The Autobiography of Malcolm X - Revision history

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	Eliot Fremont-Smith, reviewing ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' for ''The New York Times'' in 1965, described it as "extraordinary" and said it is a "brilliant, painful, important book".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|title=An Eloquent Testament \|last=Fremont-Smith \|first=Eliot \|date=November 5, 1965 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065927/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Two years later, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that the book "will surely become one of the classics in American autobiography".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|title=Nine Expert Witnesses \|last=Ward \|first=John William \|author-link=John William Ward (professor) \|date=February 26, 1967 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064220/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Bayard Rustin]] argued the book suffered from a lack of critical analysis, which he attributed to Malcolm X's expectation that Haley be a "chronicler, not an interpreter."<ref>{{cite news\|last=Rustin\|first=Bayard\|title=Making His Mark\|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune Book Week\|date=November 14, 1965}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' also highlighted the limited insight and criticism in ''The Autobiography'' but praised it for [[Black Arts Movement\|power]] and poignance.<ref>Reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> However, [[Truman J. Nelson\|Truman Nelson]] in ''[[The Nation]]'' lauded the epilogue as revelatory and described Haley as a "skillful amanuensis".<ref>{{cite news\|last=Nelson\|first=Truman\|author-link=Truman J. Nelson\|title=Delinquent's Progress\|newspaper=The Nation\|date=November 8, 1965}}, reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' called it a "mesmerizing page-turner" in 1992,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900017.html \|title=Malcolm X \|last=McCarthy \|first=Todd \|date=November 10, 1992 \|work=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 }}</ref> and in 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=March 6, 2008 \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|last=Gray \|first=Paul \|date=June 8, 1998 \|magazine=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|access-date=February 11, 2011 }}</ref>		Eliot Fremont-Smith, reviewing ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' for ''The New York Times'' in 1965, described it as "extraordinary" and said it is a "brilliant, painful, important book".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|title=An Eloquent Testament \|last=Fremont-Smith \|first=Eliot \|date=November 5, 1965 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065927/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Two years later, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that the book "will surely become one of the classics in American autobiography".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|title=Nine Expert Witnesses \|last=Ward \|first=John William \|author-link=John William Ward (professor) \|date=February 26, 1967 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064220/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Bayard Rustin]] argued the book suffered from a lack of critical analysis, which he attributed to Malcolm X's expectation that Haley be a "chronicler, not an interpreter."<ref>{{cite news\|last=Rustin\|first=Bayard\|title=Making His Mark\|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune Book Week\|date=November 14, 1965}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' also highlighted the limited insight and criticism in ''The Autobiography'' but praised it for [[Black Arts Movement\|power]] and poignance.<ref>Reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> However, [[Truman J. Nelson\|Truman Nelson]] in ''[[The Nation]]'' lauded the epilogue as revelatory and described Haley as a "skillful amanuensis".<ref>{{cite news\|last=Nelson\|first=Truman\|author-link=Truman J. Nelson\|title=Delinquent's Progress\|newspaper=The Nation\|date=November 8, 1965}}, reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' called it a "mesmerizing page-turner" in 1992,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900017.html \|title=Malcolm X \|last=McCarthy \|first=Todd \|date=November 10, 1992 \|work=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 }}</ref> and in 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=March 6, 2008 \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|last=Gray \|first=Paul \|date=June 8, 1998 \|magazine=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|access-date=February 11, 2011 }}</ref>

	''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has influenced generations of readers.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 \|title=''Ebony'' Bookshelf \|work=[[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]] \|date=May 1992 \|access-date=April 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1990, Charles Solomon writes in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "Unlike many '60s icons, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', with its double message of anger and love, remains an inspiring document."<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=Current Paperbacks \|last=Solomon \|first=Charles \|date=February 11, 1990 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111224510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=~~live~~ }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Cultural historian [[H. Bruce Franklin\|Howard Bruce Franklin]] describes it as "one of the most influential books in late-twentieth-century American culture",<ref>{{cite book \|editor-last=Franklin \|editor-first=Howard Bruce \|editor-link=H. Bruce Franklin \|title=Prison Writing in 20th-Century America \|year=1998 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-14-027305-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 11, 147] \|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 }}</ref> and the ''Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature'' credits Haley with shaping "what has undoubtedly become the most influential twentieth-century African American autobiography".<ref>{{cite book \|editor1-last=Andrews \|editor1-first=William L. \|editor2-last=Foster \|editor2-first=Frances Smith \|editor3-last=Harris \|editor3-first=Trudier \|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature \|year=2001 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-19-513883-2 \|page=183 }}</ref>		''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has influenced generations of readers.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 \|title=''Ebony'' Bookshelf \|work=[[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]] \|date=May 1992 \|access-date=April 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1990, Charles Solomon writes in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "Unlike many '60s icons, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', with its double message of anger and love, remains an inspiring document."<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=Current Paperbacks \|last=Solomon \|first=Charles \|date=February 11, 1990 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111224510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Cultural historian [[H. Bruce Franklin\|Howard Bruce Franklin]] describes it as "one of the most influential books in late-twentieth-century American culture",<ref>{{cite book \|editor-last=Franklin \|editor-first=Howard Bruce \|editor-link=H. Bruce Franklin \|title=Prison Writing in 20th-Century America \|year=1998 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-14-027305-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 11, 147] \|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 }}</ref> and the ''Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature'' credits Haley with shaping "what has undoubtedly become the most influential twentieth-century African American autobiography".<ref>{{cite book \|editor1-last=Andrews \|editor1-first=William L. \|editor2-last=Foster \|editor2-first=Frances Smith \|editor3-last=Harris \|editor3-first=Trudier \|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature \|year=2001 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-19-513883-2 \|page=183 }}</ref>

