'' or "Pödh Cøllø" or "Sudan" in Arabic
	\| conventional_long_name = ~~Chollo Kingdom~~ (~~Shilluk~~)		\| conventional_long_name = Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom
	\| common_name = ~~Chollo Kingdom~~ (~~Shilluk~~)		\| common_name = Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom
	\| era = Late [[medieval Africa\|medieval]] to [[early modern period]]		\| era = Late [[medieval Africa\|medieval]] to [[early modern period]]
	\| year_start = 15th century		\| year_start = 15th century
Line 20:		Line 20:
	\| flag_alt = Six-bar flag, alternating red, black and white 1490 to 2011 and 2016 to present		\| flag_alt = Six-bar flag, alternating red, black and white 1490 to 2011 and 2016 to present
	\| image_map = Southern Sudan - 1800.png		\| image_map = Southern Sudan - 1800.png
	\| image_map_caption = ~~Chollo~~ Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors		\| image_map_caption = Shilluk Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors
	\| capital = [[Fashoda]] <small>(from the late 17th century){{sfn\|Mercer\|1971\|pp=407–408}}</small>		\| capital = [[Fashoda]] <small>(from the late 17th century){{sfn\|Mercer\|1971\|pp=407–408}}</small>
	\| largest_city = [[Fashoda]]		\| largest_city = [[Fashoda]]
	\| stat_pop1 = 200,000 (est)		\| stat_pop1 = 200,000 (est)
	\| stat_year1 = (1900s)		\| stat_year1 = (1900s)
	\| common_languages = [[~~Chollo~~ language\|Shilluk]]		\| common_languages = [[Shilluk language\|Shilluk]]
	\| religion = [[Imperial cult]]<br />[[African Traditional Religion]]		\| religion = [[Imperial cult]]<br />[[African Traditional Religion]]
	\| title_leader = Rädh		\| title_leader = Rädh
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	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
		⚫	The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], was located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

		⚫	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>
⚫	The '''~~Chollo~~ Kingdom ~~(Shilluk)~~''', dominated by the [[Shilluk ~~people\|Chollo~~ people]], was located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[~~Shiluk~~ people\|~~Chollo~~]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the ~~Chollo~~ managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current ~~Chollo~~ king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

⚫	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The ~~Chollo~~ monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>

	== Geography and people ==		== Geography and people ==

Johndebwor: I just concentrated on replacing Shilluk with Chollo. Chollo is the official name used by the people of Chollo Kingdom.

2024-09-24T23:31:20Z

I just concentrated on replacing Shilluk with Chollo. Chollo is the official name used by the people of Chollo Kingdom.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:31, 24 September 2024
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	{{Infobox country		{{Infobox country
	\| native_name = ''Läg Cøllø'' or "Pödh Cøllø" or "Sudan" in Arabic		\| native_name = ''Läg Cøllø'' or "Pödh Cøllø" or "Sudan" in Arabic
	\| conventional_long_name = ~~Shilluk (~~Chollo) Kingdom		\| conventional_long_name = Chollo Kingdom (Shilluk)
	\| common_name = ~~Shilluk (~~Chollo) Kingdom		\| common_name = Chollo Kingdom (Shilluk)
	\| era = Late [[medieval Africa\|medieval]] to [[early modern period]]		\| era = Late [[medieval Africa\|medieval]] to [[early modern period]]
	\| year_start = 15th century		\| year_start = 15th century
Line 20:		Line 20:
	\| flag_alt = Six-bar flag, alternating red, black and white 1490 to 2011 and 2016 to present		\| flag_alt = Six-bar flag, alternating red, black and white 1490 to 2011 and 2016 to present
	\| image_map = Southern Sudan - 1800.png		\| image_map = Southern Sudan - 1800.png
	\| image_map_caption = ~~Shilluk~~ Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors		\| image_map_caption = Chollo Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors
	\| capital = [[Fashoda]] <small>(from the late 17th century){{sfn\|Mercer\|1971\|pp=407–408}}</small>		\| capital = [[Fashoda]] <small>(from the late 17th century){{sfn\|Mercer\|1971\|pp=407–408}}</small>
	\| largest_city = [[Fashoda]]		\| largest_city = [[Fashoda]]
	\| stat_pop1 = 200,000 (est)		\| stat_pop1 = 200,000 (est)
	\| stat_year1 = (1900s)		\| stat_year1 = (1900s)
	\| common_languages = [[~~Shilluk~~ language\|Shilluk]]		\| common_languages = [[Chollo language\|Shilluk]]
	\| religion = [[Imperial cult]]<br />[[African Traditional Religion]]		\| religion = [[Imperial cult]]<br />[[African Traditional Religion]]
	\| title_leader = Rädh		\| title_leader = Rädh
Line 37:		Line 37:
	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
⚫	The '''~~Shilluk~~ Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], was located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[~~Shilluk~~ people\|~~Shilluk~~]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the ~~Shilluk~~ managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current ~~Shilluk~~ king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

