Stikine River - Revision history

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Hey man im josh - 20898

2024-08-19T05:37:34Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Hey man im josh - 20898

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:37, 19 August 2024
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	{{Commons category}}		{{Commons category}}
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070518011123/http://terraserver.homeadvisor.msn.com/image.aspx?t=2&s=16&x=51&y=490&z=8&w=1 Terraserver: Stikine River Delta]		*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070518011123/http://terraserver.homeadvisor.msn.com/image.aspx?t=2&s=16&x=51&y=490&z=8&w=1 Terraserver: Stikine River Delta]
	*[http://www.panorama-map.com/STIKINE/stikine.html Stikine: The Great River]		*[http://www.panorama-map.com/STIKINE/stikine.html Stikine: The Great River] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123140527/http://www.panorama-map.com/STIKINE/stikine.html \|date=2007-01-23 }}
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312041829/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0403/feature5/ National Geographic: Canada's Stikine River Valley]		*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312041829/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0403/feature5/ National Geographic: Canada's Stikine River Valley]
	*[http://www.spacesfornature.org/greatspaces/stikine.html Stikine River Provincial Park]		*[http://www.spacesfornature.org/greatspaces/stikine.html Stikine River Provincial Park]

Volcanoguy: /* First peoples */ corrected spelling of Edziza

2024-02-26T20:04:29Z

First peoples: corrected spelling of Edziza

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:04, 26 February 2024
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	The Pacific coastal part of the Stikine basin is in the traditional lands of the [[Stikine people\|Shtax'héen Kwáan]] (Stikine band of Tlingit). Formed by the unification of several smaller clans under the hereditary lineage of [[Chief Shakes]], they controlled a large area around the mouth of the Stikine and extending well upriver.{{sfn\|Pegues\|2021\|p=65}} The original Shtax'héen Kwáan territory, estimated at {{convert\|20000\|km2\|mi2\|abbr=on}}, was the largest of any Tlingit group.<ref name="conservationgateway"/> The lands of the Tahltan people extended over much of the interior Stikine Plateau, including the entirety of the inland Stikine basin.{{sfn\|Davis\|2015\|p=4}} Tahltan and Tlingit lands met around the confluence of the Stikine and Iskut rivers. The navigable section of Stikine between the Grand Canyon and the Iskut River was shared by the Tlingit and Tahltan on a seasonal basis. In summer, Tlingit would travel up the river to [[Fish preservation\|dry salmon]] and berries in the dry interior climate. During winter the Tahltan had exclusive use of this section, which they utilized for hunting and trapping.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=11}} In the area around present-day Glenora, the Tlingit claimed use of tributaries while the Tahltan held rights to the main stem. The Tlingit also had exclusive use of certain berry patches, which were not so abundant on the coast.<ref name="Ream"/>		The Pacific coastal part of the Stikine basin is in the traditional lands of the [[Stikine people\|Shtax'héen Kwáan]] (Stikine band of Tlingit). Formed by the unification of several smaller clans under the hereditary lineage of [[Chief Shakes]], they controlled a large area around the mouth of the Stikine and extending well upriver.{{sfn\|Pegues\|2021\|p=65}} The original Shtax'héen Kwáan territory, estimated at {{convert\|20000\|km2\|mi2\|abbr=on}}, was the largest of any Tlingit group.<ref name="conservationgateway"/> The lands of the Tahltan people extended over much of the interior Stikine Plateau, including the entirety of the inland Stikine basin.{{sfn\|Davis\|2015\|p=4}} Tahltan and Tlingit lands met around the confluence of the Stikine and Iskut rivers. The navigable section of Stikine between the Grand Canyon and the Iskut River was shared by the Tlingit and Tahltan on a seasonal basis. In summer, Tlingit would travel up the river to [[Fish preservation\|dry salmon]] and berries in the dry interior climate. During winter the Tahltan had exclusive use of this section, which they utilized for hunting and trapping.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=11}} In the area around present-day Glenora, the Tlingit claimed use of tributaries while the Tahltan held rights to the main stem. The Tlingit also had exclusive use of certain berry patches, which were not so abundant on the coast.<ref name="Ream"/>

	The Tlingit, traveling in large [[dugout canoe]]s up to {{convert\|18\|m\|ft}} in length, dominated river commerce on the Stikine. They also transported goods from other coastal tribes including the [[Haida people\|Haida]] and [[Tsimshian]] into the interior, where they traded with the Tahltan. The primary trading location was at the confluence of the Stikine and Tahltan rivers. Most of the Tahltan clans visited this place every year to fish and trade.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}} From the coast, goods including [[eulachon]], salmon oil, shells, woven baskets and blankets, as well as slaves obtained by the militaristic Haida, were ferried to the interior and exchanged for furs, [[Reindeer\|caribou]] and moose hides, [[babiche]], and [[obsidian]] knives and arrowheads (the latter mined from volcanic deposits around Mount ~~Edidza~~). The Tahltan in turn traded coastal goods with the [[Kaska people\|Kaska]] and [[Sekani]] further inland.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}}		The Tlingit, traveling in large [[dugout canoe]]s up to {{convert\|18\|m\|ft}} in length, dominated river commerce on the Stikine. They also transported goods from other coastal tribes including the [[Haida people\|Haida]] and [[Tsimshian]] into the interior, where they traded with the Tahltan. The primary trading location was at the confluence of the Stikine and Tahltan rivers. Most of the Tahltan clans visited this place every year to fish and trade.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}} From the coast, goods including [[eulachon]], salmon oil, shells, woven baskets and blankets, as well as slaves obtained by the militaristic Haida, were ferried to the interior and exchanged for furs, [[Reindeer\|caribou]] and moose hides, [[babiche]], and [[obsidian]] knives and arrowheads (the latter mined from volcanic deposits around Mount Edziza). The Tahltan in turn traded coastal goods with the [[Kaska people\|Kaska]] and [[Sekani]] further inland.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}}

	===Fur trade===		===Fur trade===

Pfly: and "respell" pronunciation; seems useful, no?

2024-01-20T20:09:09Z

and "respell" pronunciation; seems useful, no?

