Soot - Revision history

Belbury: MOS:ORDER

2024-11-14T16:03:26Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:03, 14 November 2024
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⚫	{{Other uses}}
	{{short description\|Product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons}}		{{short description\|Product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons}}
		⚫	{{Other uses}}
	[[File:Diesel-smoke.jpg\|thumb\|Emission of soot in the [[exhaust gas]] of a large [[Diesel engine\|diesel]] truck, without [[Diesel particulate filter\|particle filters]]]]		[[File:Diesel-smoke.jpg\|thumb\|Emission of soot in the [[exhaust gas]] of a large [[Diesel engine\|diesel]] truck, without [[Diesel particulate filter\|particle filters]]]]
	{{Pollution sidebar\|Air}}		{{Pollution sidebar\|Air}}
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	==Terminology==		==Terminology==
	===Definition===		===Definition===
	Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[~~Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons~~]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]], and so can also be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 \| bibcode =2023JAerS.17306211S \| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2013ACP....13.8365P \| hdl = 20.500.11850/71581 \| hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \| bibcode = 2013EPoll.181..271L\|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"		Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[hydrocarbon]]s or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]], and so can also be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 \| bibcode =2023JAerS.17306211S \| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2013ACP....13.8365P \| hdl = 20.500.11850/71581 \| hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \| bibcode = 2013EPoll.181..271L\|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"
	\| doi-access = free}}</ref>		\| doi-access = free}}</ref>

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	Terms like "soot", "carbon black", and "black carbon" are often used to mean the same thing, even in the scientific literature, but other scientists have stated this is incorrect and that they refer to chemically and physically distinct things.<ref name = "long2013"/><ref name="Rituraj2017"/><ref name = "Watson2001">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Watson AY, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black and soot: two different substances \| journal = [[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene]] \| volume =62 \| pages = 218–228\| date =2001 \| issue = 2 \| pmid = 11331994\| doi = 10.1080/15298660108984625 }}</ref>		Terms like "soot", "carbon black", and "black carbon" are often used to mean the same thing, even in the scientific literature, but other scientists have stated this is incorrect and that they refer to chemically and physically distinct things.<ref name = "long2013"/><ref name="Rituraj2017"/><ref name = "Watson2001">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Watson AY, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black and soot: two different substances \| journal = [[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene]] \| volume =62 \| pages = 218–228\| date =2001 \| issue = 2 \| pmid = 11331994\| doi = 10.1080/15298660108984625 }}</ref>

	'''[[Carbon black]]''' is a term for the industrial production of powdery carbonaceous matter which has been underway since the 19th century. Carbon black is composed almost entirely of elemental carbon. Carbon black is not found in regular soot - only in the special soot that is intentionally produced for its manufacture, mostly from specialised oil furnaces.<ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/>		'''[[Carbon black]]''' is a term for the industrial production of powdery carbonaceous matter which has been underway since the 19th century. Carbon black is composed almost entirely of elemental carbon. Carbon black is not found in regular soot - only in the special soot that is intentionally produced for its manufacture, mostly from specialised oil furnaces.<ref name = "long2013"/><ref name="Rituraj2017"/>

	'''[[Black carbon]]''' is a term that arose in the late twentieth century among atmospheric scientists, to describe strongly light absorbing carbonaceous particles which have a significant [[climate forcing]] affect - second only to {{CO2}} itself as a contributor to short term global warming. The term is sometimes used synonymously with soot, but is now used preferentially in atmospheric science, though some prefer more precise terms like 'light-absorbing carbon'. <ref>{{cite journal \| author=[[Tami Bond]] \|author2=Robert W. Bergstrom\| date=2020-09-13\|title=Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review\|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology \|volume=40 \|pages=27–67 \|doi=10.1080/02786820500421521\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786820500421521}}</ref> Unlike carbon black, black carbon is produced unintentionally. The chemical composition of ''black carbon'' is much more varied, and typically has a much lower proportion of elemental carbon , compared with ''carbon black''. <ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/> In some definitions, black carbon also includes [[charcoal]], a type of matter where the chunks tend to be too large to have an aerosol form as is the case with soot.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burke M, Marín-Spiotta E, Ponette-González AG \| title =Black carbon in urban soils: land use and climate drive variation at the surface. \| journal = [[Carbon Balance and Management]] \| volume =9 \| date =2024 \| issue =1 \| page =9 \| pmid = 38429441\| doi =10.1186/s13021-024-00255-3 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =10908174 \| bibcode =2024CarBM..19....9B }}</ref>		'''[[Black carbon]]''' is a term that arose in the late twentieth century among atmospheric scientists, to describe strongly light absorbing carbonaceous particles which have a significant [[climate forcing]] affect - second only to {{CO2}} itself as a contributor to short term global warming. The term is sometimes used synonymously with soot, but is now used preferentially in atmospheric science, though some prefer more precise terms like 'light-absorbing carbon'.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=[[Tami Bond]] \|author2=Robert W. Bergstrom\| date=2020-09-13\|title=Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review\|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology \|volume=40 \|pages=27–67 \|doi=10.1080/02786820500421521\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786820500421521}}</ref> Unlike carbon black, black carbon is produced unintentionally. The chemical composition of ''black carbon'' is much more varied, and typically has a much lower proportion of elemental carbon, compared with ''carbon black''.<ref name = "long2013"/><ref name="Rituraj2017"/> In some definitions, black carbon also includes [[charcoal]], a type of matter where the chunks tend to be too large to have an aerosol form as is the case with soot.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burke M, Marín-Spiotta E, Ponette-González AG \| title =Black carbon in urban soils: land use and climate drive variation at the surface. \| journal = [[Carbon Balance and Management]] \| volume =9 \| date =2024 \| issue =1 \| page =9 \| pmid = 38429441\| doi =10.1186/s13021-024-00255-3 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =10908174 \| bibcode =2024CarBM..19....9B }}</ref>

