Stabilimentum - Revision history

Cyclosa: /* Form */ added Cyclosa detritus stabilimentum

2024-08-01T13:11:59Z

Form: added Cyclosa detritus stabilimentum

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:11, 1 August 2024
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	==Form==		==Form==
	Although web decorations are common in several spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]], and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes several species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. ''[[Argiope argentata]]'', more commonly known as silver argiopes, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as vertical lines, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=~~1 March 2016~~ Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>		Although web decorations are common in several spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]], and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes several species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. ''[[Argiope argentata]]'', more commonly known as silver argiopes, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as vertical lines, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. Some ''[[Cyclosa]]'' spiders and ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location
	Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X-shaped decorations		Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X-shaped decorations
		⚫	Signature spider (Argiope sp.) female web stabilimentum.jpg\|''Argiope'' sp.
	Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum		Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum
	Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa sp.'', [[India]]		Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa'' sp., [[India]]
			Cyclosa_oculata.JPG\| Detritus stabilimentum of ''[[Cyclosa]] oculata''
⚫	Signature spider (Argiope sp.) female web stabilimentum.jpg\|''Argiope sp.''
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Charlesjsharp: added image

2024-06-28T19:34:03Z

added image

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:34, 28 June 2024
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	{{short description\|Conspicuous, usually zig-zagged, silk structure in some orb-weaver spider webs}}		{{short description\|Conspicuous, usually zig-zagged, silk structure in some orb-weaver spider webs}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2020}}
	[[File:Argiope sp.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|An ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]'' ~~spider~~ ~~sitting on the stabilimentum at the center of the web.~~]]		[[File:Orb weaver spider (Argiope flavipalpis) female on web Nyamebe Bepo.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope flavipalpis]]'' adult female]]
			[[File:Argiope sp.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|An ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]'' juvenile female<br>spiders both same genus<br>on the stabilimentum at the center of the web.]]
	A '''stabilimentum''' (plural: '''stabilimenta'''), also known as a '''web decoration''', is a conspicuous [[spider silk\|silk]] structure included in the webs of some species of [[Spider web#Types of spider webs\|orb-web]] [[spider]]. Its function is a subject of debate.		A '''stabilimentum''' (plural: '''stabilimenta'''), also known as a '''web decoration''', is a conspicuous [[spider silk\|silk]] structure included in the webs of some species of [[Spider web#Types of spider webs\|orb-web]] [[spider]]. Its function is a subject of debate.

Nicholas0: /* Function */ clearer wording

2024-05-17T21:56:22Z

Function: clearer wording

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:56, 17 May 2024
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	There is much controversy surrounding the function of these structures, and different species likely use them for different purposes.		There is much controversy surrounding the function of these structures, and different species likely use them for different purposes.

	Originally the decorations were thought to stabilize the web (hence the term ''stabilimentum''),<ref>Robinson & Robinson 1970</ref> though this hypothesis has since been dismissed because it was found that the decoration is only loosely attached to the web so that the actual influence on the stability could be minor.<ref>Stark 2002</ref>		Originally the decorations were thought to stabilize the web (hence the term ''stabilimentum''),<ref>Robinson & Robinson 1970</ref> though this hypothesis has since been dismissed because it was found that the decoration is only loosely attached to the web so that the actual influence on the stability could only be minor.<ref>Stark 2002</ref>