	Considering the literary impact of Malcolm X's ''Autobiography'', we may note the tremendous influence of the book, as well as its subject generally, on the development of the [[Black Arts Movement]]. Indeed, it was the day after Malcolm's assassination that the poet and playwright, [[Amiri Baraka]], established the Black Arts Repertory Theater, which would serve to catalyze the aesthetic progression of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|title = A Literary History of The Autobiography of Malcolm X\|date = 20 April 2012\|access-date = 2 November 2015\|website = Harvard University Press Blog\|publisher = Harvard University Press\|archive-date = November 24, 2015\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142921/http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|url-status = live}}</ref> Writers and thinkers associated with the Black Arts movement found in the ''Autobiography'' an aesthetic embodiment of his profoundly influential qualities, namely, "the vibrancy of his public voice, the clarity of his analyses of oppression's hidden history and inner logic, the fearlessness of his opposition to white supremacy, and the unconstrained ardor of his advocacy for revolution 'by any means necessary.'"<ref>{{Cite book\|title = The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Vol. 2\|last1 = Gates, Jr.\|first1 = Henry Louis\|publisher = W.W. Norton and Co.\|year = 2014\|isbn = 978-0-393-92370-4\|location = New York\|pages = 557\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Valerie A.}}</ref>		Considering the literary impact of Malcolm X's ''Autobiography'', we may note the tremendous influence of the book, as well as its subject generally, on the development of the [[Black Arts Movement]]. Indeed, it was the day after Malcolm's assassination that the poet and playwright, [[Amiri Baraka]], established the Black Arts Repertory Theater, which would serve to catalyze the aesthetic progression of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|title = A Literary History of The Autobiography of Malcolm X\|date = 20 April 2012\|access-date = 2 November 2015\|website = Harvard University Press Blog\|publisher = Harvard University Press\|archive-date = November 24, 2015\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142921/http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|url-status = live}}</ref> Writers and thinkers associated with the Black Arts movement found in the ''Autobiography'' an aesthetic embodiment of his profoundly influential qualities, namely, "the vibrancy of his public voice, the clarity of his analyses of oppression's hidden history and inner logic, the fearlessness of his opposition to white supremacy, and the unconstrained ardor of his advocacy for revolution 'by any means necessary.'"<ref>{{Cite book\|title = The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Vol. 2\|last1 = Gates, Jr.\|first1 = Henry Louis\|publisher = W.W. Norton and Co.\|year = 2014\|isbn = 978-0-393-92370-4\|location = New York\|pages = 557\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Valerie A.}}</ref>
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	[[Doubleday (publisher)\|Doubleday]] had contracted to publish ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' and paid a $30,000 advance to Malcolm X and Haley in 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> In March 1965, three weeks after Malcolm X's assassination, [[Nelson Doubleday Jr.]], canceled its contract out of fear for the safety of his employees. [[Grove Press]] then published the book later that year.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|last=Remnick \|first=David \|author-link=David Remnick \|title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|date=April 25, 2011 \|access-date=April 27, 2011 \|archive-date=April 24, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424050559/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|url-status=live }}</ref> Since ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold millions of copies,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies \|last=Pace \|first=Eric \|date=February 2, 1992 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=September 13, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913043838/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Marable described Doubleday's choice as the "most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history".<ref name="MMAG"/>		[[Doubleday (publisher)\|Doubleday]] had contracted to publish ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' and paid a $30,000 advance to Malcolm X and Haley in 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> In March 1965, three weeks after Malcolm X's assassination, [[Nelson Doubleday Jr.]], canceled its contract out of fear for the safety of his employees. [[Grove Press]] then published the book later that year.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|last=Remnick \|first=David \|author-link=David Remnick \|title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|date=April 25, 2011 \|access-date=April 27, 2011 \|archive-date=April 24, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424050559/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|url-status=live }}</ref> Since ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold millions of copies,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies \|last=Pace \|first=Eric \|date=February 2, 1992 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=September 13, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913043838/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Marable described Doubleday's choice as the "most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history".<ref name="MMAG"/>