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==
	Soot as an airborne contaminant in the environment has many different sources, all of which are results of some form of [[pyrolysis]]. They include soot from [[coal]] burning, internal-combustion engines,<ref name="modeling"/> power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, [[waste incineration]], local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces. These exterior sources also contribute to the indoor environment sources such as smoking of plant matter, cooking, [[oil lamp]]s, [[candle]]s, quartz/halogen bulbs with settled dust, [[fireplace]]s, exhaust emissions from vehicles,<ref name="b20">{{cite journal\|last1=Omidvarborna\|title=Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes\|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering\|volume=2\|issue=4\|pages=2335–2342\|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020\|display-authors=etal\|year=2014}}</ref> and defective furnaces. Soot in very low concentrations is capable of darkening surfaces or making particle agglomerates, such as those from ventilation systems, appear [[black carbon\|black]]. Soot is the primary cause of "ghosting", the discoloration of walls and ceilings or walls and flooring where they meet. It is generally responsible for the discoloration of the walls above baseboard [[electric heating]] units.		Soot as an airborne contaminant in the environment has many different sources, all of which are results of some form of [[pyrolysis]]. They include soot from [[coal]] burning, internal-combustion engines,<ref name="modeling"/> power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, [[waste incineration]], local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces. These exterior sources also contribute to the indoor environment sources such as smoking of plant matter, cooking, [[oil lamp]]s, [[candle]]s, quartz/halogen bulbs with settled dust, [[fireplace]]s, exhaust emissions from vehicles,<ref name="b20">{{cite journal\|last1=Omidvarborna\|title=Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes\|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering\|volume=2\|issue=4\|pages=2335–2342\|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020\|display-authors=etal\|year=2014}}</ref> and defective furnaces. Soot in very low concentrations is capable of darkening surfaces or making particle agglomerates, such as those from ventilation systems, appear [[black carbon\|black]]. Soot is the primary cause of "ghosting", the discoloration of walls and ceilings or walls and flooring where they meet. It is generally responsible for the discoloration of the walls above baseboard [[electric heating]] units.

	The formation and properties of soot depend strongly on the fuel composition, but may also be influenced by flame temperature.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Seinfeld \|first1=John H. \|last2=Pandis \|first2=Spyros N. \|title=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : From Air Pollution to Climate Change \|edition=2nd \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2006 \|isbn=0-471-72018-6 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Alfè \|first1=M. \|last2=Apicella \|first2=B. \|last3=Rouzaud \|first3=J.-N. \|last4=Tregrossi \|first4=A. \|last5=Ciajolo \|first5=A. \|date=October 2010 \|title=The effect of temperature on soot properties in premixed methane flames \|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218010000374 \|journal=Combustion and Flame \|language=en \|volume=157 \|issue=10 \|pages=1959–1965 \|doi=10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.02.007\|bibcode=2010CoFl..157.1959A }}</ref> Regarding fuel composition, the rank ordering of sooting tendency of fuel components is:{{~~huh~~\|date=September 2024}} [[naphthalenes]] → [[benzenes]] → [[aliphatics]].{{~~fact~~\|date=September 2024}} However, the order of sooting tendencies of the aliphatics ([[alkanes]], [[alkenes]], and [[alkynes]]) varies dramatically depending on the flame type. The difference between the sooting tendencies of aliphatics and aromatics is thought to result mainly from the different routes of formation. Aliphatics appear to first form acetylene and polyacetylenes, which is a slow process; aromatics can form soot both by this route and also by a more direct pathway involving ring condensation or polymerization reactions building on the existing aromatic structure.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Graham \|first1=S. C. \|last2=Homer \|first2=J. B. \|last3=Rosenfeld \|first3=J. L. J. \|year=1975 \|jstor=78961 \|title=The formation and coagulation of soot aerosols generated in pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons \|journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A \|volume=344 \|pages=259–285 \|doi=10.1098/rspa.1975.0101 \|s2cid=96742040 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Flagan \|first1=R. C. \|last2=Seinfeld \|first2=J. H. \|year=1988 \|title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering \|publisher=Prentice-Hall \|location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ \|isbn=0-13-332537-7 }}</ref>		The formation and properties of soot depend strongly on the fuel composition, but may also be influenced by flame temperature.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Seinfeld \|first1=John H. \|last2=Pandis \|first2=Spyros N. \|title=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : From Air Pollution to Climate Change \|edition=2nd \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2006 \|isbn=0-471-72018-6 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Alfè \|first1=M. \|last2=Apicella \|first2=B. \|last3=Rouzaud \|first3=J.-N. \|last4=Tregrossi \|first4=A. \|last5=Ciajolo \|first5=A. \|date=October 2010 \|title=The effect of temperature on soot properties in premixed methane flames \|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010218010000374 \|journal=Combustion and Flame \|language=en \|volume=157 \|issue=10 \|pages=1959–1965 \|doi=10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.02.007\|bibcode=2010CoFl..157.1959A }}</ref> Regarding fuel composition, the rank ordering of sooting tendency of fuel components is:{{clarify\|date=September 2024}} [[naphthalenes]] → [[benzenes]] → [[aliphatics]].{{citation needed\|date=September 2024}} However, the order of sooting tendencies of the aliphatics ([[alkanes]], [[alkenes]], and [[alkynes]]) varies dramatically depending on the flame type. The difference between the sooting tendencies of aliphatics and aromatics is thought to result mainly from the different routes of formation. Aliphatics appear to first form acetylene and polyacetylenes, which is a slow process; aromatics can form soot both by this route and also by a more direct pathway involving ring condensation or polymerization reactions building on the existing aromatic structure.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Graham \|first1=S. C. \|last2=Homer \|first2=J. B. \|last3=Rosenfeld \|first3=J. L. J. \|year=1975 \|jstor=78961 \|title=The formation and coagulation of soot aerosols generated in pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons \|journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A \|volume=344 \|pages=259–285 \|doi=10.1098/rspa.1975.0101 \|s2cid=96742040 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Flagan \|first1=R. C. \|last2=Seinfeld \|first2=J. H. \|year=1988 \|title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering \|publisher=Prentice-Hall \|location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ \|isbn=0-13-332537-7 }}</ref>