	Notable is the fact that stabilimentum-building spiders are largely [[diurnality\|diurnal]].<ref name=beheco>{{cite journal \|last1=Blackledge \|first1=Todd A. \|last2=Wenzel \|first2=John W. \|date=1 July 1999 \|title=Do stabilimenta in orb webs attract prey or defend spiders? \|journal=Behavioral Ecology \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|volume=10 \|issue=4 \|pages=372–376 \|doi=10.1093/beheco/10.4.372 \|issn=1045-2249\|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been suggested that stabilimenta could protect the spider by either camouflaging it (by breaking up its outline) or making it appear larger (by extending its outline).<ref>Schoener & Spiller 1999</ref> Another hypothesis is that they make the web visible and therefore animals such as birds are less likely to damage the spider's web.<ref>Herberstein et al. 2000; Bruce 2006; Eisner & Nowicki 1983</ref> More recent work (2016) has leaned toward this latter hypothesis, further finding that food capture was reduced by their presence. The authors note that regardless of function, there is a high cost to building a stabilimentum, and therefore the benefit must be equally large.<ref name=beheco />		Notable is the fact that stabilimentum-building spiders are largely [[diurnality\|diurnal]].<ref name=beheco>{{cite journal \|last1=Blackledge \|first1=Todd A. \|last2=Wenzel \|first2=John W. \|date=1 July 1999 \|title=Do stabilimenta in orb webs attract prey or defend spiders? \|journal=Behavioral Ecology \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|volume=10 \|issue=4 \|pages=372–376 \|doi=10.1093/beheco/10.4.372 \|issn=1045-2249\|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been suggested that stabilimenta could protect the spider by either camouflaging it (by breaking up its outline) or making it appear larger (by extending its outline).<ref>Schoener & Spiller 1999</ref> Another hypothesis is that they make the web visible and therefore animals such as birds are less likely to damage the spider's web.<ref>Herberstein et al. 2000; Bruce 2006; Eisner & Nowicki 1983</ref> More recent work (2016) has leaned toward this latter hypothesis, further finding that food capture was reduced by their presence. The authors note that regardless of function, there is a high cost to building a stabilimentum, and therefore the benefit must be equally large.<ref name=beheco />

TheLivingDanish1: grammar

2023-11-23T17:30:03Z

grammar

DragonflySixtyseven: -

2023-11-23T14:09:29Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:09, 23 November 2023
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	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location
	Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X shaped decorations		Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X-shaped decorations
	Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum		Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum
	Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa sp.'', [[India]]		Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa sp.'', [[India]]

Rkieferbaum: error 64 in CWP + clean up

2023-04-29T11:19:24Z

error 64 in CWP + clean up

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:19, 29 April 2023
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	==Form==		==Form==
	Although web decorations are common in a number of spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]] and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes a number of species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. [[Argiope argentata\|''~~Argiope argentata'']]~~, more commonly known as silver argiope, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical line, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>		Although web decorations are common in a number of spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]] and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes a number of species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. ''[[Argiope argentata]]'', more commonly known as silver argiope, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical line, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location
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	While many ''[[Uloborus]]'' species construct stabilimenta, ''Uloborus gibbosus'' does not; it usually rests at an edge of its orb and drops to the ground if disturbed. This is thought to support the web camouflage hypothesis. In contrast, the strongly UV-reflecting stabilimentum of the uloborid ''[[Octonoba]] sybotides'' was found to be attractive to ''[[Drosophila]]'' flies.<ref name=Eberhard2006/>		While many ''[[Uloborus]]'' species construct stabilimenta, ''Uloborus gibbosus'' does not; it usually rests at an edge of its orb and drops to the ground if disturbed. This is thought to support the web camouflage hypothesis. In contrast, the strongly UV-reflecting stabilimentum of the uloborid ''[[Octonoba]] sybotides'' was found to be attractive to ''[[Drosophila]]'' flies.<ref name=Eberhard2006/>

	Several evolutionary models were proposed for the inconsistency in function across species. Stark<ref>Stark (2002)</ref> argued that although these hypotheses seemingly conflict, they might not be mutually exclusive, and suggested that we could take a hierarchical approach to model this problem: the predominant factor leading to stabilimentum production (i.e., the main function of the decoration) in each population might be different depending on the prey-and-predating context of that population. For example, in an environment where the food is abundant but predation pressure is high, the food resources are less important than prey avoidance. Therefore, it might appear that the stabilimentum has little to no effect on attracting prey but functions well as a distraction of predators. Walter<ref>Walter (2018)</ref> offered a similar but more specific solution. He stated that the function of stabilimenta might not even be pattern or species specific. Instead, he hypothesized that the visual signaling effect of stabilimenta might be derived from some non-signaling trait that is connected to other aspects of web-building behavior, such as silk disposition; this behavior was then selected preferentially to the specific ecological environment, and therefore would be displayed through different patterns and functions among various habitats.{{~~fact~~\|date=April 2022}}		Several evolutionary models were proposed for the inconsistency in function across species. Stark<ref>Stark (2002)</ref> argued that although these hypotheses seemingly conflict, they might not be mutually exclusive, and suggested that we could take a hierarchical approach to model this problem: the predominant factor leading to stabilimentum production (i.e., the main function of the decoration) in each population might be different depending on the prey-and-predating context of that population. For example, in an environment where the food is abundant but predation pressure is high, the food resources are less important than prey avoidance. Therefore, it might appear that the stabilimentum has little to no effect on attracting prey but functions well as a distraction of predators. Walter<ref>Walter (2018)</ref> offered a similar but more specific solution. He stated that the function of stabilimenta might not even be pattern or species specific. Instead, he hypothesized that the visual signaling effect of stabilimenta might be derived from some non-signaling trait that is connected to other aspects of web-building behavior, such as silk disposition; this behavior was then selected preferentially to the specific ecological environment, and therefore would be displayed through different patterns and functions among various habitats.{{citation needed\|date=April 2022}}