		⚫	The '''Chollo Kingdom (Shilluk)''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people\|Chollo people]], was located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shiluk people\|Chollo]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Chollo managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Chollo king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>
⚫	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The ~~Shilluk~~ monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>

		⚫	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Chollo monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>

	== Geography and people ==		== Geography and people ==

DervotNum4: reverted Unexplained tense and content changes

2024-09-02T19:06:37Z

reverted Unexplained tense and content changes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:06, 2 September 2024
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	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
	The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], is located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence ~~are~~ in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional ~~King~~ within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>		The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], was located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>		The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>

2C0F:FE38:2409:7CE4:804A:17FF:FE70:30C8 at 17:59, 2 September 2024

2024-09-02T17:59:47Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:59, 2 September 2024
Line 37:		Line 37:
	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
	The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], is located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence are in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional ~~chieftain~~ within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>		The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], is located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence are in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional King within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>		The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>

2C0F:FE38:2409:7CE4:804A:17FF:FE70:30C8 at 17:59, 2 September 2024

2024-09-02T17:59:17Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:59, 2 September 2024
Line 37:		Line 37:
	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
	The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], is located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence ~~were~~ in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>		The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], is located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence are in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>		The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>

2C0F:FE38:2409:7CE4:804A:17FF:FE70:30C8 at 17:58, 2 September 2024

2024-09-02T17:58:59Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:58, 2 September 2024
Line 37:		Line 37:
	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
	The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], ~~was~~ located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>		The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], is located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>		The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>

Rodw: Disambiguating links to Kingdom (link changed to Monarchy) using DisamAssist.

2024-06-14T15:58:19Z

Disambiguating links to Kingdom (link changed to Monarchy) using DisamAssist.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:58, 14 June 2024
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	[[File:Shrine of Nyikang.png\|thumb\|A shrine dedicated to Nyikang, early 20th century]]		[[File:Shrine of Nyikang.png\|thumb\|A shrine dedicated to Nyikang, early 20th century]]