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	}}		}}

	The '''Stikine River''' {{IPAc-en\|s\|t\|ɪ\|ˈ\|k\|iː\|n}}<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.fs.usda.gov/visit/destination/stikine-flats-tongass-national-forest \|title= Stikine Flats, Tongass National Forest \|publisher= [[United States Forest Service]] \|access-date= 20 January 2024}}</ref> is a major river in northern [[British Columbia]] (BC), [[Canada]] and [[Southeast Alaska\|southeastern]] [[Alaska]] in the [[United States]]. It drains a large, remote upland area known as the [[Stikine Country]] east of the [[Coast Mountains]]. Flowing west and south for {{convert\|610\|km\|mi\|sigfig=3}},<ref name="Kammerer USGS">{{cite web\|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/\|title=Largest Rivers in the United States\|last=J.C. Kammerer\|date=1 September 2005\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey\|access-date=2022-06-27}}</ref> it empties into various straits of the [[Inside Passage]] near [[Wrangell, Alaska]]. About 90 percent of the river's length and 95 percent of its [[drainage basin]] are in Canada.<ref name="hydrosheds">Lehner, B., Verdin, K., Jarvis, A. (2008): [https://hydrosheds.org/page/overview New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data]. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 89(10): 93–94.</ref> Considered one of the last truly wild large rivers in BC,{{sfn\|Peyton\|2017\|p=ix}} the Stikine flows through a variety of landscapes including [[Boreal forest of Canada\|boreal forest]], steep canyons and wide glacial valleys.		The '''Stikine River''' ({{IPAc-en\|s\|t\|ɪ\|ˈ\|k\|iː\|n}} {{respell\|stick\|EEN}}<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.fs.usda.gov/visit/destination/stikine-flats-tongass-national-forest \|title= Stikine Flats, Tongass National Forest \|publisher= [[United States Forest Service]] \|access-date= 20 January 2024}}</ref>) is a major river in northern [[British Columbia]] (BC), [[Canada]] and [[Southeast Alaska\|southeastern]] [[Alaska]] in the [[United States]]. It drains a large, remote upland area known as the [[Stikine Country]] east of the [[Coast Mountains]]. Flowing west and south for {{convert\|610\|km\|mi\|sigfig=3}},<ref name="Kammerer USGS">{{cite web\|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/\|title=Largest Rivers in the United States\|last=J.C. Kammerer\|date=1 September 2005\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey\|access-date=2022-06-27}}</ref> it empties into various straits of the [[Inside Passage]] near [[Wrangell, Alaska]]. About 90 percent of the river's length and 95 percent of its [[drainage basin]] are in Canada.<ref name="hydrosheds">Lehner, B., Verdin, K., Jarvis, A. (2008): [https://hydrosheds.org/page/overview New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data]. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 89(10): 93–94.</ref> Considered one of the last truly wild large rivers in BC,{{sfn\|Peyton\|2017\|p=ix}} the Stikine flows through a variety of landscapes including [[Boreal forest of Canada\|boreal forest]], steep canyons and wide glacial valleys.

	Known as the "fastest-flowing navigable river in North America,"{{sfn\|Devine\|2014\|p=87}} the Stikine forms a natural waterway from northern interior British Columbia to the Pacific coast. The river has been used for millennia by indigenous peoples including the [[Tlingit]] and [[Tahltan]] for fishing, hunting and trade. It provided access for fur traders and prospectors during the 1800s and remained an important transportation route until the 1970s, when roads were finally opened to the northern interior. However, most of the Stikine basin remains wilderness, with only a few small settlements; only two bridges, one disused, cross the river along its entire length. The river's [[salmon run]] supports large commercial and subsistence fisheries, and its extensive [[estuary]] and delta provide habitat for numerous fish and migratory bird species.		Known as the "fastest-flowing navigable river in North America,"{{sfn\|Devine\|2014\|p=87}} the Stikine forms a natural waterway from northern interior British Columbia to the Pacific coast. The river has been used for millennia by indigenous peoples including the [[Tlingit]] and [[Tahltan]] for fishing, hunting and trade. It provided access for fur traders and prospectors during the 1800s and remained an important transportation route until the 1970s, when roads were finally opened to the northern interior. However, most of the Stikine basin remains wilderness, with only a few small settlements; only two bridges, one disused, cross the river along its entire length. The river's [[salmon run]] supports large commercial and subsistence fisheries, and its extensive [[estuary]] and delta provide habitat for numerous fish and migratory bird species.

Pfly: add pronunciation w/ source (if needed)

2024-01-20T20:05:16Z

add pronunciation w/ source (if needed)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:05, 20 January 2024
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	}}		}}

	The '''Stikine River''' is a major river in northern [[British Columbia]] (BC), [[Canada]] and [[Southeast Alaska\|southeastern]] [[Alaska]] in the [[United States]]. It drains a large, remote upland area known as the [[Stikine Country]] east of the [[Coast Mountains]]. Flowing west and south for {{convert\|610\|km\|mi\|sigfig=3}},<ref name="Kammerer USGS">{{cite web\|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/\|title=Largest Rivers in the United States\|last=J.C. Kammerer\|date=1 September 2005\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey\|access-date=2022-06-27}}</ref> it empties into various straits of the [[Inside Passage]] near [[Wrangell, Alaska]]. About 90 percent of the river's length and 95 percent of its [[drainage basin]] are in Canada.<ref name="hydrosheds">Lehner, B., Verdin, K., Jarvis, A. (2008): [https://hydrosheds.org/page/overview New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data]. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 89(10): 93–94.</ref> Considered one of the last truly wild large rivers in BC,{{sfn\|Peyton\|2017\|p=ix}} the Stikine flows through a variety of landscapes including [[Boreal forest of Canada\|boreal forest]], steep canyons and wide glacial valleys.		The '''Stikine River''' {{IPAc-en\|s\|t\|ɪ\|ˈ\|k\|iː\|n}}<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.fs.usda.gov/visit/destination/stikine-flats-tongass-national-forest \|title= Stikine Flats, Tongass National Forest \|publisher= [[United States Forest Service]] \|access-date= 20 January 2024}}</ref> is a major river in northern [[British Columbia]] (BC), [[Canada]] and [[Southeast Alaska\|southeastern]] [[Alaska]] in the [[United States]]. It drains a large, remote upland area known as the [[Stikine Country]] east of the [[Coast Mountains]]. Flowing west and south for {{convert\|610\|km\|mi\|sigfig=3}},<ref name="Kammerer USGS">{{cite web\|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/\|title=Largest Rivers in the United States\|last=J.C. Kammerer\|date=1 September 2005\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey\|access-date=2022-06-27}}</ref> it empties into various straits of the [[Inside Passage]] near [[Wrangell, Alaska]]. About 90 percent of the river's length and 95 percent of its [[drainage basin]] are in Canada.<ref name="hydrosheds">Lehner, B., Verdin, K., Jarvis, A. (2008): [https://hydrosheds.org/page/overview New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data]. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 89(10): 93–94.</ref> Considered one of the last truly wild large rivers in BC,{{sfn\|Peyton\|2017\|p=ix}} the Stikine flows through a variety of landscapes including [[Boreal forest of Canada\|boreal forest]], steep canyons and wide glacial valleys.