	== Description ==		== Description ==

OAbot: Open access bot: hdl, doi updated in citation with #oabot.

2024-11-11T06:11:22Z

Open access bot: hdl, doi updated in citation with #oabot.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:11, 11 November 2024
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	==Terminology==		==Terminology==
	===Definition===		===Definition===
	Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]], and so can also be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 \| bibcode =2023JAerS.17306211S }}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2013ACP....13.8365P }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \| bibcode = 2013EPoll.181..271L\|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"		Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]], and so can also be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 \| bibcode =2023JAerS.17306211S \| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2013ACP....13.8365P \| hdl = 20.500.11850/71581 \| hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \| bibcode = 2013EPoll.181..271L\|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"
	}}</ref>		\| doi-access = free}}</ref>

	===Related terms===		===Related terms===

FeydHuxtable: /* Definition */ minor c/e

2024-10-28T17:42:56Z

Definition: minor c/e

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:42, 28 October 2024
Line 13:		Line 13:
	==Terminology==		==Terminology==
	===Definition===		===Definition===
	Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]] and ~~hence~~ be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 \| bibcode =2023JAerS.17306211S }}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2013ACP....13.8365P }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \| bibcode = 2013EPoll.181..271L\|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"		Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]], and so can also be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 \| bibcode =2023JAerS.17306211S }}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2013ACP....13.8365P }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \| bibcode = 2013EPoll.181..271L\|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

Chidgk1: not merging

2024-10-28T17:25:45Z

not merging

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:25, 28 October 2024
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	{{Other uses}}		{{Other uses}}
	{{merge to\|Black carbon\|discuss=Talk:Black carbon#Merge proposal\|date=September 2024}}
	{{short description\|Product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons}}		{{short description\|Product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons}}
	[[File:Diesel-smoke.jpg\|thumb\|Emission of soot in the [[exhaust gas]] of a large [[Diesel engine\|diesel]] truck, without [[Diesel particulate filter\|particle filters]]]]		[[File:Diesel-smoke.jpg\|thumb\|Emission of soot in the [[exhaust gas]] of a large [[Diesel engine\|diesel]] truck, without [[Diesel particulate filter\|particle filters]]]]

Zzuuzz: Reverted edit by 2601:589:4904:8CF0:F14C:88CB:9081:439A (talk) to last version by Citation bot

2024-10-26T17:10:15Z

Reverted edit by 2601:589:4904:8CF0:F14C:88CB:9081:439A (talk) to last version by Citation bot

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:10, 26 October 2024
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	==Applications==		==Applications==
	Historically soot was used in manufacturing artistic paints and [[shoe polish]], as well as a blackener for [[Russia leather]] for boots. With the advent of the [[printing press]] it was used in the printing ink well into the 20th century.<ref>Surmiński, Janusz, "Węglarstwo leśne – sadza i potaż", Sylwan vol. 154 (3), 2010, pp. 182−186 (pdf file: <!-- [https://bibliotekanauki.pl/ bibliotekanauki.pl] is blacklisted in wikipedia--> www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjD_-mOqOCCAxWzKEQIHc-7BIIQFnoECBcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekanauki.pl%2Farticles%2F1009503.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0K6o-KjiJN4ULbJqxQdDNx&opi=89978449)</ref>		Historically soot was used in manufacturing artistic paints and [[shoe polish]], as well as a blackener for [[Russia leather]] for boots. With the advent of the [[printing press]] it was used in the printing ink well into the 20th century.<ref>Surmiński, Janusz, "Węglarstwo leśne – sadza i potaż", Sylwan vol. 154 (3), 2010, pp. 182−186 (pdf file: <!-- [https://bibliotekanauki.pl/ bibliotekanauki.pl] is blacklisted in wikipedia--> www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjD_-mOqOCCAxWzKEQIHc-7BIIQFnoECBcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekanauki.pl%2Farticles%2F1009503.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0K6o-KjiJN4ULbJqxQdDNx&opi=89978449)</ref>
	It is also used to create imageboards.