	''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold well since its 1965 publication.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=What Took So Long? \|last=Seymour \|first=Gene \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[Newsday]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=~~live~~ }}{{subscription required}}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the paperback edition sold 400,000 copies in 1967 and 800,000 copies the following year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|title=Black Is Marketable \|last=Watkins \|first=Mel \|author-link=Mel Watkins (American writer) \|date=February 16, 1969 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065109/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The ''Autobiography'' entered its 18th printing by 1970.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Rickford \|first=Russell J. \|author-link=Russell J. Rickford \|title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X \|year=2003 \|publisher=Sourcebooks \|location=Naperville, Ill. \|isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] \|url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that six million copies of the book had been sold by 1977.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> The book experienced increased readership and returned to the best-seller list in the 1990s, helped in part by the publicity surrounding [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|title=The Legacy of Malcolm X \|last1=Lord \|first1=Lewis \|last2=Thornton \|first2=Jeannye \|last3=Bodipo-Memba \|first3=Alejandro \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|archive-date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref>		''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold well since its 1965 publication.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=What Took So Long? \|last=Seymour \|first=Gene \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[Newsday]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the paperback edition sold 400,000 copies in 1967 and 800,000 copies the following year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|title=Black Is Marketable \|last=Watkins \|first=Mel \|author-link=Mel Watkins (American writer) \|date=February 16, 1969 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065109/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The ''Autobiography'' entered its 18th printing by 1970.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Rickford \|first=Russell J. \|author-link=Russell J. Rickford \|title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X \|year=2003 \|publisher=Sourcebooks \|location=Naperville, Ill. \|isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] \|url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that six million copies of the book had been sold by 1977.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> The book experienced increased readership and returned to the best-seller list in the 1990s, helped in part by the publicity surrounding [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|title=The Legacy of Malcolm X \|last1=Lord \|first1=Lewis \|last2=Thornton \|first2=Jeannye \|last3=Bodipo-Memba \|first3=Alejandro \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|archive-date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref>

	=== Screenplay adaptations ===		=== Screenplay adaptations ===

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	== Legacy and influence ==		== Legacy and influence ==

	Eliot Fremont-Smith, reviewing ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' for ''The New York Times'' in 1965, described it as "extraordinary" and said it is a "brilliant, painful, important book".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|title=An Eloquent Testament \|last=Fremont-Smith \|first=Eliot \|date=November 5, 1965 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065927/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription}}</ref> Two years later, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that the book "will surely become one of the classics in American autobiography".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|title=Nine Expert Witnesses \|last=Ward \|first=John William \|author-link=John William Ward (professor) \|date=February 26, 1967 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064220/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription}}</ref> [[Bayard Rustin]] argued the book suffered from a lack of critical analysis, which he attributed to Malcolm X's expectation that Haley be a "chronicler, not an interpreter."<ref>{{cite news\|last=Rustin\|first=Bayard\|title=Making His Mark\|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune Book Week\|date=November 14, 1965}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' also highlighted the limited insight and criticism in ''The Autobiography'' but praised it for [[Black Arts Movement\|power]] and poignance.<ref>Reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> However, [[Truman J. Nelson\|Truman Nelson]] in ''[[The Nation]]'' lauded the epilogue as revelatory and described Haley as a "skillful amanuensis".<ref>{{cite news\|last=Nelson\|first=Truman\|author-link=Truman J. Nelson\|title=Delinquent's Progress\|newspaper=The Nation\|date=November 8, 1965}}, reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' called it a "mesmerizing page-turner" in 1992,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900017.html \|title=Malcolm X \|last=McCarthy \|first=Todd \|date=November 10, 1992 \|work=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 }}</ref> and in 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=March 6, 2008 \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|last=Gray \|first=Paul \|date=June 8, 1998 \|magazine=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|access-date=February 11, 2011 }}</ref>		Eliot Fremont-Smith, reviewing ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' for ''The New York Times'' in 1965, described it as "extraordinary" and said it is a "brilliant, painful, important book".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|title=An Eloquent Testament \|last=Fremont-Smith \|first=Eliot \|date=November 5, 1965 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065927/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Two years later, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that the book "will surely become one of the classics in American autobiography".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|title=Nine Expert Witnesses \|last=Ward \|first=John William \|author-link=John William Ward (professor) \|date=February 26, 1967 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064220/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Bayard Rustin]] argued the book suffered from a lack of critical analysis, which he attributed to Malcolm X's expectation that Haley be a "chronicler, not an interpreter."<ref>{{cite news\|last=Rustin\|first=Bayard\|title=Making His Mark\|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune Book Week\|date=November 14, 1965}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' also highlighted the limited insight and criticism in ''The Autobiography'' but praised it for [[Black Arts Movement\|power]] and poignance.<ref>Reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> However, [[Truman J. Nelson\|Truman Nelson]] in ''[[The Nation]]'' lauded the epilogue as revelatory and described Haley as a "skillful amanuensis".<ref>{{cite news\|last=Nelson\|first=Truman\|author-link=Truman J. Nelson\|title=Delinquent's Progress\|newspaper=The Nation\|date=November 8, 1965}}, reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' called it a "mesmerizing page-turner" in 1992,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900017.html \|title=Malcolm X \|last=McCarthy \|first=Todd \|date=November 10, 1992 \|work=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 }}</ref> and in 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=March 6, 2008 \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|last=Gray \|first=Paul \|date=June 8, 1998 \|magazine=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|access-date=February 11, 2011 }}</ref>