	Known as the "fastest-flowing navigable river in North America,"{{sfn\|Devine\|2014\|p=87}} the Stikine forms a natural waterway from northern interior British Columbia to the Pacific coast. The river has been used for millennia by indigenous peoples including the [[Tlingit]] and [[Tahltan]] for fishing, hunting and trade. It provided access for fur traders and prospectors during the 1800s and remained an important transportation route until the 1970s, when roads were finally opened to the northern interior. However, most of the Stikine basin remains wilderness, with only a few small settlements; only two bridges, one disused, cross the river along its entire length. The river's [[salmon run]] supports large commercial and subsistence fisheries, and its extensive [[estuary]] and delta provide habitat for numerous fish and migratory bird species.		Known as the "fastest-flowing navigable river in North America,"{{sfn\|Devine\|2014\|p=87}} the Stikine forms a natural waterway from northern interior British Columbia to the Pacific coast. The river has been used for millennia by indigenous peoples including the [[Tlingit]] and [[Tahltan]] for fishing, hunting and trade. It provided access for fur traders and prospectors during the 1800s and remained an important transportation route until the 1970s, when roads were finally opened to the northern interior. However, most of the Stikine basin remains wilderness, with only a few small settlements; only two bridges, one disused, cross the river along its entire length. The river's [[salmon run]] supports large commercial and subsistence fisheries, and its extensive [[estuary]] and delta provide habitat for numerous fish and migratory bird species.

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5

2023-11-24T03:30:26Z

Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5

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	In the 1980s [[BC Hydro]] proposed the construction of two hydroelectric dams on the Stikine River and three more on the Stikine's tributary, the Iskut River. The dams were projected to add 2,800 [[megawatt]]s of capacity to the [[electric grid]].<ref name="1984 hydro"/> The Stikine dams, {{convert\|270\|m\|ft}} and {{convert\|193\|m\|ft}} high, would have flooded the entire Grand Canyon stretch of the river.<ref name="Peyton 2011">{{cite journal\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241092089\|title=Corporate ecology: BC Hydro's Stikine-Iskut project and the unbuilt environment\|author=Peyton, Jonathan\|journal=Journal of Historical Geography\|volume=37\|pages=357–369\|year=2011\|issue=3 \|doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2011.01.006 }}</ref> The proposal was met with outrage from the general public, the Tahltan tribe, and conservation groups. Two environmental organizations, Friends of the Stikine and Residents for a Free-Flowing Stikine, were formed in direct response to the proposal.<ref name="Peyton 2011"/> BC Hydro camps and survey sites experienced arson and sabotage.{{sfn\|Peyton\|2017\|p=107}} In 1983, BC Hydro temporarily postponed the dam projects, citing rising costs, in particular the immense cost just to build transmission lines to the remote Stikine.<ref name="Peyton 2011"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.spacesfornature.org/greatspaces/stikine.html\|title=Stikine River Provincial Park\|publisher=Great Wild Spaces\|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> In 2000 the Tahltan negotiated a management plan with the BC government, which protected parts of the Stikine River including the Grand Canyon from future hydroelectric development.<ref name="Peyton 2011"/>		In the 1980s [[BC Hydro]] proposed the construction of two hydroelectric dams on the Stikine River and three more on the Stikine's tributary, the Iskut River. The dams were projected to add 2,800 [[megawatt]]s of capacity to the [[electric grid]].<ref name="1984 hydro"/> The Stikine dams, {{convert\|270\|m\|ft}} and {{convert\|193\|m\|ft}} high, would have flooded the entire Grand Canyon stretch of the river.<ref name="Peyton 2011">{{cite journal\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241092089\|title=Corporate ecology: BC Hydro's Stikine-Iskut project and the unbuilt environment\|author=Peyton, Jonathan\|journal=Journal of Historical Geography\|volume=37\|pages=357–369\|year=2011\|issue=3 \|doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2011.01.006 }}</ref> The proposal was met with outrage from the general public, the Tahltan tribe, and conservation groups. Two environmental organizations, Friends of the Stikine and Residents for a Free-Flowing Stikine, were formed in direct response to the proposal.<ref name="Peyton 2011"/> BC Hydro camps and survey sites experienced arson and sabotage.{{sfn\|Peyton\|2017\|p=107}} In 1983, BC Hydro temporarily postponed the dam projects, citing rising costs, in particular the immense cost just to build transmission lines to the remote Stikine.<ref name="Peyton 2011"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.spacesfornature.org/greatspaces/stikine.html\|title=Stikine River Provincial Park\|publisher=Great Wild Spaces\|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> In 2000 the Tahltan negotiated a management plan with the BC government, which protected parts of the Stikine River including the Grand Canyon from future hydroelectric development.<ref name="Peyton 2011"/>