	In ''[[Cyclosa argenteoalba]],'' web decorations were found to support Stark's hypothesis above in that they do not attract prey and instead deter predators. This was determined through experiments where the spiders produced longer silk decorations when there was an increased predation risk, but was not affected by the amount of available prey.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Nakata\|first=Kensuke\|date=November 2009\|title=To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider's web decoration building\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|journal=Animal Behaviour\|volume=78\|issue=5\|pages=1255–1260\|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|s2cid=53183028\|issn=0003-3472}}</ref>		In ''[[Cyclosa argenteoalba]],'' web decorations were found to support Stark's hypothesis above in that they do not attract prey and instead deter predators. This was determined through experiments where the spiders produced longer silk decorations when there was an increased predation risk, but was not affected by the amount of available prey.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Nakata\|first=Kensuke\|date=November 2009\|title=To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider's web decoration building\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|journal=Animal Behaviour\|volume=78\|issue=5\|pages=1255–1260\|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|s2cid=53183028\|issn=0003-3472}}</ref>

Waddie96: Clearer wording

2023-04-11T11:06:39Z

Clearer wording

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:06, 11 April 2023
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	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==
	It is claimed that [[E. B. White]] came up with the idea of a writing spider for his book ''[[Charlotte's Web]]'' ~~after observing stabilimenta in a spider web.~~<ref>[http://www.americaswetlandresources.com/wildlife_ecology/plants_animals_ecology/animals/invertebrates/spiders/gardenspiders.html America's Wetland Foundation: Garden Spiders]</ref><ref>[http://bugguide.net/node/view/1972 BugGuide.Net: Family Araneidae – Orb Weavers]</ref>		It is claimed that, after observing stabilimenta in a spider web, [[E. B. White]] came up with the idea of a writing spider for his book ''[[Charlotte's Web]].''<ref>[http://www.americaswetlandresources.com/wildlife_ecology/plants_animals_ecology/animals/invertebrates/spiders/gardenspiders.html America's Wetland Foundation: Garden Spiders]</ref><ref>[http://bugguide.net/node/view/1972 BugGuide.Net: Family Araneidae – Orb Weavers]</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

Waddie96: Italics

2023-04-11T11:02:58Z

Italics

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:02, 11 April 2023
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	==Form==		==Form==
	Although web decorations are common in a number of spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]] and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes a number of species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. [[Argiope argentata]], more commonly known as silver argiope, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical line, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>		Although web decorations are common in a number of spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]] and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes a number of species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. [[Argiope argentata\|''Argiope argentata'']], more commonly known as silver argiope, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical line, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location