	''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has influenced generations of readers.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 \|title=''Ebony'' Bookshelf \|work=[[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]] \|date=May 1992 \|access-date=April 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1990, Charles Solomon writes in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "Unlike many '60s icons, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', with its double message of anger and love, remains an inspiring document."<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=Current Paperbacks \|last=Solomon \|first=Charles \|date=February 11, 1990 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111224510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=live }}{{subscription}}</ref> Cultural historian [[H. Bruce Franklin\|Howard Bruce Franklin]] describes it as "one of the most influential books in late-twentieth-century American culture",<ref>{{cite book \|editor-last=Franklin \|editor-first=Howard Bruce \|editor-link=H. Bruce Franklin \|title=Prison Writing in 20th-Century America \|year=1998 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-14-027305-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 11, 147] \|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 }}</ref> and the ''Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature'' credits Haley with shaping "what has undoubtedly become the most influential twentieth-century African American autobiography".<ref>{{cite book \|editor1-last=Andrews \|editor1-first=William L. \|editor2-last=Foster \|editor2-first=Frances Smith \|editor3-last=Harris \|editor3-first=Trudier \|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature \|year=2001 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-19-513883-2 \|page=183 }}</ref>		''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has influenced generations of readers.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 \|title=''Ebony'' Bookshelf \|work=[[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]] \|date=May 1992 \|access-date=April 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1990, Charles Solomon writes in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "Unlike many '60s icons, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', with its double message of anger and love, remains an inspiring document."<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=Current Paperbacks \|last=Solomon \|first=Charles \|date=February 11, 1990 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111224510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Cultural historian [[H. Bruce Franklin\|Howard Bruce Franklin]] describes it as "one of the most influential books in late-twentieth-century American culture",<ref>{{cite book \|editor-last=Franklin \|editor-first=Howard Bruce \|editor-link=H. Bruce Franklin \|title=Prison Writing in 20th-Century America \|year=1998 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-14-027305-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 11, 147] \|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 }}</ref> and the ''Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature'' credits Haley with shaping "what has undoubtedly become the most influential twentieth-century African American autobiography".<ref>{{cite book \|editor1-last=Andrews \|editor1-first=William L. \|editor2-last=Foster \|editor2-first=Frances Smith \|editor3-last=Harris \|editor3-first=Trudier \|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature \|year=2001 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-19-513883-2 \|page=183 }}</ref>

	Considering the literary impact of Malcolm X's ''Autobiography'', we may note the tremendous influence of the book, as well as its subject generally, on the development of the [[Black Arts Movement]]. Indeed, it was the day after Malcolm's assassination that the poet and playwright, [[Amiri Baraka]], established the Black Arts Repertory Theater, which would serve to catalyze the aesthetic progression of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|title = A Literary History of The Autobiography of Malcolm X\|date = 20 April 2012\|access-date = 2 November 2015\|website = Harvard University Press Blog\|publisher = Harvard University Press\|archive-date = November 24, 2015\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142921/http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|url-status = live}}</ref> Writers and thinkers associated with the Black Arts movement found in the ''Autobiography'' an aesthetic embodiment of his profoundly influential qualities, namely, "the vibrancy of his public voice, the clarity of his analyses of oppression's hidden history and inner logic, the fearlessness of his opposition to white supremacy, and the unconstrained ardor of his advocacy for revolution 'by any means necessary.'"<ref>{{Cite book\|title = The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Vol. 2\|last1 = Gates, Jr.\|first1 = Henry Louis\|publisher = W.W. Norton and Co.\|year = 2014\|isbn = 978-0-393-92370-4\|location = New York\|pages = 557\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Valerie A.}}</ref>		Considering the literary impact of Malcolm X's ''Autobiography'', we may note the tremendous influence of the book, as well as its subject generally, on the development of the [[Black Arts Movement]]. Indeed, it was the day after Malcolm's assassination that the poet and playwright, [[Amiri Baraka]], established the Black Arts Repertory Theater, which would serve to catalyze the aesthetic progression of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|title = A Literary History of The Autobiography of Malcolm X\|date = 20 April 2012\|access-date = 2 November 2015\|website = Harvard University Press Blog\|publisher = Harvard University Press\|archive-date = November 24, 2015\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142921/http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|url-status = live}}</ref> Writers and thinkers associated with the Black Arts movement found in the ''Autobiography'' an aesthetic embodiment of his profoundly influential qualities, namely, "the vibrancy of his public voice, the clarity of his analyses of oppression's hidden history and inner logic, the fearlessness of his opposition to white supremacy, and the unconstrained ardor of his advocacy for revolution 'by any means necessary.'"<ref>{{Cite book\|title = The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Vol. 2\|last1 = Gates, Jr.\|first1 = Henry Louis\|publisher = W.W. Norton and Co.\|year = 2014\|isbn = 978-0-393-92370-4\|location = New York\|pages = 557\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Valerie A.}}</ref>
Line 165:		Line 165:
	[[Doubleday (publisher)\|Doubleday]] had contracted to publish ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' and paid a $30,000 advance to Malcolm X and Haley in 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> In March 1965, three weeks after Malcolm X's assassination, [[Nelson Doubleday Jr.]], canceled its contract out of fear for the safety of his employees. [[Grove Press]] then published the book later that year.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|last=Remnick \|first=David \|author-link=David Remnick \|title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|date=April 25, 2011 \|access-date=April 27, 2011 \|archive-date=April 24, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424050559/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|url-status=live }}</ref> Since ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold millions of copies,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies \|last=Pace \|first=Eric \|date=February 2, 1992 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=September 13, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913043838/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Marable described Doubleday's choice as the "most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history".<ref name="MMAG"/>		[[Doubleday (publisher)\|Doubleday]] had contracted to publish ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' and paid a $30,000 advance to Malcolm X and Haley in 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> In March 1965, three weeks after Malcolm X's assassination, [[Nelson Doubleday Jr.]], canceled its contract out of fear for the safety of his employees. [[Grove Press]] then published the book later that year.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|last=Remnick \|first=David \|author-link=David Remnick \|title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|date=April 25, 2011 \|access-date=April 27, 2011 \|archive-date=April 24, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424050559/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|url-status=live }}</ref> Since ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold millions of copies,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies \|last=Pace \|first=Eric \|date=February 2, 1992 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=September 13, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913043838/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Marable described Doubleday's choice as the "most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history".<ref name="MMAG"/>