	The Grand Canyon, long considered impassable by boat, was first attempted by American kayaker Rob Lesser and several others in 1981. In 1985 Lesser returned with a larger group in addition to a [[National Geographic]] film crew who documented the descent – the first successful run through the entire canyon. In 1992 [[Doug Ammons]] completed the first solo descent of the canyon. As of 2016, fewer than 40 paddlers have run the canyon, which is rated [[International scale of river difficulty\|Class V+ whitewater]], the most difficult possible. A number of boaters have died attempting the run.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.canoekayak.com/whitewater-kayak/30-years-of-the-stikine/2/ \|title=30 Years of the Stikine\|publisher=Canoe & Kayak\|access-date=2022-06-14 \|archive-date=2014-10-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093749/http://www.canoekayak.com/whitewater-kayak/30-years-of-the-stikine/2/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/daniel-delavergne-2005\|title=Adventurers of the Year 2005: Daniel DeLaVergne, John Grace, Tommy Hilleke, and Tobin MacDermott: Kayakers\|publisher=National Geographic\|date=2016-04-25\|access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref> Because of its danger and difficulty it has earned a reputation as the "[[K2]] of white-water challenges."{{sfn\|Davis\|2015\|p=8}} In 1995 the Stikine was one of seven initial rivers included in the BC Heritage Rivers system. In 1998, it was nominated for the [[Canadian Heritage Rivers System]].<ref name="Boardman 2012"/>		The Grand Canyon, long considered impassable by boat, was first attempted by American kayaker Rob Lesser and several others in 1981. In 1985 Lesser returned with a larger group in addition to a [[National Geographic]] film crew who documented the descent – the first successful run through the entire canyon. In 1992 [[Doug Ammons]] completed the first solo descent of the canyon. As of 2016, fewer than 40 paddlers have run the canyon, which is rated [[International scale of river difficulty\|Class V+ whitewater]], the most difficult possible. A number of boaters have died attempting the run.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.canoekayak.com/whitewater-kayak/30-years-of-the-stikine/2/ \|title=30 Years of the Stikine\|publisher=Canoe & Kayak\|access-date=2022-06-14 \|archive-date=2014-10-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093749/http://www.canoekayak.com/whitewater-kayak/30-years-of-the-stikine/2/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/daniel-delavergne-2005\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614064043/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/daniel-delavergne-2005\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=June 14, 2022\|title=Adventurers of the Year 2005: Daniel DeLaVergne, John Grace, Tommy Hilleke, and Tobin MacDermott: Kayakers\|publisher=National Geographic\|date=2016-04-25\|access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref> Because of its danger and difficulty it has earned a reputation as the "[[K2]] of white-water challenges."{{sfn\|Davis\|2015\|p=8}} In 1995 the Stikine was one of seven initial rivers included in the BC Heritage Rivers system. In 1998, it was nominated for the [[Canadian Heritage Rivers System]].<ref name="Boardman 2012"/>

	==Biota==		==Biota==

Mdnavman: Updated link. Corrected anachronistic terminology (it was "United States Coast Survey" until 1878).

2023-11-10T13:14:37Z

Updated link. Corrected anachronistic terminology (it was "United States Coast Survey" until 1878).

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:14, 10 November 2023
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	==Names==		==Names==
	The river was known to the [[Tlingit]] as ''Shtax'heen'', "bitter river" or "muddy river", in reference to its murky glacial waters. The [[Stikine people\|Stikine]] group of Tlingit, Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan, takes its name from the river.<ref name="Ream">{{cite web\|url=https://uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/d7315066-1ba1-4dec-bf8d-0803305c9b9c~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital\|title=The Shtax'heen Kwaan of the Tlingit in Southeast Alaska: A Literature Review\|publisher=University of Alaska - Southeast\|author=Ream, Joshua T.\|year=2010\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> The [[Tahltan]] called the river ''Spatsizi'', "red goat", referring to the [[mountain goat]]s whose white coats were often colored by the red earth of the region.<ref name="Spatsizi Park"/> One tributary of the upper Stikine retains the name of [[Spatsizi River]].<ref name="BCGN Spatsizi River">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/21663.html\|title=Spatsizi River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Another Tahltan name for the river was ''Tudessa'', "long river", from which the Tudenekoten clan of Tahltan took its name.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}} Russian fur traders called the river ''ryka Stahkin'' (''река Стакин''), changed to ''Stikine'' by the [[~~U.S.~~ ~~National~~ Geodetic Survey\|~~U.S.~~ ~~Coast~~ ~~and Geodetic~~ Survey]] in 1869 after the [[Alaska Purchase]].<ref name="GNIS"/><ref name="BCGN">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7821.html\|title=Stikine River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Other 19th century names for the river include "St. Francis River" and "Pelly's River".<ref name="BCGN"/> A historic alternative spelling was ''Stickeen'',<ref name="BCGN"/> reflected in the short-lived British [[Stickeen Territories]].{{sfn\|Akrigg\|Akrigg\|1997\|p=255}}		The river was known to the [[Tlingit]] as ''Shtax'heen'', "bitter river" or "muddy river", in reference to its murky glacial waters. The [[Stikine people\|Stikine]] group of Tlingit, Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan, takes its name from the river.<ref name="Ream">{{cite web\|url=https://uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/d7315066-1ba1-4dec-bf8d-0803305c9b9c~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital\|title=The Shtax'heen Kwaan of the Tlingit in Southeast Alaska: A Literature Review\|publisher=University of Alaska - Southeast\|author=Ream, Joshua T.\|year=2010\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> The [[Tahltan]] called the river ''Spatsizi'', "red goat", referring to the [[mountain goat]]s whose white coats were often colored by the red earth of the region.<ref name="Spatsizi Park"/> One tributary of the upper Stikine retains the name of [[Spatsizi River]].<ref name="BCGN Spatsizi River">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/21663.html\|title=Spatsizi River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Another Tahltan name for the river was ''Tudessa'', "long river", from which the Tudenekoten clan of Tahltan took its name.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}} Russian fur traders called the river ''ryka Stahkin'' (''река Стакин''), changed to ''Stikine'' by the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey\|United States Coast Survey]] in 1869 after the [[Alaska Purchase]].<ref name="GNIS"/><ref name="BCGN">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7821.html\|title=Stikine River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Other 19th century names for the river include "St. Francis River" and "Pelly's River".<ref name="BCGN"/> A historic alternative spelling was ''Stickeen'',<ref name="BCGN"/> reflected in the short-lived British [[Stickeen Territories]].{{sfn\|Akrigg\|Akrigg\|1997\|p=255}}

	==Geography==		==Geography==

Volcanoguy: /* Geology */ Stikine-Klastline confluence → Klastline River conference