Peter coxhead: don't wikilink to part of a binomial

2022-12-12T15:59:57Z

don't wikilink to part of a binomial

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:59, 12 December 2022
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	==Form==		==Form==
	Although web decorations are common in a number of spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]] and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes a number of species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. [[Argiope argentata]], more commonly known as silver argiope, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical line, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia ~~(spider)\|Azilia~~]] ~~vachoni~~'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of Azilia vachoni (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>		Although web decorations are common in a number of spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]] and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes a number of species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. [[Argiope argentata]], more commonly known as silver argiope, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical line, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:28, 27 October 2022
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	*{{aut\|Bjorkman-Chiswell, Bojun T.; Kulinski, Melissa M.; Muscat, Robert L.; Nguyen, Kim A.; Norton, Briony A.; Symonds, Matthew R.E.; Westhorpe, Gina E. & Elgar, Mark A.}} (2004): Web-building spiders attract prey by storing decaying matter. ''Naturwissenschaften'' '''91''': 245–248. {{doi\|10.1007/s00114-004-0524-x}}		*{{aut\|Bjorkman-Chiswell, Bojun T.; Kulinski, Melissa M.; Muscat, Robert L.; Nguyen, Kim A.; Norton, Briony A.; Symonds, Matthew R.E.; Westhorpe, Gina E. & Elgar, Mark A.}} (2004): Web-building spiders attract prey by storing decaying matter. ''Naturwissenschaften'' '''91''': 245–248. {{doi\|10.1007/s00114-004-0524-x}}
	*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J. & Herberstein, Marie E.}} (2005): Web decoration polymorphism in ''Argiope'' Audouin, 1826 (Ananeidae) spiders: ontogenetic and interspecific variation. ''Journal of Natural History'' '''44''': 3833–3845. [http://www.bio.mq.edu.au/behaviouralecology/Marie%20page/Bruce%20&%20Herberstein%2005%20web%20dec%20polymorphism.pdf PDF]		*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J. & Herberstein, Marie E.}} (2005): Web decoration polymorphism in ''Argiope'' Audouin, 1826 (Ananeidae) spiders: ontogenetic and interspecific variation. ''Journal of Natural History'' '''44''': 3833–3845. [http://www.bio.mq.edu.au/behaviouralecology/Marie%20page/Bruce%20&%20Herberstein%2005%20web%20dec%20polymorphism.pdf PDF]
	*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J.}} (2006): Silk decorations controversy and consensus. ''Journal of Zoology'' '''269''': 89–97. {{~~DOI~~\|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00047.x}}		*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J.}} (2006): Silk decorations controversy and consensus. ''Journal of Zoology'' '''269''': 89–97. {{doi\|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00047.x}}
	*{{aut\|Craig, Catherine L. & Bernard, Gary D.}} (1990): Insect attraction to ultraviolet-reflecting spider webs and web decorations. ''Ecology'' '''71''': 616–623. {{doi\|10.2307/1940315}}		*{{aut\|Craig, Catherine L. & Bernard, Gary D.}} (1990): Insect attraction to ultraviolet-reflecting spider webs and web decorations. ''Ecology'' '''71''': 616–623. {{doi\|10.2307/1940315}}
	*{{aut\|Eberhard, William G.}} (2003): Substitution of silk stabilimenta for egg sacks by ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' (Araneae: Araneidae) suggests that silk stabilimenta function as camouflage devices. ''Behaviour'' '''140''': 847–868. {{doi\| 10.1163/156853903770238346}}		*{{aut\|Eberhard, William G.}} (2003): Substitution of silk stabilimenta for egg sacks by ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' (Araneae: Araneidae) suggests that silk stabilimenta function as camouflage devices. ''Behaviour'' '''140''': 847–868. {{doi\| 10.1163/156853903770238346}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:11, 1 August 2024
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	==Form==		==Form==
	Although web decorations are common in several spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]], and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes several species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. ''[[Argiope argentata]]'', more commonly known as silver argiopes, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as vertical lines, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=~~1 March 2016~~ Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>		Although web decorations are common in several spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]], and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes several species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. ''[[Argiope argentata]]'', more commonly known as silver argiopes, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as vertical lines, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. Some ''[[Cyclosa]]'' spiders and ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location
	Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X-shaped decorations		Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X-shaped decorations
		⚫	Signature spider (Argiope sp.) female web stabilimentum.jpg\|''Argiope'' sp.
	Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum		Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum
	Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa sp.'', [[India]]		Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa'' sp., [[India]]
			Cyclosa_oculata.JPG\| Detritus stabilimentum of ''[[Cyclosa]] oculata''
⚫	Signature spider (Argiope sp.) female web stabilimentum.jpg\|''Argiope sp.''
	</gallery>		</gallery>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:34, 28 June 2024