	==See also==		==See also==

2601:589:4904:8CF0:F14C:88CB:9081:439A at 17:09, 26 October 2024

2024-10-26T17:09:09Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:09, 26 October 2024
Line 68:		Line 68:
	==Applications==		==Applications==
	Historically soot was used in manufacturing artistic paints and [[shoe polish]], as well as a blackener for [[Russia leather]] for boots. With the advent of the [[printing press]] it was used in the printing ink well into the 20th century.<ref>Surmiński, Janusz, "Węglarstwo leśne – sadza i potaż", Sylwan vol. 154 (3), 2010, pp. 182−186 (pdf file: <!-- [https://bibliotekanauki.pl/ bibliotekanauki.pl] is blacklisted in wikipedia--> www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjD_-mOqOCCAxWzKEQIHc-7BIIQFnoECBcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekanauki.pl%2Farticles%2F1009503.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0K6o-KjiJN4ULbJqxQdDNx&opi=89978449)</ref>		Historically soot was used in manufacturing artistic paints and [[shoe polish]], as well as a blackener for [[Russia leather]] for boots. With the advent of the [[printing press]] it was used in the printing ink well into the 20th century.<ref>Surmiński, Janusz, "Węglarstwo leśne – sadza i potaż", Sylwan vol. 154 (3), 2010, pp. 182−186 (pdf file: <!-- [https://bibliotekanauki.pl/ bibliotekanauki.pl] is blacklisted in wikipedia--> www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjD_-mOqOCCAxWzKEQIHc-7BIIQFnoECBcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekanauki.pl%2Farticles%2F1009503.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0K6o-KjiJN4ULbJqxQdDNx&opi=89978449)</ref>
			It is also used to create imageboards.

	==See also==		==See also==

Citation bot: Added bibcode. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Articles to be merged from September 2024 | #UCB_Category 172/459

2024-10-07T20:27:02Z

Added bibcode. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Articles to be merged from September 2024 | #UCB_Category 172/459

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:27, 7 October 2024
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	==Terminology==		==Terminology==
	===Definition===		===Definition===
	Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]] and hence be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 }}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"		Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]] and hence be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 \| bibcode =2023JAerS.17306211S }}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2013ACP....13.8365P }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \| bibcode = 2013EPoll.181..271L\|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

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	'''[[Carbon black]]''' is a term for the industrial production of powdery carbonaceous matter which has been underway since the 19th century. Carbon black is composed almost entirely of elemental carbon. Carbon black is not found in regular soot - only in the special soot that is intentionally produced for its manufacture, mostly from specialised oil furnaces.<ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/>		'''[[Carbon black]]''' is a term for the industrial production of powdery carbonaceous matter which has been underway since the 19th century. Carbon black is composed almost entirely of elemental carbon. Carbon black is not found in regular soot - only in the special soot that is intentionally produced for its manufacture, mostly from specialised oil furnaces.<ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/>

	'''[[Black carbon]]''' is a term that arose in the late twentieth century among atmospheric scientists, to describe strongly light absorbing carbonaceous particles which have a significant [[climate forcing]] affect - second only to {{CO2}} itself as a contributor to short term global warming. The term is sometimes used synonymously with soot, but is now used preferentially in atmospheric science, though some prefer more precise terms like 'light-absorbing carbon'. <ref>{{cite journal \| author=[[Tami Bond]] \|author2=Robert W. Bergstrom\| date=2020-09-13\|title=Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review\|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology \|volume=40 \|pages=27–67 \|doi=10.1080/02786820500421521\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786820500421521}}</ref> Unlike carbon black, black carbon is produced unintentionally. The chemical composition of ''black carbon'' is much more varied, and typically has a much lower proportion of elemental carbon , compared with ''carbon black''. <ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/> In some definitions, black carbon also includes [[charcoal]], a type of matter where the chunks tend to be too large to have an aerosol form as is the case with soot.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burke M, Marín-Spiotta E, Ponette-González AG \| title =Black carbon in urban soils: land use and climate drive variation at the surface. \| journal = [[Carbon Balance and Management]] \| volume =9 \| date =2024 \| issue =1 \| page =9 \| pmid = 38429441\| doi =10.1186/s13021-024-00255-3 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =10908174 }}</ref>		'''[[Black carbon]]''' is a term that arose in the late twentieth century among atmospheric scientists, to describe strongly light absorbing carbonaceous particles which have a significant [[climate forcing]] affect - second only to {{CO2}} itself as a contributor to short term global warming. The term is sometimes used synonymously with soot, but is now used preferentially in atmospheric science, though some prefer more precise terms like 'light-absorbing carbon'. <ref>{{cite journal \| author=[[Tami Bond]] \|author2=Robert W. Bergstrom\| date=2020-09-13\|title=Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review\|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology \|volume=40 \|pages=27–67 \|doi=10.1080/02786820500421521\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786820500421521}}</ref> Unlike carbon black, black carbon is produced unintentionally. The chemical composition of ''black carbon'' is much more varied, and typically has a much lower proportion of elemental carbon , compared with ''carbon black''. <ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/> In some definitions, black carbon also includes [[charcoal]], a type of matter where the chunks tend to be too large to have an aerosol form as is the case with soot.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burke M, Marín-Spiotta E, Ponette-González AG \| title =Black carbon in urban soils: land use and climate drive variation at the surface. \| journal = [[Carbon Balance and Management]] \| volume =9 \| date =2024 \| issue =1 \| page =9 \| pmid = 38429441\| doi =10.1186/s13021-024-00255-3 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =10908174 \| bibcode =2024CarBM..19....9B }}</ref>