2023-09-25T10:08:52Z

Geology: Stikine-Klastline confluence → Klastline River conference

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:08, 25 September 2023
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	Beginning about 2.5 million years ago in the [[Pleistocene]], much of the interior Stikine basin was covered by successive Ice Age glaciations. During interglacial periods, the continental ice sheet retreated northward but remnant Coast Mountain glaciers blocked the outlet of the Stikine River, causing glacier melt to back up the river valley and create Glacial Lake Stikine. The lake filled and emptied numerous times, leaving shoreline deposits high on nearby mountainsides.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Glacial%20Lake%20Stikine.pdf\|title=Geomorphology and Late Wisconsinan sedimentation in the Stikine River Valley, northern British Columbia \|author=Spooner, I.S. \|author2=Osborn, G.D.\|journal=Quaternary International\|volume=68–71\|pages=285–296\|year=2000\|issue=1 \|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00051-3 \|bibcode=2000QuInt..68..285S }}</ref> Glaciers and ice sheets still exist in the Stikine basin today, but to a much more limited extent. The [[Stikine Icecap]], located in the Coast Mountains between the Stikine and Taku Rivers and the source of numerous glaciers descending to the Stikine valley, is one of the largest.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1662/chap5.pdf\|title=Notes on the Bedrock Geology and Geography of the Stikine Icefield, Coast Mountains Complex, Southeastern Alaska\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey \|author=Brew, David A. \|author2=Friedman, Richard M.\|year=2000\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Glacial activity strongly affects the geomorphology of the lower Stikine River. Due in large part to glacial silt or [[rock flour]], the Stikine carries a heavy sediment load – some 16 million tonnes per year – continually expanding the large delta at the mouth of the river.<ref name="1984 hydro">{{cite web\|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/49823\|title=Hydroelectric Project Impacts on Stikine River Ecosystems – An Overview\|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\|year=1984\|author=Jackson, Rodney G.\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> In August 1979, a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] occurred at the Flood Glacier, releasing {{convert\|150\|e6m3\|acre feet}} of water into the Stikine River, causing minor flooding as far as the mouth of the river.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Simulation of the August 1979 sudden discharge of glacier-dammed Flood Lake, British Columbia\|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences\|volume=21\|issue=4\|pages=502–504\|author=Clarke, Garry K.C. and Waldron, David A.\|year=1984 \|doi=10.1139/e84-054\|bibcode=1984CaJES..21..502C \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237172665}}</ref>		Beginning about 2.5 million years ago in the [[Pleistocene]], much of the interior Stikine basin was covered by successive Ice Age glaciations. During interglacial periods, the continental ice sheet retreated northward but remnant Coast Mountain glaciers blocked the outlet of the Stikine River, causing glacier melt to back up the river valley and create Glacial Lake Stikine. The lake filled and emptied numerous times, leaving shoreline deposits high on nearby mountainsides.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Glacial%20Lake%20Stikine.pdf\|title=Geomorphology and Late Wisconsinan sedimentation in the Stikine River Valley, northern British Columbia \|author=Spooner, I.S. \|author2=Osborn, G.D.\|journal=Quaternary International\|volume=68–71\|pages=285–296\|year=2000\|issue=1 \|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00051-3 \|bibcode=2000QuInt..68..285S }}</ref> Glaciers and ice sheets still exist in the Stikine basin today, but to a much more limited extent. The [[Stikine Icecap]], located in the Coast Mountains between the Stikine and Taku Rivers and the source of numerous glaciers descending to the Stikine valley, is one of the largest.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1662/chap5.pdf\|title=Notes on the Bedrock Geology and Geography of the Stikine Icefield, Coast Mountains Complex, Southeastern Alaska\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey \|author=Brew, David A. \|author2=Friedman, Richard M.\|year=2000\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Glacial activity strongly affects the geomorphology of the lower Stikine River. Due in large part to glacial silt or [[rock flour]], the Stikine carries a heavy sediment load – some 16 million tonnes per year – continually expanding the large delta at the mouth of the river.<ref name="1984 hydro">{{cite web\|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/49823\|title=Hydroelectric Project Impacts on Stikine River Ecosystems – An Overview\|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\|year=1984\|author=Jackson, Rodney G.\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> In August 1979, a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] occurred at the Flood Glacier, releasing {{convert\|150\|e6m3\|acre feet}} of water into the Stikine River, causing minor flooding as far as the mouth of the river.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Simulation of the August 1979 sudden discharge of glacier-dammed Flood Lake, British Columbia\|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences\|volume=21\|issue=4\|pages=502–504\|author=Clarke, Garry K.C. and Waldron, David A.\|year=1984 \|doi=10.1139/e84-054\|bibcode=1984CaJES..21..502C \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237172665}}</ref>

	The Stikine's Grand Canyon likely formed after one such glacial period. Previously, the Stikine may have turned south around the present-day [[Klappan River]] confluence, and flowed down the valley of what is now the Iskut River. The river's former course may have been blocked by glaciers and it was forced to cut a new path west towards present-day Telegraph Creek. Another theory is that lava flows from the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] were responsible for diverting the Stikine to its new course.<ref name="inland waters"/><ref name="LRMP">{{cite web\|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf\|title=Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine LRMP\|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests\|date=1998-05-28\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/246/memoir-246.pdf\|title=Geological Survey Memoir 246: Lower Stikine and Western Iskut River Areas, British Columbia\|author=Kerr, Forrest A.\|publisher=Canada Department of Mines and Resources\|year=1948\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Pleistocene [[basalt]]ic lava flows of the [[Klastline Formation]] are exposed along the Stikine River south of the [[Klastline River~~\|Klastline~~]]~~-Stikine~~ confluence for {{convert\|55\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}. They are believed to have originated from at least three eruptive centres on the northern and eastern sides of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Spooner\|first1=Ian S.\|last2=Osborn\|first2=Gerald D.\|last3=Barendregt\|first3=R.\|last4=Irving\|first4=E.\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Stikine%20River%20PAleomag%20Paper%20CJES.pdf\|title=A Middle Pleistocene (isotope stage 10) glacial sequence in the Stikine River valley, British Columbia\|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]\|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]\|page=1429\|volume=33\|year=1996\|access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref>		The Stikine's Grand Canyon likely formed after one such glacial period. Previously, the Stikine may have turned south around the present-day [[Klappan River]] confluence, and flowed down the valley of what is now the Iskut River. The river's former course may have been blocked by glaciers and it was forced to cut a new path west towards present-day Telegraph Creek. Another theory is that lava flows from the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] were responsible for diverting the Stikine to its new course.<ref name="inland waters"/><ref name="LRMP">{{cite web\|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf\|title=Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine LRMP\|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests\|date=1998-05-28\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/246/memoir-246.pdf\|title=Geological Survey Memoir 246: Lower Stikine and Western Iskut River Areas, British Columbia\|author=Kerr, Forrest A.\|publisher=Canada Department of Mines and Resources\|year=1948\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Pleistocene [[basalt]]ic lava flows of the [[Klastline Formation]] are exposed along the Stikine River south of the [[Klastline River]] confluence for {{convert\|55\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}. They are believed to have originated from at least three eruptive centres on the northern and eastern sides of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Spooner\|first1=Ian S.\|last2=Osborn\|first2=Gerald D.\|last3=Barendregt\|first3=R.\|last4=Irving\|first4=E.\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Stikine%20River%20PAleomag%20Paper%20CJES.pdf\|title=A Middle Pleistocene (isotope stage 10) glacial sequence in the Stikine River valley, British Columbia\|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]\|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]\|page=1429\|volume=33\|year=1996\|access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref>