	''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold well since its 1965 publication.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=What Took So Long? \|last=Seymour \|first=Gene \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[Newsday]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=live }}{{subscription}}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the paperback edition sold 400,000 copies in 1967 and 800,000 copies the following year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|title=Black Is Marketable \|last=Watkins \|first=Mel \|author-link=Mel Watkins (American writer) \|date=February 16, 1969 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065109/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription}}</ref> The ''Autobiography'' entered its 18th printing by 1970.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Rickford \|first=Russell J. \|author-link=Russell J. Rickford \|title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X \|year=2003 \|publisher=Sourcebooks \|location=Naperville, Ill. \|isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] \|url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that six million copies of the book had been sold by 1977.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> The book experienced increased readership and returned to the best-seller list in the 1990s, helped in part by the publicity surrounding [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|title=The Legacy of Malcolm X \|last1=Lord \|first1=Lewis \|last2=Thornton \|first2=Jeannye \|last3=Bodipo-Memba \|first3=Alejandro \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|archive-date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref>		''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold well since its 1965 publication.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=What Took So Long? \|last=Seymour \|first=Gene \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[Newsday]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the paperback edition sold 400,000 copies in 1967 and 800,000 copies the following year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|title=Black Is Marketable \|last=Watkins \|first=Mel \|author-link=Mel Watkins (American writer) \|date=February 16, 1969 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065109/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The ''Autobiography'' entered its 18th printing by 1970.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Rickford \|first=Russell J. \|author-link=Russell J. Rickford \|title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X \|year=2003 \|publisher=Sourcebooks \|location=Naperville, Ill. \|isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] \|url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that six million copies of the book had been sold by 1977.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> The book experienced increased readership and returned to the best-seller list in the 1990s, helped in part by the publicity surrounding [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|title=The Legacy of Malcolm X \|last1=Lord \|first1=Lewis \|last2=Thornton \|first2=Jeannye \|last3=Bodipo-Memba \|first3=Alejandro \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|archive-date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref>

	=== Screenplay adaptations ===		=== Screenplay adaptations ===

Mazewaxie: Rescuing 21 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2024-03-03T23:31:28Z

Rescuing 21 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

Show changes

Pickersgill-Cunliffe: Reverted edits by 2601:589:4D80:4920:7CC4:6AB0:BAB5:80CA (talk) (HG) (3.4.12)

2024-02-23T23:31:12Z

Reverted edits by 2601:589:4D80:4920:7CC4:6AB0:BAB5:80CA (talk) (HG) (3.4.12)

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	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

			== Citations ==
	"I do not care said Malcolm x"
			{{Reflist\|30em}}

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

2601:589:4D80:4920:7CC4:6AB0:BAB5:80CA at 23:30, 23 February 2024

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:30, 23 February 2024
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			"I do not care said Malcolm x"
	== Citations ==
	{{Reflist\|30em}}

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

K6ka: Reverted edits by 65.51.21.19 (talk) (HG) (3.4.12)

2024-02-12T16:21:56Z

Reverted edits by 65.51.21.19 (talk) (HG) (3.4.12)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:21, 12 February 2024
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	When the ''Autobiography'' was published, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer Eliot Fremont-Smith described it as a "brilliant, painful, important book". In 1967, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that it would become a classic American autobiography. In 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' as one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,988496,00.html \|access-date=2020-10-01 \|publisher=Time \|date=1998-06-08}}</ref> [[James Baldwin]] and [[Arnold Perl]] adapted the book as a film; their screenplay provided the source material for [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.		When the ''Autobiography'' was published, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer Eliot Fremont-Smith described it as a "brilliant, painful, important book". In 1967, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that it would become a classic American autobiography. In 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' as one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,988496,00.html \|access-date=2020-10-01 \|publisher=Time \|date=1998-06-08}}</ref> [[James Baldwin]] and [[Arnold Perl]] adapted the book as a film; their screenplay provided the source material for [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.