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

Paleorthid: /* top */ added that soot is a hazardous substance to lede

2024-10-06T22:19:56Z

top: added that soot is a hazardous substance to lede

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:19, 6 October 2024
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	{{Pollution sidebar\|Air}}		{{Pollution sidebar\|Air}}

	'''Soot''' ({{IPAc-en\|s\|ʊ\|t}} {{respell\|suut}}) is a mass of impure [[Carbonaceous\|carbon]] particles resulting from the incomplete [[combustion]] of [[hydrocarbon]]s.<ref name="modeling">{{cite journal \|last1=Omidvarborna \|title=Recent studies on soot modeling for diesel combustion \|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews \|volume=48 \|pages=635–647 \|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019 \|display-authors=et al \|year=2015\|bibcode=2015RSERv..48..635O }}</ref> Most broadly, the term includes all the particulate matter produced by this process, including [[black carbon]] and residual [[Pyrolysis\|pyrolysed]] fuel particles such as [[coal]], [[cenosphere]]s, charred wood, and [[petroleum coke]] classified as [[Coke (fuel)\|cokes]] or [[Char (chemistry)\|char]]. It can include [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] and heavy metals like mercury.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-09-13\|title=Black Carbon: A Deadly Air Pollutant\|url=https://nomoreplanet.com/black-carbon/\|access-date=2020-11-01\|website=NoMorePlanet.com\|language=en-US\|archive-date=2021-03-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304185122/https://nomoreplanet.com/black-carbon/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		'''Soot''' ({{IPAc-en\|s\|ʊ\|t}} {{respell\|suut}}) is a mass of impure [[Carbonaceous\|carbon]] particles resulting from the incomplete [[combustion]] of [[hydrocarbon]]s.<ref name="modeling">{{cite journal \|last1=Omidvarborna \|title=Recent studies on soot modeling for diesel combustion \|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews \|volume=48 \|pages=635–647 \|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019 \|display-authors=et al \|year=2015\|bibcode=2015RSERv..48..635O }}</ref> Soot is considered a hazardous substance with carcinogenic properties.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Carbon Black\| last=Kliment\| first=Josef\| publisher=Czech Association of Industrial Chemistry\|year=2008\|isbn=978-80-02-02004-2\|location=Zlín}}</ref> Most broadly, the term includes all the particulate matter produced by this process, including [[black carbon]] and residual [[Pyrolysis\|pyrolysed]] fuel particles such as [[coal]], [[cenosphere]]s, charred wood, and [[petroleum coke]] classified as [[Coke (fuel)\|cokes]] or [[Char (chemistry)\|char]]. It can include [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] and heavy metals like mercury.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-09-13\|title=Black Carbon: A Deadly Air Pollutant\|url=https://nomoreplanet.com/black-carbon/\|access-date=2020-11-01\|website=NoMorePlanet.com\|language=en-US\|archive-date=2021-03-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304185122/https://nomoreplanet.com/black-carbon/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	Soot causes various types of [[cancer]] and lung disease.<ref>		Soot causes various types of [[cancer]] and lung disease.<ref>

Ost316: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2024-10-02T22:11:25Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:11, 2 October 2024
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	Among these [[Diesel fuel\|diesel]] emission components, [[particulates\|particulate matter]] has been a serious concern for human health due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs. In earlier times, health professionals associated [[Particulates#Size, shape and solubility matter\|PM]]<sub>10</sub> (diameter < 10 [[μm]]) with chronic lung disease, [[lung cancer]], [[influenza]], [[asthma]], and increased [[mortality rate]]. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more closely linked with fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ultra-fine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub>).<ref name="modeling"/>		Among these [[Diesel fuel\|diesel]] emission components, [[particulates\|particulate matter]] has been a serious concern for human health due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs. In earlier times, health professionals associated [[Particulates#Size, shape and solubility matter\|PM]]<sub>10</sub> (diameter < 10 [[μm]]) with chronic lung disease, [[lung cancer]], [[influenza]], [[asthma]], and increased [[mortality rate]]. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more closely linked with fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ultra-fine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub>).<ref name="modeling"/>

	Long-term [[Exposure to toxins\|exposure]] to [[urban air pollution]] containing soot increases the risk of [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/5/447 "Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women"] Kristin A. Miller, David S. Siscovick, [[Lianne Sheppard]], Kristen Shepherd, Jeffrey H. Sullivan, Garnet L. Anderson, and Joel D. Kaufman, in ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' February 1, 2007</ref>		Long-term [[Exposure to toxins\|exposure]] to [[urban air pollution]] containing soot increases the risk of [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/5/447 "Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202183626/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/5/447 \|date=2007-02-02 }} Kristin A. Miller, David S. Siscovick, [[Lianne Sheppard]], Kristen Shepherd, Jeffrey H. Sullivan, Garnet L. Anderson, and Joel D. Kaufman, in ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' February 1, 2007</ref>