	==History and culture==		==History and culture==

Volcanoguy: /* Geology */ linked Klastline Formation

2023-09-21T10:37:51Z

Geology: linked Klastline Formation

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:37, 21 September 2023
Line 174:		Line 174:
	Beginning about 2.5 million years ago in the [[Pleistocene]], much of the interior Stikine basin was covered by successive Ice Age glaciations. During interglacial periods, the continental ice sheet retreated northward but remnant Coast Mountain glaciers blocked the outlet of the Stikine River, causing glacier melt to back up the river valley and create Glacial Lake Stikine. The lake filled and emptied numerous times, leaving shoreline deposits high on nearby mountainsides.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Glacial%20Lake%20Stikine.pdf\|title=Geomorphology and Late Wisconsinan sedimentation in the Stikine River Valley, northern British Columbia \|author=Spooner, I.S. \|author2=Osborn, G.D.\|journal=Quaternary International\|volume=68–71\|pages=285–296\|year=2000\|issue=1 \|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00051-3 \|bibcode=2000QuInt..68..285S }}</ref> Glaciers and ice sheets still exist in the Stikine basin today, but to a much more limited extent. The [[Stikine Icecap]], located in the Coast Mountains between the Stikine and Taku Rivers and the source of numerous glaciers descending to the Stikine valley, is one of the largest.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1662/chap5.pdf\|title=Notes on the Bedrock Geology and Geography of the Stikine Icefield, Coast Mountains Complex, Southeastern Alaska\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey \|author=Brew, David A. \|author2=Friedman, Richard M.\|year=2000\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Glacial activity strongly affects the geomorphology of the lower Stikine River. Due in large part to glacial silt or [[rock flour]], the Stikine carries a heavy sediment load – some 16 million tonnes per year – continually expanding the large delta at the mouth of the river.<ref name="1984 hydro">{{cite web\|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/49823\|title=Hydroelectric Project Impacts on Stikine River Ecosystems – An Overview\|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\|year=1984\|author=Jackson, Rodney G.\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> In August 1979, a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] occurred at the Flood Glacier, releasing {{convert\|150\|e6m3\|acre feet}} of water into the Stikine River, causing minor flooding as far as the mouth of the river.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Simulation of the August 1979 sudden discharge of glacier-dammed Flood Lake, British Columbia\|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences\|volume=21\|issue=4\|pages=502–504\|author=Clarke, Garry K.C. and Waldron, David A.\|year=1984 \|doi=10.1139/e84-054\|bibcode=1984CaJES..21..502C \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237172665}}</ref>		Beginning about 2.5 million years ago in the [[Pleistocene]], much of the interior Stikine basin was covered by successive Ice Age glaciations. During interglacial periods, the continental ice sheet retreated northward but remnant Coast Mountain glaciers blocked the outlet of the Stikine River, causing glacier melt to back up the river valley and create Glacial Lake Stikine. The lake filled and emptied numerous times, leaving shoreline deposits high on nearby mountainsides.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Glacial%20Lake%20Stikine.pdf\|title=Geomorphology and Late Wisconsinan sedimentation in the Stikine River Valley, northern British Columbia \|author=Spooner, I.S. \|author2=Osborn, G.D.\|journal=Quaternary International\|volume=68–71\|pages=285–296\|year=2000\|issue=1 \|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00051-3 \|bibcode=2000QuInt..68..285S }}</ref> Glaciers and ice sheets still exist in the Stikine basin today, but to a much more limited extent. The [[Stikine Icecap]], located in the Coast Mountains between the Stikine and Taku Rivers and the source of numerous glaciers descending to the Stikine valley, is one of the largest.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1662/chap5.pdf\|title=Notes on the Bedrock Geology and Geography of the Stikine Icefield, Coast Mountains Complex, Southeastern Alaska\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey \|author=Brew, David A. \|author2=Friedman, Richard M.\|year=2000\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Glacial activity strongly affects the geomorphology of the lower Stikine River. Due in large part to glacial silt or [[rock flour]], the Stikine carries a heavy sediment load – some 16 million tonnes per year – continually expanding the large delta at the mouth of the river.<ref name="1984 hydro">{{cite web\|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/49823\|title=Hydroelectric Project Impacts on Stikine River Ecosystems – An Overview\|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\|year=1984\|author=Jackson, Rodney G.\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> In August 1979, a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] occurred at the Flood Glacier, releasing {{convert\|150\|e6m3\|acre feet}} of water into the Stikine River, causing minor flooding as far as the mouth of the river.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Simulation of the August 1979 sudden discharge of glacier-dammed Flood Lake, British Columbia\|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences\|volume=21\|issue=4\|pages=502–504\|author=Clarke, Garry K.C. and Waldron, David A.\|year=1984 \|doi=10.1139/e84-054\|bibcode=1984CaJES..21..502C \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237172665}}</ref>