	== Summary ==~~<ref>~~		== Summary ==

	Published posthumously, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' is an account of the life of [[Malcolm X]], born Malcolm Little (1925–1965), who became a human rights activist. Beginning with his mother's pregnancy, the book describes Malcolm's childhood first in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] and then in the area around [[Lansing, Michigan\|Lansing]] and [[Mason, Michigan]], the death of his father under questionable~~</ref>~~ circumstances, and his mother's deteriorating mental health that resulted in her [[Involuntary commitment\|commitment]] to a [[psychiatric hospital]].<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=4–5}}.</ref> Little's young adulthood in Boston and New York City is covered, as well as his involvement in [[organized crime]]. This led to his arrest and subsequent eight- to ten-year prison sentence, of which he served six-and-a-half years (1946–1952).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Carson\|1995\|p=99}}.</ref> The book addresses his ministry with [[Elijah Muhammad]] and the [[Nation of Islam]] (1952–1963) and his emergence as the organization's national spokesman. It documents his disillusionment with and departure from the Nation of Islam in March 1964, his [[hajj\|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]], which catalyzed his conversion to orthodox [[Sunni Islam]], and his travels in Africa.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=6–13}}.</ref> Malcolm X was assassinated in New York's [[Audubon Ballroom]] in February 1965, before the book was finished. His co-author, the journalist [[Alex Haley]], summarizes the last days of Malcolm X's life, and describes in detail their working agreement, including Haley's personal views on his subject, in the ''Autobiography''{{'}}s epilogue.<ref>Als, Hilton, "Philosopher or Dog?", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|p=91}}; [[John Edgar Wideman\|Wideman, John Edgar]], "Malcolm X: The Art of Autobiography", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|pp=104–5}}.</ref>		Published posthumously, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' is an account of the life of [[Malcolm X]], born Malcolm Little (1925–1965), who became a human rights activist. Beginning with his mother's pregnancy, the book describes Malcolm's childhood first in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] and then in the area around [[Lansing, Michigan\|Lansing]] and [[Mason, Michigan]], the death of his father under questionable circumstances, and his mother's deteriorating mental health that resulted in her [[Involuntary commitment\|commitment]] to a [[psychiatric hospital]].<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=4–5}}.</ref> Little's young adulthood in Boston and New York City is covered, as well as his involvement in [[organized crime]]. This led to his arrest and subsequent eight- to ten-year prison sentence, of which he served six-and-a-half years (1946–1952).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Carson\|1995\|p=99}}.</ref> The book addresses his ministry with [[Elijah Muhammad]] and the [[Nation of Islam]] (1952–1963) and his emergence as the organization's national spokesman. It documents his disillusionment with and departure from the Nation of Islam in March 1964, his [[hajj\|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]], which catalyzed his conversion to orthodox [[Sunni Islam]], and his travels in Africa.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=6–13}}.</ref> Malcolm X was assassinated in New York's [[Audubon Ballroom]] in February 1965, before the book was finished. His co-author, the journalist [[Alex Haley]], summarizes the last days of Malcolm X's life, and describes in detail their working agreement, including Haley's personal views on his subject, in the ''Autobiography''{{'}}s epilogue.<ref>Als, Hilton, "Philosopher or Dog?", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|p=91}}; [[John Edgar Wideman\|Wideman, John Edgar]], "Malcolm X: The Art of Autobiography", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|pp=104–5}}.</ref>

	== Genre ==		== Genre ==

65.51.21.19: /* Summary */

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Summary

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	When the ''Autobiography'' was published, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer Eliot Fremont-Smith described it as a "brilliant, painful, important book". In 1967, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that it would become a classic American autobiography. In 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' as one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,988496,00.html \|access-date=2020-10-01 \|publisher=Time \|date=1998-06-08}}</ref> [[James Baldwin]] and [[Arnold Perl]] adapted the book as a film; their screenplay provided the source material for [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.		When the ''Autobiography'' was published, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer Eliot Fremont-Smith described it as a "brilliant, painful, important book". In 1967, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that it would become a classic American autobiography. In 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' as one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,988496,00.html \|access-date=2020-10-01 \|publisher=Time \|date=1998-06-08}}</ref> [[James Baldwin]] and [[Arnold Perl]] adapted the book as a film; their screenplay provided the source material for [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.