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	{{short description\|Conspicuous, usually zig-zagged, silk structure in some orb-weaver spider webs}}		{{short description\|Conspicuous, usually zig-zagged, silk structure in some orb-weaver spider webs}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2020}}
	[[File:Argiope sp.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|An ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]'' ~~spider~~ ~~sitting on the stabilimentum at the center of the web.~~]]		[[File:Orb weaver spider (Argiope flavipalpis) female on web Nyamebe Bepo.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope flavipalpis]]'' adult female]]
			[[File:Argiope sp.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|An ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]'' juvenile female<br>spiders both same genus<br>on the stabilimentum at the center of the web.]]
	A '''stabilimentum''' (plural: '''stabilimenta'''), also known as a '''web decoration''', is a conspicuous [[spider silk\|silk]] structure included in the webs of some species of [[Spider web#Types of spider webs\|orb-web]] [[spider]]. Its function is a subject of debate.		A '''stabilimentum''' (plural: '''stabilimenta'''), also known as a '''web decoration''', is a conspicuous [[spider silk\|silk]] structure included in the webs of some species of [[Spider web#Types of spider webs\|orb-web]] [[spider]]. Its function is a subject of debate.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:09, 23 November 2023
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	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location
	Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X shaped decorations		Argiope aetherea 5055.jpg\|''[[Argiope aetherea]]'' from Australia build X-shaped decorations
	Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum		Octonoba.yaeyamensis.stabilimentum.1.-.takinawa.jpg\|An ''[[Octonoba yaeyamensis]]'' with a spiral stabilimentum
	Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa sp.'', [[India]]		Orb weaver spider (Cyclosa sp.) web stabilimentum.jpg\|Oval spiral ''Cyclosa sp.'', [[India]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:28, 27 October 2022
Line 52:		Line 52:
	*{{aut\|Bjorkman-Chiswell, Bojun T.; Kulinski, Melissa M.; Muscat, Robert L.; Nguyen, Kim A.; Norton, Briony A.; Symonds, Matthew R.E.; Westhorpe, Gina E. & Elgar, Mark A.}} (2004): Web-building spiders attract prey by storing decaying matter. ''Naturwissenschaften'' '''91''': 245–248. {{doi\|10.1007/s00114-004-0524-x}}		*{{aut\|Bjorkman-Chiswell, Bojun T.; Kulinski, Melissa M.; Muscat, Robert L.; Nguyen, Kim A.; Norton, Briony A.; Symonds, Matthew R.E.; Westhorpe, Gina E. & Elgar, Mark A.}} (2004): Web-building spiders attract prey by storing decaying matter. ''Naturwissenschaften'' '''91''': 245–248. {{doi\|10.1007/s00114-004-0524-x}}
	*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J. & Herberstein, Marie E.}} (2005): Web decoration polymorphism in ''Argiope'' Audouin, 1826 (Ananeidae) spiders: ontogenetic and interspecific variation. ''Journal of Natural History'' '''44''': 3833–3845. [http://www.bio.mq.edu.au/behaviouralecology/Marie%20page/Bruce%20&%20Herberstein%2005%20web%20dec%20polymorphism.pdf PDF]		*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J. & Herberstein, Marie E.}} (2005): Web decoration polymorphism in ''Argiope'' Audouin, 1826 (Ananeidae) spiders: ontogenetic and interspecific variation. ''Journal of Natural History'' '''44''': 3833–3845. [http://www.bio.mq.edu.au/behaviouralecology/Marie%20page/Bruce%20&%20Herberstein%2005%20web%20dec%20polymorphism.pdf PDF]
	*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J.}} (2006): Silk decorations controversy and consensus. ''Journal of Zoology'' '''269''': 89–97. {{~~DOI~~\|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00047.x}}		*{{aut\|Bruce, M.J.}} (2006): Silk decorations controversy and consensus. ''Journal of Zoology'' '''269''': 89–97. {{doi\|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00047.x}}
	*{{aut\|Craig, Catherine L. & Bernard, Gary D.}} (1990): Insect attraction to ultraviolet-reflecting spider webs and web decorations. ''Ecology'' '''71''': 616–623. {{doi\|10.2307/1940315}}		*{{aut\|Craig, Catherine L. & Bernard, Gary D.}} (1990): Insect attraction to ultraviolet-reflecting spider webs and web decorations. ''Ecology'' '''71''': 616–623. {{doi\|10.2307/1940315}}
	*{{aut\|Eberhard, William G.}} (2003): Substitution of silk stabilimenta for egg sacks by ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' (Araneae: Araneidae) suggests that silk stabilimenta function as camouflage devices. ''Behaviour'' '''140''': 847–868. {{doi\| 10.1163/156853903770238346}}		*{{aut\|Eberhard, William G.}} (2003): Substitution of silk stabilimenta for egg sacks by ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' (Araneae: Araneidae) suggests that silk stabilimenta function as camouflage devices. ''Behaviour'' '''140''': 847–868. {{doi\| 10.1163/156853903770238346}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:30, 23 November 2023
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	==Origin==		==Origin==
	~~It is likely that~~ the use of stabilimenta evolved independently at least nine different times.		Likely, the use of stabilimenta evolved independently at least nine different times.
	''[[Araneus]]'' and ''[[Gasteracantha]]'' make silk stabilimenta, while ''[[Cyclosa]]'' and the closely related ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' make stabilimenta of silk, detritus, and their egg sacs. All those evolved independently from those of ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]'', although some decorations of ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' closely resemble those of ''Argiope''.<ref name=Eberhard2006>Eberhard 2006</ref>		''[[Araneus]]'' and ''[[Gasteracantha]]'' make silk stabilimenta, while ''[[Cyclosa]]'' and the closely related ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' make stabilimenta of silk, detritus, and their egg sacs. All those evolved independently from those of ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]'', although some decorations of ''Allocyclosa bifurca'' closely resemble those of ''Argiope''.<ref name=Eberhard2006>Eberhard 2006</ref>