	According to Shilluk legends, the [[kingdom]] was founded in 1490. Its legendary first ruler ("Reth") was the hero known as Nyikang who claimed to be half-crocodile and possessed power over the rain.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}} Nyikang was the son of a king, Okwa, who ruled a country located "far south near a large lake".{{citation needed\|date=November 2013}} This may be [[Lake Albert (Africa)\|Lake Albert]], where the [[Acholi people\|Acholi]] live. After Okwa's death, Nyikang went to war with his brother Duwadh, the legitimate successor to the throne. Facing defeat, Nyikang left his homeland with his retinue and migrated northeast to [[Wau, South Sudan\|Wau]] (near the [[Bahr el Ghazal River\|Bahr el Ghazal]], "river of gazelles" in Arabic). Here (known by the Shilluk as the ''Pothe Thuro'') Nyikang married the daughter of Dimo, the local magician. After a conflict with Dimo Nyikang migrated north (crossing the Bahr el Ghazal) to Acietagwok (a Shilluk village about {{convert\|30\|km}} west of the village of Tonga) around 1550. Nyikang then traveled to Nyilual, an uninhabited region west of the present town of [[Malakal]].<ref name="Oyler 1918 108">Oyler 1918, p. 108</ref> In the end, legends claim that Nyikang vanished in a whirlwind in the middle of a battle.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}}		According to Shilluk legends, the [[Monarchy\|kingdom]] was founded in 1490. Its legendary first ruler ("Reth") was the hero known as Nyikang who claimed to be half-crocodile and possessed power over the rain.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}} Nyikang was the son of a king, Okwa, who ruled a country located "far south near a large lake".{{citation needed\|date=November 2013}} This may be [[Lake Albert (Africa)\|Lake Albert]], where the [[Acholi people\|Acholi]] live. After Okwa's death, Nyikang went to war with his brother Duwadh, the legitimate successor to the throne. Facing defeat, Nyikang left his homeland with his retinue and migrated northeast to [[Wau, South Sudan\|Wau]] (near the [[Bahr el Ghazal River\|Bahr el Ghazal]], "river of gazelles" in Arabic). Here (known by the Shilluk as the ''Pothe Thuro'') Nyikang married the daughter of Dimo, the local magician. After a conflict with Dimo Nyikang migrated north (crossing the Bahr el Ghazal) to Acietagwok (a Shilluk village about {{convert\|30\|km}} west of the village of Tonga) around 1550. Nyikang then traveled to Nyilual, an uninhabited region west of the present town of [[Malakal]].<ref name="Oyler 1918 108">Oyler 1918, p. 108</ref> In the end, legends claim that Nyikang vanished in a whirlwind in the middle of a battle.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}}

	=== Kingdom ===		=== Kingdom ===

John Lokosang: /* Geography and people */ Added some citation

2024-06-11T08:42:12Z

Geography and people: Added some citation

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:42, 11 June 2024
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	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
	The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], was located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to Shilluk folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>		The '''Shilluk Kingdom''', dominated by the [[Shilluk people]], was located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people\|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>

	The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>		The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the [[national myth]] of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by [[Charles Seligman]] and in 1916 by British anthropologist [[James George Frazer]] in ''[[The Golden Bough]]''. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "[[sacred king]]ship".<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship\|last=Seligman\|first=Charles Gabriel\|publisher=Routledge and Sons\|year=1934}}</ref>
Line 68:		Line 68:
	[[File:Shrine of Nyikang.png\|thumb\|A shrine dedicated to Nyikang, early 20th century]]		[[File:Shrine of Nyikang.png\|thumb\|A shrine dedicated to Nyikang, early 20th century]]

	According to Shilluk legends, the kingdom was founded in 1490. Its legendary first ruler ("Reth") was the hero known as Nyikang who claimed to be half-crocodile and possessed power over the rain.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}} Nyikang was the son of a king, Okwa, who ruled a country located "far south near a large lake".{{citation needed\|date=November 2013}} This may be [[Lake Albert (Africa)\|Lake Albert]], where the [[Acholi people\|Acholi]] live. After Okwa's death, Nyikang went to war with his brother Duwadh, the legitimate successor to the throne. Facing defeat, Nyikang left his homeland with his retinue and migrated northeast to [[Wau, South Sudan\|Wau]] (near the [[Bahr el Ghazal River\|Bahr el Ghazal]], "river of gazelles" in Arabic). Here (known by the Shilluk as the ''Pothe Thuro'') Nyikang married the daughter of Dimo, the local magician. After a conflict with Dimo Nyikang migrated north (crossing the Bahr el Ghazal) to Acietagwok (a Shilluk village about {{convert\|30\|km}} west of the village of Tonga) around 1550. Nyikang then traveled to Nyilual, an uninhabited region west of the present town of [[Malakal]].<ref name="Oyler 1918 108">Oyler 1918, p. 108</ref> In the end, legends claim that Nyikang vanished in a whirlwind in the middle of a battle.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}}		According to Shilluk legends, the [[kingdom]] was founded in 1490. Its legendary first ruler ("Reth") was the hero known as Nyikang who claimed to be half-crocodile and possessed power over the rain.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}} Nyikang was the son of a king, Okwa, who ruled a country located "far south near a large lake".{{citation needed\|date=November 2013}} This may be [[Lake Albert (Africa)\|Lake Albert]], where the [[Acholi people\|Acholi]] live. After Okwa's death, Nyikang went to war with his brother Duwadh, the legitimate successor to the throne. Facing defeat, Nyikang left his homeland with his retinue and migrated northeast to [[Wau, South Sudan\|Wau]] (near the [[Bahr el Ghazal River\|Bahr el Ghazal]], "river of gazelles" in Arabic). Here (known by the Shilluk as the ''Pothe Thuro'') Nyikang married the daughter of Dimo, the local magician. After a conflict with Dimo Nyikang migrated north (crossing the Bahr el Ghazal) to Acietagwok (a Shilluk village about {{convert\|30\|km}} west of the village of Tonga) around 1550. Nyikang then traveled to Nyilual, an uninhabited region west of the present town of [[Malakal]].<ref name="Oyler 1918 108">Oyler 1918, p. 108</ref> In the end, legends claim that Nyikang vanished in a whirlwind in the middle of a battle.{{sfn\|Martell\|2018\|p=18}}