	== Summary ==		== Summary ==<ref>

	Published posthumously, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' is an account of the life of [[Malcolm X]], born Malcolm Little (1925–1965), who became a human rights activist. Beginning with his mother's pregnancy, the book describes Malcolm's childhood first in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] and then in the area around [[Lansing, Michigan\|Lansing]] and [[Mason, Michigan]], the death of his father under questionable circumstances, and his mother's deteriorating mental health that resulted in her [[Involuntary commitment\|commitment]] to a [[psychiatric hospital]].<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=4–5}}.</ref> Little's young adulthood in Boston and New York City is covered, as well as his involvement in [[organized crime]]. This led to his arrest and subsequent eight- to ten-year prison sentence, of which he served six-and-a-half years (1946–1952).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Carson\|1995\|p=99}}.</ref> The book addresses his ministry with [[Elijah Muhammad]] and the [[Nation of Islam]] (1952–1963) and his emergence as the organization's national spokesman. It documents his disillusionment with and departure from the Nation of Islam in March 1964, his [[hajj\|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]], which catalyzed his conversion to orthodox [[Sunni Islam]], and his travels in Africa.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=6–13}}.</ref> Malcolm X was assassinated in New York's [[Audubon Ballroom]] in February 1965, before the book was finished. His co-author, the journalist [[Alex Haley]], summarizes the last days of Malcolm X's life, and describes in detail their working agreement, including Haley's personal views on his subject, in the ''Autobiography''{{'}}s epilogue.<ref>Als, Hilton, "Philosopher or Dog?", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|p=91}}; [[John Edgar Wideman\|Wideman, John Edgar]], "Malcolm X: The Art of Autobiography", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|pp=104–5}}.</ref>		Published posthumously, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' is an account of the life of [[Malcolm X]], born Malcolm Little (1925–1965), who became a human rights activist. Beginning with his mother's pregnancy, the book describes Malcolm's childhood first in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] and then in the area around [[Lansing, Michigan\|Lansing]] and [[Mason, Michigan]], the death of his father under questionable</ref> circumstances, and his mother's deteriorating mental health that resulted in her [[Involuntary commitment\|commitment]] to a [[psychiatric hospital]].<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=4–5}}.</ref> Little's young adulthood in Boston and New York City is covered, as well as his involvement in [[organized crime]]. This led to his arrest and subsequent eight- to ten-year prison sentence, of which he served six-and-a-half years (1946–1952).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Carson\|1995\|p=99}}.</ref> The book addresses his ministry with [[Elijah Muhammad]] and the [[Nation of Islam]] (1952–1963) and his emergence as the organization's national spokesman. It documents his disillusionment with and departure from the Nation of Islam in March 1964, his [[hajj\|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]], which catalyzed his conversion to orthodox [[Sunni Islam]], and his travels in Africa.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|pp=6–13}}.</ref> Malcolm X was assassinated in New York's [[Audubon Ballroom]] in February 1965, before the book was finished. His co-author, the journalist [[Alex Haley]], summarizes the last days of Malcolm X's life, and describes in detail their working agreement, including Haley's personal views on his subject, in the ''Autobiography''{{'}}s epilogue.<ref>Als, Hilton, "Philosopher or Dog?", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|p=91}}; [[John Edgar Wideman\|Wideman, John Edgar]], "Malcolm X: The Art of Autobiography", in {{Harvnb\|Wood\|1992\|pp=104–5}}.</ref>

	== Genre ==		== Genre ==

DividedFrame: /* Construction */ Blockquote style, formatting

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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	I said, 'Mr. Malcolm, could you tell me something about your mother?' And I will never, ever forget how he stopped almost as if he was suspended like a marionette. And he said, 'I remember the kind of dresses she used to wear. They were old and faded and gray.' And then he walked some more. And he said, 'I remember how she was always bent over the stove, trying to stretch what little we had.' And that was the beginning, that night, of his walk. And he walked that floor until just about daybreak.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html \|title=The Time Has Come (1964–1966) \|work=[[Eyes on the Prize\|Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985]], [[American Experience]] \|publisher=[[PBS]] \|access-date=March 7, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423154235/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html \|archive-date=April 23, 2010 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref>		I said, "Mr.{{nbsp}}Malcolm, could you tell me something about your mother?" And I will never, ever forget how he stopped almost as if he was suspended like a marionette. And he said, "I remember the kind of dresses she used to wear. They were old and faded and gray." And then he walked some more. And he said, "I remember how she was always bent over the stove, trying to stretch what little we had." And that was the beginning, that night, of his walk. And he walked that floor until just about daybreak.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html \|title=The Time Has Come (1964–1966) \|work=[[Eyes on the Prize\|Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985]], [[American Experience]] \|publisher=[[PBS]] \|access-date=March 7, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423154235/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html \|archive-date=April 23, 2010 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref>
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (AManWithNoPlan - 15897

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Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (AManWithNoPlan - 15897

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	{{sisterlinks\|1=Malcolm X\|wikt=no\|b=no\|q=Malcolm X\|s=Author:Malcolm X\|commons=Category:Malcolm X\|n=no\|v=no\|voy=no}}		{{sisterlinks\|1=Malcolm X\|wikt=no\|b=no\|q=Malcolm X\|s=Author:Malcolm X\|commons=Category:Malcolm X\|n=no\|v=no\|voy=no}}