	Diesel [[Exhaust gas\|exhaust]] (DE) gas is a major contributor to [[combustion]]-derived particulate-matter air pollution.<ref name="b20"/> In human experimental studies using an exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to [[Acute toxicity\|acute]] [[vascular]] [[Abnormality (behavior)\|dysfunction]] and increased [[thrombus]] formation.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man \|first1=Andrew J. \|last1=Lucking \|first2=Magnus \|last2=Lundback \|first3=Nicholas L. \|last3=Mills \|first4=Dana \|last4=Faratian \|first5=Stefan L. \|last5=Barath \|first6=Jamshid \|last6=Pourazar \|first7=Flemming R. \|last7=Cassee \|first8=Kenneth \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Nicholas A. \|last9=Boon \|first10=Juan J. \|last10=Badimon \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|first13=David E. \|last13=Newby \|display-authors=1 \|journal=European Heart Journal \|volume=29 \|issue=24 \|year=2008 \|pages=3043–3051 \|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464 \|doi-access=free \|pmid=18952612 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|title=Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans after Diesel Exhaust Inhalation \|first1=Håkan \|last1=Törnqvist \|first2=Nicholas L. \|last2=Mills \|first3=Manuel \|last3=Gonzalez \|first4=Mark R. \|last4=Miller \|first5=Simon D. \|last5=Robinson \|first6=Ian L. \|last6=Megson \|first7=William \|last7=MacNee \|first8=Ken \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Stefan \|last9=Söderberg \|first10=David E. \|last10=Newby \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|display-authors=1 \|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine \|volume=176 \|issue=4 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1164/rccm.200606-872OC \|pmid=17446340 \|pages=395–400 }}</ref> This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		Diesel [[Exhaust gas\|exhaust]] (DE) gas is a major contributor to [[combustion]]-derived particulate-matter air pollution.<ref name="b20"/> In human experimental studies using an exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to [[Acute toxicity\|acute]] [[vascular]] [[Abnormality (behavior)\|dysfunction]] and increased [[thrombus]] formation.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man \|first1=Andrew J. \|last1=Lucking \|first2=Magnus \|last2=Lundback \|first3=Nicholas L. \|last3=Mills \|first4=Dana \|last4=Faratian \|first5=Stefan L. \|last5=Barath \|first6=Jamshid \|last6=Pourazar \|first7=Flemming R. \|last7=Cassee \|first8=Kenneth \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Nicholas A. \|last9=Boon \|first10=Juan J. \|last10=Badimon \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|first13=David E. \|last13=Newby \|display-authors=1 \|journal=European Heart Journal \|volume=29 \|issue=24 \|year=2008 \|pages=3043–3051 \|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464 \|doi-access=free \|pmid=18952612 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|title=Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans after Diesel Exhaust Inhalation \|first1=Håkan \|last1=Törnqvist \|first2=Nicholas L. \|last2=Mills \|first3=Manuel \|last3=Gonzalez \|first4=Mark R. \|last4=Miller \|first5=Simon D. \|last5=Robinson \|first6=Ian L. \|last6=Megson \|first7=William \|last7=MacNee \|first8=Ken \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Stefan \|last9=Söderberg \|first10=David E. \|last10=Newby \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|display-authors=1 \|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine \|volume=176 \|issue=4 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1164/rccm.200606-872OC \|pmid=17446340 \|pages=395–400 }}</ref> This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:18, 28 September 2024
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	==Terminology==		==Terminology==
	===Definition===		===Definition===
	Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]] and hence be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 }}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| ~~pages~~ = \| ~~date~~ =~~2017~~ \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"		Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> For example, [[Atmospheric science\|atmospheric scientists]] may use a different definition compared to [[Toxicology\|toxicologists]]. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning of [[Hydrocarbon\|hydrocarbons]] or organic fuel such as wood. Some note that soot may be formed by other high temperature processes, not just by burning.<ref name ="Sipkens2023"/> Soot typically takes an [[aerosol]] form when first created. It tends to eventually settle onto surfaces, though some parts of it may be decomposed while still airborne. In some definitions, soot is defined purely as [[carbonaceous]] particles, but in others it is defined to include the whole ensemble of particles resulting from partial combustion of [[organic matter]] or [[fossil fuels]] - as such it can include non carbon elements like [[Sulfur\|sulphur]] and even traces of metal. In many definitions, soot is assumed to be black, but in some definitions it can be composed partly or even mainly of [[brown carbon]] and hence be medium or even light gray in colour.<ref name ="Sipkens2023">{{cite journal \| author = Sipkens ''et all'' \| title =Overview of methods to characterize the mass, size, and morphology of soot \| journal = [[Journal of Aerosol Science]] \| volume = 173\| pages = \| date = 2023\| pmid = \| doi =10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106211 }}</ref><ref name="Rituraj2017">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Rituraj N , Kumar TA \| title =The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways \| journal = [[Frontiers in Immunology]] \| volume =8 \| date =2017 \| page =763 \| pmid = 28713383\| doi =10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =5492873 }}</ref><ref name = "Petzold2013">{{cite journal \| author = Petzold ''et all'' \| title = Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements \| journal = [[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] \| volume =13 \| pages = 8365–8379\| date =2013 \| issue = 16 \| pmid = \| doi =10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "long2013">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions\| journal = [[Environmental Pollution (journal)]] \| volume =181 \| pages = 271–286\| date = 2013 \| pmid = 23850403\| doi =10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009 \|quote = "the terms carbon black and soot have often been used interchangeably ... other terms like soot, elemental carbon, and graphitic carbon continue to be used synonymously with black carbon"
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	===Related terms===		===Related terms===
	Terms like "soot", "carbon black", and "black carbon" are often used to mean the same thing, even in the scientific literature, but other scientists have stated this is incorrect and that they refer to chemically and physically distinct things.<ref name = "long2013"/><ref name="Rituraj2017"/><ref name = "Watson2001">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Watson AY, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black and soot: two different substances \| journal = [[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene]] \| volume =62 \| pages = \| date =2001 \| pmid = \| doi = 10.1080/15298660108984625 }}</ref>		Terms like "soot", "carbon black", and "black carbon" are often used to mean the same thing, even in the scientific literature, but other scientists have stated this is incorrect and that they refer to chemically and physically distinct things.<ref name = "long2013"/><ref name="Rituraj2017"/><ref name = "Watson2001">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Watson AY, Valberg PA \| title = Carbon black and soot: two different substances \| journal = [[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene]] \| volume =62 \| pages = 218–228\| date =2001 \| issue = 2 \| pmid = 11331994\| doi = 10.1080/15298660108984625 }}</ref>