	=== Kingdom ===		=== Kingdom ===
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	[[File:Deserted Shillook Village, 1862.png\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|A deserted Shilluk village after a Turkish slave raid, 1862]]		[[File:Deserted Shillook Village, 1862.png\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|A deserted Shilluk village after a Turkish slave raid, 1862]]

	In 1786, the Funj [[Sultanate of Sennar]] began a period of decline.<ref>E.A. Robinson, [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=genpub;cc=genpub;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACT4675.0008.001;didno=ACT4675.0008.001;view=image;seq=00000133 "Nimr, the Last King of Shendi", ''Sudan Notes and Records''], '''8''' (1925), p. 105</ref> [[Sultan]] [[Adlan II]] was troubled by his war with the Hameg tribe established south of the town of [[Er Roseires]], following 30 years of anarchy and looting by [[Sheikh]] [[Nasser Hameg]]. In 1820 the Viceroy of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt\|Muhammad Ali]], began his southern campaign to conquer the Sudan. That year, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Turkish-Egyptian]] troops of [[Raghib Pasha\|Ismail Pasha]] also put a final end to the Sultanate of Funj. Confrontation between the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottomans]] and Shilluk became inevitable.		In 1786, the [[Funj people\|Funj]] [[Sultanate of Sennar]] began a period of decline.<ref>E.A. Robinson, [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=genpub;cc=genpub;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACT4675.0008.001;didno=ACT4675.0008.001;view=image;seq=00000133 "Nimr, the Last King of Shendi", ''Sudan Notes and Records''], '''8''' (1925), p. 105</ref> [[Sultan]] [[Adlan II]] was troubled by his war with the Hameg tribe established south of the town of [[Er Roseires]], following 30 years of anarchy and looting by [[Sheikh]] [[Nasser Hameg]]. In 1820 the Viceroy of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt\|Muhammad Ali]], began his southern campaign to conquer the [[Sudan]]. That year, the [[Ottoman Empire\|Turkish-Egyptian]] troops of [[Raghib Pasha\|Ismail Pasha]] also put a final end to the Sultanate of Funj. Confrontation between the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottomans]] and Shilluk became inevitable.

	[[File:Schweinfurth-Ansicht von Faschoda.png\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|Fashoda in 1869, when it had become the seat of an Egyptian governor]]		[[File:Schweinfurth-Ansicht von Faschoda.png\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|Fashoda in 1869, when it had become the seat of an Egyptian governor]]

188.120.23.56 at 09:07, 30 March 2024

2024-03-30T09:07:55Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:07, 30 March 2024
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	\| flag_s2 = Flag of the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg		\| flag_s2 = Flag of the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg
	\| flag = Flag of Shilluk Kingdom		\| flag = Flag of Shilluk Kingdom
	\| flag_type = ~~Flags~~		\| flag_type = Flag
	\| image_flag = Flag of the Shilluk.svg		\| image_flag = Flag of the Shilluk.svg
	\| flag_alt = Six-bar flag, alternating red, black and white 1490 to 2011 and 2016 to present		\| flag_alt = Six-bar flag, alternating red, black and white 1490 to 2011 and 2016 to present