	The Stikine's Grand Canyon likely formed after one such glacial period. Previously, the Stikine may have turned south around the present-day [[Klappan River]] confluence, and flowed down the valley of what is now the Iskut River. The river's former course may have been blocked by glaciers and it was forced to cut a new path west towards present-day Telegraph Creek. Another theory is that lava flows from the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] were responsible for diverting the Stikine to its new course.<ref name="inland waters"/><ref name="LRMP">{{cite web\|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf\|title=Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine LRMP\|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests\|date=1998-05-28\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/246/memoir-246.pdf\|title=Geological Survey Memoir 246: Lower Stikine and Western Iskut River Areas, British Columbia\|author=Kerr, Forrest A.\|publisher=Canada Department of Mines and Resources\|year=1948\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Pleistocene [[basalt]]ic lava flows of the Klastline Formation are exposed along the Stikine River south of the [[Klastline River\|Klastline]]-Stikine confluence for {{convert\|55\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}. They are believed to have originated from at least three eruptive centres on the northern and eastern sides of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Spooner\|first1=Ian S.\|last2=Osborn\|first2=Gerald D.\|last3=Barendregt\|first3=R.\|last4=Irving\|first4=E.\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Stikine%20River%20PAleomag%20Paper%20CJES.pdf\|title=A Middle Pleistocene (isotope stage 10) glacial sequence in the Stikine River valley, British Columbia\|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]\|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]\|page=1429\|volume=33\|year=1996\|access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref>		The Stikine's Grand Canyon likely formed after one such glacial period. Previously, the Stikine may have turned south around the present-day [[Klappan River]] confluence, and flowed down the valley of what is now the Iskut River. The river's former course may have been blocked by glaciers and it was forced to cut a new path west towards present-day Telegraph Creek. Another theory is that lava flows from the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] were responsible for diverting the Stikine to its new course.<ref name="inland waters"/><ref name="LRMP">{{cite web\|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf\|title=Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine LRMP\|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests\|date=1998-05-28\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/246/memoir-246.pdf\|title=Geological Survey Memoir 246: Lower Stikine and Western Iskut River Areas, British Columbia\|author=Kerr, Forrest A.\|publisher=Canada Department of Mines and Resources\|year=1948\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Pleistocene [[basalt]]ic lava flows of the [[Klastline Formation]] are exposed along the Stikine River south of the [[Klastline River\|Klastline]]-Stikine confluence for {{convert\|55\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}. They are believed to have originated from at least three eruptive centres on the northern and eastern sides of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Spooner\|first1=Ian S.\|last2=Osborn\|first2=Gerald D.\|last3=Barendregt\|first3=R.\|last4=Irving\|first4=E.\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Stikine%20River%20PAleomag%20Paper%20CJES.pdf\|title=A Middle Pleistocene (isotope stage 10) glacial sequence in the Stikine River valley, British Columbia\|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]\|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]\|page=1429\|volume=33\|year=1996\|access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref>

	==History and culture==		==History and culture==

Volcanoguy: /* Geology */ mentioned the Klastline Formation

2023-09-21T03:48:38Z

Geology: mentioned the Klastline Formation

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:48, 21 September 2023
Line 174:		Line 174:
	Beginning about 2.5 million years ago in the [[Pleistocene]], much of the interior Stikine basin was covered by successive Ice Age glaciations. During interglacial periods, the continental ice sheet retreated northward but remnant Coast Mountain glaciers blocked the outlet of the Stikine River, causing glacier melt to back up the river valley and create Glacial Lake Stikine. The lake filled and emptied numerous times, leaving shoreline deposits high on nearby mountainsides.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Glacial%20Lake%20Stikine.pdf\|title=Geomorphology and Late Wisconsinan sedimentation in the Stikine River Valley, northern British Columbia \|author=Spooner, I.S. \|author2=Osborn, G.D.\|journal=Quaternary International\|volume=68–71\|pages=285–296\|year=2000\|issue=1 \|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00051-3 \|bibcode=2000QuInt..68..285S }}</ref> Glaciers and ice sheets still exist in the Stikine basin today, but to a much more limited extent. The [[Stikine Icecap]], located in the Coast Mountains between the Stikine and Taku Rivers and the source of numerous glaciers descending to the Stikine valley, is one of the largest.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1662/chap5.pdf\|title=Notes on the Bedrock Geology and Geography of the Stikine Icefield, Coast Mountains Complex, Southeastern Alaska\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey \|author=Brew, David A. \|author2=Friedman, Richard M.\|year=2000\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Glacial activity strongly affects the geomorphology of the lower Stikine River. Due in large part to glacial silt or [[rock flour]], the Stikine carries a heavy sediment load – some 16 million tonnes per year – continually expanding the large delta at the mouth of the river.<ref name="1984 hydro">{{cite web\|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/49823\|title=Hydroelectric Project Impacts on Stikine River Ecosystems – An Overview\|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\|year=1984\|author=Jackson, Rodney G.\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> In August 1979, a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] occurred at the Flood Glacier, releasing {{convert\|150\|e6m3\|acre feet}} of water into the Stikine River, causing minor flooding as far as the mouth of the river.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Simulation of the August 1979 sudden discharge of glacier-dammed Flood Lake, British Columbia\|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences\|volume=21\|issue=4\|pages=502–504\|author=Clarke, Garry K.C. and Waldron, David A.\|year=1984 \|doi=10.1139/e84-054\|bibcode=1984CaJES..21..502C \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237172665}}</ref>		Beginning about 2.5 million years ago in the [[Pleistocene]], much of the interior Stikine basin was covered by successive Ice Age glaciations. During interglacial periods, the continental ice sheet retreated northward but remnant Coast Mountain glaciers blocked the outlet of the Stikine River, causing glacier melt to back up the river valley and create Glacial Lake Stikine. The lake filled and emptied numerous times, leaving shoreline deposits high on nearby mountainsides.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Glacial%20Lake%20Stikine.pdf\|title=Geomorphology and Late Wisconsinan sedimentation in the Stikine River Valley, northern British Columbia \|author=Spooner, I.S. \|author2=Osborn, G.D.\|journal=Quaternary International\|volume=68–71\|pages=285–296\|year=2000\|issue=1 \|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00051-3 \|bibcode=2000QuInt..68..285S }}</ref> Glaciers and ice sheets still exist in the Stikine basin today, but to a much more limited extent. The [[Stikine Icecap]], located in the Coast Mountains between the Stikine and Taku Rivers and the source of numerous glaciers descending to the Stikine valley, is one of the largest.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1662/chap5.pdf\|title=Notes on the Bedrock Geology and Geography of the Stikine Icefield, Coast Mountains Complex, Southeastern Alaska\|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey \|author=Brew, David A. \|author2=Friedman, Richard M.\|year=2000\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Glacial activity strongly affects the geomorphology of the lower Stikine River. Due in large part to glacial silt or [[rock flour]], the Stikine carries a heavy sediment load – some 16 million tonnes per year – continually expanding the large delta at the mouth of the river.<ref name="1984 hydro">{{cite web\|url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/49823\|title=Hydroelectric Project Impacts on Stikine River Ecosystems – An Overview\|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\|year=1984\|author=Jackson, Rodney G.\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> In August 1979, a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] occurred at the Flood Glacier, releasing {{convert\|150\|e6m3\|acre feet}} of water into the Stikine River, causing minor flooding as far as the mouth of the river.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Simulation of the August 1979 sudden discharge of glacier-dammed Flood Lake, British Columbia\|journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences\|volume=21\|issue=4\|pages=502–504\|author=Clarke, Garry K.C. and Waldron, David A.\|year=1984 \|doi=10.1139/e84-054\|bibcode=1984CaJES..21..502C \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237172665}}</ref>