	==Form==		==Form==
	Although web decorations are common in ~~a number of~~ spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]] and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes ~~a number of~~ species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. ''[[Argiope argentata]]'', more commonly known as silver ~~argiope~~, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical ~~line~~, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>		Although web decorations are common in several spider species in the families [[Araneidae]], [[Tetragnathidae]], and [[Uloboridae]], they are probably best known from spiders of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''. This genus includes several species known as the ''Saint Andrew's Cross spiders'', so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the [[Saltire\|cross of Saint Andrew]]. ''[[Argiope argentata]]'', more commonly known as silver argiopes, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2012-01-04\|title=SDNHM: Silver Argiope spider (Argiope argentata)\|url=http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|access-date=2020-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104221714/http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/inverts/argi-arg.html\|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as vertical lines, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations.<ref>Bruce & Herberstein 2005</ref> Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. ''[[Azilia vachoni]]'' construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sewlal \|first1=Jo-Anne Nina \|title=1 March 2016 Possible Functions of the Detritus Stabilimentum and Hanging Detritus in Webs of ''Azilia vachoni'' (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) \|journal=Arachnology \|date=2016 \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–6 \|doi=10.13156/arac.2006.17.1.1\|s2cid=87967289 }}</ref>
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location		Stabilimentalobata.png\|The detail of the stabilimentum in the web of a female ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' showing its zig-zag structure and rostral location
Line 19:		Line 19:

	==Function==		==Function==
	There is much controversy surrounding the function of these structures, and it is likely ~~that different species~~ use them for different purposes.		There is much controversy surrounding the function of these structures, and different species likely use them for different purposes.

	Originally the decorations were thought to stabilize the web (hence the term ''stabilimentum''),<ref>Robinson & Robinson 1970</ref> though this hypothesis has since been dismissed because it was found that the decoration is only loosely attached to the web so that the actual influence on the stability could be minor.<ref>Stark 2002</ref>		Originally the decorations were thought to stabilize the web (hence the term ''stabilimentum''),<ref>Robinson & Robinson 1970</ref> though this hypothesis has since been dismissed because it was found that the decoration is only loosely attached to the web so that the actual influence on the stability could be minor.<ref>Stark 2002</ref>