	'''[[Carbon black]]''' is a term for the industrial production of powdery carbonaceous matter which has been underway since the 19th century. Carbon black is composed almost entirely of elemental carbon. Carbon black is not found in regular soot - only in the special soot that is intentionally produced for its manufacture, mostly from specialised oil furnaces.<ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/>		'''[[Carbon black]]''' is a term for the industrial production of powdery carbonaceous matter which has been underway since the 19th century. Carbon black is composed almost entirely of elemental carbon. Carbon black is not found in regular soot - only in the special soot that is intentionally produced for its manufacture, mostly from specialised oil furnaces.<ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/>

	'''[[Black carbon]]''' is a term that arose in the late twentieth century among atmospheric scientists, to describe strongly light absorbing carbonaceous particles which have a significant [[climate forcing]] affect - second only to {{CO2}} itself as a contributor to short term global warming. The term is sometimes used synonymously with soot, but is now used preferentially in atmospheric science, though some prefer more precise terms like 'light-absorbing carbon'. <ref>{{cite journal \| author=[[Tami Bond]] \|author2=Robert W. Bergstrom\| date=2020-09-13\|title=Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review\|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology \|volume=40 \|pages=27–67 \|doi=10.1080/02786820500421521\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786820500421521}}</ref> Unlike carbon black, black carbon is produced unintentionally. The chemical composition of ''black carbon'' is much more varied, and typically has a much lower proportion of elemental carbon , compared with ''carbon black''. <ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/> In some definitions, black carbon also includes [[charcoal]], a type of matter where the chunks tend to be too large to have an aerosol form as is the case with soot.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burke M, Marín-Spiotta E, Ponette-González AG \| title =Black carbon in urban soils: land use and climate drive variation at the surface. \| journal = [[Carbon Balance and Management]] \| volume =9 \| ~~pages~~ = \| ~~date~~ =~~2024~~ \| pmid = \| doi =10.1186/s13021-024-00255-3 }}</ref>		'''[[Black carbon]]''' is a term that arose in the late twentieth century among atmospheric scientists, to describe strongly light absorbing carbonaceous particles which have a significant [[climate forcing]] affect - second only to {{CO2}} itself as a contributor to short term global warming. The term is sometimes used synonymously with soot, but is now used preferentially in atmospheric science, though some prefer more precise terms like 'light-absorbing carbon'. <ref>{{cite journal \| author=[[Tami Bond]] \|author2=Robert W. Bergstrom\| date=2020-09-13\|title=Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review\|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology \|volume=40 \|pages=27–67 \|doi=10.1080/02786820500421521\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786820500421521}}</ref> Unlike carbon black, black carbon is produced unintentionally. The chemical composition of ''black carbon'' is much more varied, and typically has a much lower proportion of elemental carbon , compared with ''carbon black''. <ref name = "long2013"/> <ref name="Rituraj2017"/> In some definitions, black carbon also includes [[charcoal]], a type of matter where the chunks tend to be too large to have an aerosol form as is the case with soot.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Burke M, Marín-Spiotta E, Ponette-González AG \| title =Black carbon in urban soils: land use and climate drive variation at the surface. \| journal = [[Carbon Balance and Management]] \| volume =9 \| date =2024 \| issue =1 \| page =9 \| pmid = 38429441\| doi =10.1186/s13021-024-00255-3 \| doi-access =free \| pmc =10908174 }}</ref>