	The Stikine's Grand Canyon likely formed after one such glacial period. Previously, the Stikine may have turned south around the present-day [[Klappan River]] confluence, and flowed down the valley of what is now the Iskut River. The river's former course may have been blocked by glaciers and it was forced to cut a new path west towards present-day Telegraph Creek. Another theory is that lava flows from the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] were responsible for diverting the Stikine to its new course.<ref name="inland waters"/><ref name="LRMP">{{cite web\|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf\|title=Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine LRMP\|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests\|date=1998-05-28\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/246/memoir-246.pdf\|title=Geological Survey Memoir 246: Lower Stikine and Western Iskut River Areas, British Columbia\|author=Kerr, Forrest A.\|publisher=Canada Department of Mines and Resources\|year=1948\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref>		The Stikine's Grand Canyon likely formed after one such glacial period. Previously, the Stikine may have turned south around the present-day [[Klappan River]] confluence, and flowed down the valley of what is now the Iskut River. The river's former course may have been blocked by glaciers and it was forced to cut a new path west towards present-day Telegraph Creek. Another theory is that lava flows from the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] were responsible for diverting the Stikine to its new course.<ref name="inland waters"/><ref name="LRMP">{{cite web\|url=https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/raad/Cassiar%20FD%20AOA/Archaeological%20Overview%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine%20LRMP%20Vol%201.pdf\|title=Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Cassiar-Iskut-Stikine LRMP\|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Forests\|date=1998-05-28\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/246/memoir-246.pdf\|title=Geological Survey Memoir 246: Lower Stikine and Western Iskut River Areas, British Columbia\|author=Kerr, Forrest A.\|publisher=Canada Department of Mines and Resources\|year=1948\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Pleistocene [[basalt]]ic lava flows of the Klastline Formation are exposed along the Stikine River south of the [[Klastline River\|Klastline]]-Stikine confluence for {{convert\|55\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}. They are believed to have originated from at least three eruptive centres on the northern and eastern sides of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Spooner\|first1=Ian S.\|last2=Osborn\|first2=Gerald D.\|last3=Barendregt\|first3=R.\|last4=Irving\|first4=E.\|url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~ispooner/pdfs_of_papers/Stikine%20River%20PAleomag%20Paper%20CJES.pdf\|title=A Middle Pleistocene (isotope stage 10) glacial sequence in the Stikine River valley, British Columbia\|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]\|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]\|page=1429\|volume=33\|year=1996\|access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref>

	==History and culture==		==History and culture==

Shannon1: /* Names */

2023-08-27T04:26:50Z

Names

← Previous revision		Revision as of 04:26, 27 August 2023
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	==Names==		==Names==
	The river was known to the [[Tlingit]] as ''Shtax'heen'', "bitter river" or "muddy river", in reference to its murky glacial waters. The [[Stikine people\|Stikine]] group of Tlingit, Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan, takes its name from the river.<ref name="Ream">{{cite web\|url=https://uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/d7315066-1ba1-4dec-bf8d-0803305c9b9c~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital\|title=The Shtax'heen Kwaan of the Tlingit in Southeast Alaska: A Literature Review\|publisher=University of Alaska - Southeast\|author=Ream, Joshua T.\|year=2010\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> The [[Tahltan]] called the river ''Spatsizi'', "red goat", referring to the [[mountain goat]]s whose white coats were often colored by the red earth of the region.<ref name="Spatsizi Park"/> One tributary of the upper Stikine is ~~today~~ ~~known~~ ~~as the~~ [[Spatsizi River]].<ref name="BCGN Spatsizi River">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/21663.html\|title=Spatsizi River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Another Tahltan name for the river was ''Tudessa'', "long river", from which the Tudenekoten clan of Tahltan took its name.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}} Russian fur traders called the river ''ryka Stahkin'' (''река Стакин''), changed to ''Stikine'' by the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey\|U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey]] in 1869 after the [[Alaska Purchase]].<ref name="GNIS"/><ref name="BCGN">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7821.html\|title=Stikine River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Other 19th century names for the river include "St. Francis River" and "Pelly's River".<ref name="BCGN"/> A historic alternative spelling was ''Stickeen'',<ref name="BCGN"/> reflected in the short-lived British [[Stickeen Territories]].{{sfn\|Akrigg\|Akrigg\|1997\|p=255}}		The river was known to the [[Tlingit]] as ''Shtax'heen'', "bitter river" or "muddy river", in reference to its murky glacial waters. The [[Stikine people\|Stikine]] group of Tlingit, Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan, takes its name from the river.<ref name="Ream">{{cite web\|url=https://uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/d7315066-1ba1-4dec-bf8d-0803305c9b9c~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital\|title=The Shtax'heen Kwaan of the Tlingit in Southeast Alaska: A Literature Review\|publisher=University of Alaska - Southeast\|author=Ream, Joshua T.\|year=2010\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> The [[Tahltan]] called the river ''Spatsizi'', "red goat", referring to the [[mountain goat]]s whose white coats were often colored by the red earth of the region.<ref name="Spatsizi Park"/> One tributary of the upper Stikine retains the name of [[Spatsizi River]].<ref name="BCGN Spatsizi River">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/21663.html\|title=Spatsizi River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Another Tahltan name for the river was ''Tudessa'', "long river", from which the Tudenekoten clan of Tahltan took its name.{{sfn\|Albright\|1984\|p=13}} Russian fur traders called the river ''ryka Stahkin'' (''река Стакин''), changed to ''Stikine'' by the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey\|U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey]] in 1869 after the [[Alaska Purchase]].<ref name="GNIS"/><ref name="BCGN">{{cite web\|url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7821.html\|title=Stikine River\|publisher=BC Geographical Names\|date=\|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Other 19th century names for the river include "St. Francis River" and "Pelly's River".<ref name="BCGN"/> A historic alternative spelling was ''Stickeen'',<ref name="BCGN"/> reflected in the short-lived British [[Stickeen Territories]].{{sfn\|Akrigg\|Akrigg\|1997\|p=255}}

	==Geography==		==Geography==