	Notable is the fact that stabilimentum-building spiders are largely [[diurnality\|diurnal]].<ref name=beheco>{{cite journal \|last1=Blackledge \|first1=Todd A. \|last2=Wenzel \|first2=John W. \|date=1 July 1999 \|title=Do stabilimenta in orb webs attract prey or defend spiders? \|journal=Behavioral Ecology \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|volume=10 \|issue=4 \|pages=372–376 \|doi=10.1093/beheco/10.4.372 \|issn=1045-2249\|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been suggested that stabilimenta could ~~provide protection to~~ the spider by either camouflaging it (by breaking up its outline), or making it appear larger (by extending its outline).<ref>Schoener & Spiller 1999</ref> Another hypothesis is that they make the web visible and therefore animals such as birds are less likely to damage the spider's web.<ref>Herberstein et al. 2000; Bruce 2006; Eisner & Nowicki 1983</ref> More recent work (2016) has leaned toward this latter hypothesis, further finding that food capture was reduced by their presence. The authors note that regardless of function, there is a high cost to building a stabilimentum, and therefore the benefit must be equally large.<ref name=beheco />		Notable is the fact that stabilimentum-building spiders are largely [[diurnality\|diurnal]].<ref name=beheco>{{cite journal \|last1=Blackledge \|first1=Todd A. \|last2=Wenzel \|first2=John W. \|date=1 July 1999 \|title=Do stabilimenta in orb webs attract prey or defend spiders? \|journal=Behavioral Ecology \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|volume=10 \|issue=4 \|pages=372–376 \|doi=10.1093/beheco/10.4.372 \|issn=1045-2249\|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been suggested that stabilimenta could protect the spider by either camouflaging it (by breaking up its outline) or making it appear larger (by extending its outline).<ref>Schoener & Spiller 1999</ref> Another hypothesis is that they make the web visible and therefore animals such as birds are less likely to damage the spider's web.<ref>Herberstein et al. 2000; Bruce 2006; Eisner & Nowicki 1983</ref> More recent work (2016) has leaned toward this latter hypothesis, further finding that food capture was reduced by their presence. The authors note that regardless of function, there is a high cost to building a stabilimentum, and therefore the benefit must be equally large.<ref name=beheco />

	The other dominating hypothesis is that web decorations attract prey by reflecting [[ultraviolet light]].<ref name=CraigBernard1990>Craig & Bernard 1990</ref> Light in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum is known to be attractive to many species of insects.<ref name=CraigBernard1990/>		The other dominating hypothesis is that web decorations attract prey by reflecting [[ultraviolet light]].<ref name=CraigBernard1990>Craig & Bernard 1990</ref> Light in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum is known to be attractive to many species of insects.<ref name=CraigBernard1990/>

	Another hypothesis is that the purpose of the stabilimentum is to attract the male of the species to the web when the female is ready to reproduce. A limited study carried out in the Calahonda area of Spain in the summer of 1992 showed that there was a positive correlation between the presence of a male in the webs of ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' and the presence of a stabilimentum.<ref>Tickner 1992 (unpublished)</ref>{{better source needed \|reason=An unpublished study isn't sufficient, as its results aren't verifiable. \|date=April 2009}} Many other hypotheses have also been proposed, such as thermoregulation,<ref>Humphreys 1992</ref> stress{{citation needed \|date=November 2019}}, or regulation of excess silk.<ref>Tso 2004</ref> At least one species has been observed to vibrate the web, while positioned in the stabilimentum, when approached by a body the size of a human.		Another hypothesis is that the purpose of the stabilimentum is to attract the male of the species to the web when the female is ready to reproduce. A limited study carried out in the Calahonda area of Spain in the summer of 1992 showed that there was a positive correlation between the presence of a male in the webs of ''[[Argiope lobata]]'' and the presence of a stabilimentum.<ref>Tickner 1992 (unpublished)</ref>{{better source needed \|reason=An unpublished study isn't sufficient, as its results aren't verifiable. \|date=April 2009}} Many other hypotheses have also been proposed, such as thermoregulation,<ref>Humphreys 1992</ref> stress{{citation needed \|date=November 2019}}, or regulation of excess silk.<ref>Tso 2004</ref> At least one species has been observed to vibrate the web, while positioned in the stabilimentum when approached by a body the size of a human.

	While many ''[[Uloborus]]'' species construct stabilimenta, ''Uloborus gibbosus'' does not; it usually rests at an edge of its orb and drops to the ground if disturbed. This is thought to support the web camouflage hypothesis. In contrast, the strongly UV-reflecting stabilimentum of the uloborid ''[[Octonoba]] sybotides'' was found to be attractive to ''[[Drosophila]]'' flies.<ref name=Eberhard2006/>		While many ''[[Uloborus]]'' species construct stabilimenta, ''Uloborus gibbosus'' does not; it usually rests at the edge of its orb and drops to the ground if disturbed. This is thought to support the web camouflage hypothesis. In contrast, the strongly UV-reflecting stabilimentum of the uloborid ''[[Octonoba]] sybotides'' was found to be attractive to ''[[Drosophila]]'' flies.<ref name=Eberhard2006/>