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:11, 2 October 2024
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	Among these [[Diesel fuel\|diesel]] emission components, [[particulates\|particulate matter]] has been a serious concern for human health due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs. In earlier times, health professionals associated [[Particulates#Size, shape and solubility matter\|PM]]<sub>10</sub> (diameter < 10 [[μm]]) with chronic lung disease, [[lung cancer]], [[influenza]], [[asthma]], and increased [[mortality rate]]. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more closely linked with fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ultra-fine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub>).<ref name="modeling"/>		Among these [[Diesel fuel\|diesel]] emission components, [[particulates\|particulate matter]] has been a serious concern for human health due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs. In earlier times, health professionals associated [[Particulates#Size, shape and solubility matter\|PM]]<sub>10</sub> (diameter < 10 [[μm]]) with chronic lung disease, [[lung cancer]], [[influenza]], [[asthma]], and increased [[mortality rate]]. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more closely linked with fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ultra-fine particles (PM<sub>0.1</sub>).<ref name="modeling"/>

	Long-term [[Exposure to toxins\|exposure]] to [[urban air pollution]] containing soot increases the risk of [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/5/447 "Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women"] Kristin A. Miller, David S. Siscovick, [[Lianne Sheppard]], Kristen Shepherd, Jeffrey H. Sullivan, Garnet L. Anderson, and Joel D. Kaufman, in ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' February 1, 2007</ref>		Long-term [[Exposure to toxins\|exposure]] to [[urban air pollution]] containing soot increases the risk of [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/5/447 "Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202183626/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/5/447 \|date=2007-02-02 }} Kristin A. Miller, David S. Siscovick, [[Lianne Sheppard]], Kristen Shepherd, Jeffrey H. Sullivan, Garnet L. Anderson, and Joel D. Kaufman, in ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' February 1, 2007</ref>

	Diesel [[Exhaust gas\|exhaust]] (DE) gas is a major contributor to [[combustion]]-derived particulate-matter air pollution.<ref name="b20"/> In human experimental studies using an exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to [[Acute toxicity\|acute]] [[vascular]] [[Abnormality (behavior)\|dysfunction]] and increased [[thrombus]] formation.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man \|first1=Andrew J. \|last1=Lucking \|first2=Magnus \|last2=Lundback \|first3=Nicholas L. \|last3=Mills \|first4=Dana \|last4=Faratian \|first5=Stefan L. \|last5=Barath \|first6=Jamshid \|last6=Pourazar \|first7=Flemming R. \|last7=Cassee \|first8=Kenneth \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Nicholas A. \|last9=Boon \|first10=Juan J. \|last10=Badimon \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|first13=David E. \|last13=Newby \|display-authors=1 \|journal=European Heart Journal \|volume=29 \|issue=24 \|year=2008 \|pages=3043–3051 \|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464 \|doi-access=free \|pmid=18952612 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|title=Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans after Diesel Exhaust Inhalation \|first1=Håkan \|last1=Törnqvist \|first2=Nicholas L. \|last2=Mills \|first3=Manuel \|last3=Gonzalez \|first4=Mark R. \|last4=Miller \|first5=Simon D. \|last5=Robinson \|first6=Ian L. \|last6=Megson \|first7=William \|last7=MacNee \|first8=Ken \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Stefan \|last9=Söderberg \|first10=David E. \|last10=Newby \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|display-authors=1 \|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine \|volume=176 \|issue=4 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1164/rccm.200606-872OC \|pmid=17446340 \|pages=395–400 }}</ref> This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		Diesel [[Exhaust gas\|exhaust]] (DE) gas is a major contributor to [[combustion]]-derived particulate-matter air pollution.<ref name="b20"/> In human experimental studies using an exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to [[Acute toxicity\|acute]] [[vascular]] [[Abnormality (behavior)\|dysfunction]] and increased [[thrombus]] formation.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man \|first1=Andrew J. \|last1=Lucking \|first2=Magnus \|last2=Lundback \|first3=Nicholas L. \|last3=Mills \|first4=Dana \|last4=Faratian \|first5=Stefan L. \|last5=Barath \|first6=Jamshid \|last6=Pourazar \|first7=Flemming R. \|last7=Cassee \|first8=Kenneth \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Nicholas A. \|last9=Boon \|first10=Juan J. \|last10=Badimon \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|first13=David E. \|last13=Newby \|display-authors=1 \|journal=European Heart Journal \|volume=29 \|issue=24 \|year=2008 \|pages=3043–3051 \|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464 \|doi-access=free \|pmid=18952612 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|title=Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans after Diesel Exhaust Inhalation \|first1=Håkan \|last1=Törnqvist \|first2=Nicholas L. \|last2=Mills \|first3=Manuel \|last3=Gonzalez \|first4=Mark R. \|last4=Miller \|first5=Simon D. \|last5=Robinson \|first6=Ian L. \|last6=Megson \|first7=William \|last7=MacNee \|first8=Ken \|last8=Donaldson \|first9=Stefan \|last9=Söderberg \|first10=David E. \|last10=Newby \|first11=Thomas \|last11=Sandström \|first12=Anders \|last12=Blomberg \|display-authors=1 \|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine \|volume=176 \|issue=4 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1164/rccm.200606-872OC \|pmid=17446340 \|pages=395–400 }}</ref> This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.