	Several evolutionary models were proposed for the inconsistency in function across species. Stark<ref>Stark (2002)</ref> argued that although these hypotheses seemingly conflict, they might not be mutually exclusive, and suggested that we could take a hierarchical approach to model this problem: the predominant factor leading to stabilimentum production (i.e., the main function of the decoration) in each population might be different depending on the prey-and-predating context of that population. For example, in an environment where the food is abundant but predation pressure is high, the food resources are less important than prey avoidance. Therefore, ~~it might appear that~~ the stabilimentum ~~has~~ little to no effect on attracting prey but functions well as a distraction of predators. Walter<ref>Walter (2018)</ref> offered a similar but more specific solution. He stated that the function of stabilimenta might not even be pattern or species specific. Instead, he hypothesized that the visual signaling effect of stabilimenta might be derived from some non-signaling trait that is connected to other aspects of web-building behavior, such as silk disposition; this behavior was then selected preferentially to the specific ecological environment, and therefore would be displayed through different patterns and functions among various habitats.{{citation needed\|date=April 2022}}		Several evolutionary models were proposed for the inconsistency in function across species. Stark<ref>Stark (2002)</ref> argued that although these hypotheses seemingly conflict, they might not be mutually exclusive, and suggested that we could take a hierarchical approach to model this problem: the predominant factor leading to stabilimentum production (i.e., the main function of the decoration) in each population might be different depending on the prey-and-predating context of that population. For example, in an environment where the food is abundant but predation pressure is high, the food resources are less important than prey avoidance. Therefore, the stabilimentum might have little to no effect on attracting prey but functions well as a distraction from predators. Walter<ref>Walter (2018)</ref> offered a similar but more specific solution. He stated that the function of stabilimenta might not even be pattern or species-specific. Instead, he hypothesized that the visual signaling effect of stabilimenta might be derived from some non-signaling trait that is connected to other aspects of web-building behavior, such as silk disposition; this behavior was then selected preferentially to the specific ecological environment and therefore would be displayed through different patterns and functions among various habitats.{{citation needed\|date=April 2022}}

	In ''[[Cyclosa argenteoalba]],'' web decorations were found to support Stark's hypothesis above in that they do not attract prey and instead deter predators. This was determined through experiments where the spiders produced longer silk decorations when there was an increased predation risk, but ~~was~~ not affected by the amount of available prey.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Nakata\|first=Kensuke\|date=November 2009\|title=To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider's web decoration building\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|journal=Animal Behaviour\|volume=78\|issue=5\|pages=1255–1260\|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|s2cid=53183028\|issn=0003-3472}}</ref>		In ''[[Cyclosa argenteoalba]],'' web decorations were found to support Stark's hypothesis above in that they do not attract prey and instead deter predators. This was determined through experiments where the spiders produced longer silk decorations when there was an increased predation risk, but were not affected by the amount of available prey.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Nakata\|first=Kensuke\|date=November 2009\|title=To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider's web decoration building\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|journal=Animal Behaviour\|volume=78\|issue=5\|pages=1255–1260\|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.012\|s2cid=53183028\|issn=0003-3472}}</ref>

	==Materials==		==Materials==
	While the most conspicuous and well-studied decorations are constructed entirely of silk (for example in ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''), some spiders combine silk with other items such as egg sacs and debris (for example in ''[[Cyclosa]]''). It seems likely that these decorations camouflage the spider, thus ~~providing~~ ~~protection~~ ~~against~~ predators.<ref>Eberhard 2003</ref>		While the most conspicuous and well-studied decorations are constructed entirely of silk (for example in ''[[Argiope (spider)\|Argiope]]''), some spiders combine silk with other items such as egg sacs and debris (for example in ''[[Cyclosa]]''). It seems likely that these decorations camouflage the spider, thus protecting it from predators.<ref>Eberhard 2003</ref>

	Something different occurs in some species of the golden orb spiders in the genus ''[[Nephila]]''. These spiders commonly attach lines of uneaten prey items to their webs. Recent studies have shown that these items help the spider to attract more prey.<ref>Bjorkman-Chiswell ''et al.'' 2004</ref>		Something different occurs in some species of the golden orb spiders in the genus ''[[Nephila]]''. These spiders commonly attach lines of uneaten prey items to their webs. Recent studies have shown that these items help the spider to attract more prey.<ref>Bjorkman-Chiswell ''et al.'' 2004</ref>