	* [http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 Alex Haley's 1963 ''Playboy'' Interview of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X]		* [http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 Alex Haley's 1963 ''Playboy'' Interview of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228214649/http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 \|date=December 28, 2017 }}
	* {{cite web \|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/95194-american-icons-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x \|title=American Icons: ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|date=August 26, 2011 \|work=[[Studio 360]] \|publisher=[[WNYC]] }}		* {{cite web \|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/95194-american-icons-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x \|title=American Icons: ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|date=August 26, 2011 \|work=[[Studio 360]] \|publisher=[[WNYC]] }}
	* {{cite web \|url=https://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html \|title=A Literary History of ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|first=David \|last=Bradley \|author-link=David Bradley (novelist) \|date=April 20, 2012 \|publisher=Harvard University Press }}		* {{cite web \|url=https://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html \|title=A Literary History of ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|first=David \|last=Bradley \|author-link=David Bradley (novelist) \|date=April 20, 2012 \|publisher=Harvard University Press }}

Egarcia87: Undid revision 1175356379 by 209.212.143.25 (talk)

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	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	Riiii

	== External links ==		== External links ==

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	Eliot Fremont-Smith, reviewing ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' for ''The New York Times'' in 1965, described it as "extraordinary" and said it is a "brilliant, painful, important book".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|title=An Eloquent Testament \|last=Fremont-Smith \|first=Eliot \|date=November 5, 1965 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065927/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Two years later, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that the book "will surely become one of the classics in American autobiography".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|title=Nine Expert Witnesses \|last=Ward \|first=John William \|author-link=John William Ward (professor) \|date=February 26, 1967 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064220/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Bayard Rustin]] argued the book suffered from a lack of critical analysis, which he attributed to Malcolm X's expectation that Haley be a "chronicler, not an interpreter."<ref>{{cite news\|last=Rustin\|first=Bayard\|title=Making His Mark\|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune Book Week\|date=November 14, 1965}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' also highlighted the limited insight and criticism in ''The Autobiography'' but praised it for [[Black Arts Movement\|power]] and poignance.<ref>Reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> However, [[Truman J. Nelson\|Truman Nelson]] in ''[[The Nation]]'' lauded the epilogue as revelatory and described Haley as a "skillful amanuensis".<ref>{{cite news\|last=Nelson\|first=Truman\|author-link=Truman J. Nelson\|title=Delinquent's Progress\|newspaper=The Nation\|date=November 8, 1965}}, reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' called it a "mesmerizing page-turner" in 1992,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900017.html \|title=Malcolm X \|last=McCarthy \|first=Todd \|date=November 10, 1992 \|work=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 }}</ref> and in 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=March 6, 2008 \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|last=Gray \|first=Paul \|date=June 8, 1998 \|magazine=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|access-date=February 11, 2011 }}</ref>		Eliot Fremont-Smith, reviewing ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' for ''The New York Times'' in 1965, described it as "extraordinary" and said it is a "brilliant, painful, important book".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|title=An Eloquent Testament \|last=Fremont-Smith \|first=Eliot \|date=November 5, 1965 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065927/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/05/archives/an-eloquent-testament.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Two years later, historian [[John William Ward (professor)\|John William Ward]] wrote that the book "will surely become one of the classics in American autobiography".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|title=Nine Expert Witnesses \|last=Ward \|first=John William \|author-link=John William Ward (professor) \|date=February 26, 1967 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064220/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/26/archives/nine-expert-witnesses-american-history.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Bayard Rustin]] argued the book suffered from a lack of critical analysis, which he attributed to Malcolm X's expectation that Haley be a "chronicler, not an interpreter."<ref>{{cite news\|last=Rustin\|first=Bayard\|title=Making His Mark\|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune Book Week\|date=November 14, 1965}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' also highlighted the limited insight and criticism in ''The Autobiography'' but praised it for [[Black Arts Movement\|power]] and poignance.<ref>Reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> However, [[Truman J. Nelson\|Truman Nelson]] in ''[[The Nation]]'' lauded the epilogue as revelatory and described Haley as a "skillful amanuensis".<ref>{{cite news\|last=Nelson\|first=Truman\|author-link=Truman J. Nelson\|title=Delinquent's Progress\|newspaper=The Nation\|date=November 8, 1965}}, reprinted in {{harv\|Book Review Digest\|1996\|p=828}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' called it a "mesmerizing page-turner" in 1992,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117900017.html \|title=Malcolm X \|last=McCarthy \|first=Todd \|date=November 10, 1992 \|work=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 }}</ref> and in 1998, ''[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]'' named ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=March 6, 2008 \|title=Required Reading: Nonfiction Books \|last=Gray \|first=Paul \|date=June 8, 1998 \|magazine=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|access-date=February 11, 2011 }}</ref>

	''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has influenced generations of readers.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 \|title=''Ebony'' Bookshelf \|work=[[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]] \|date=May 1992 \|access-date=April 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1990, Charles Solomon writes in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "Unlike many '60s icons, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', with its double message of anger and love, remains an inspiring document."<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=Current Paperbacks \|last=Solomon \|first=Charles \|date=February 11, 1990 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111224510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=~~live~~ }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Cultural historian [[H. Bruce Franklin\|Howard Bruce Franklin]] describes it as "one of the most influential books in late-twentieth-century American culture",<ref>{{cite book \|editor-last=Franklin \|editor-first=Howard Bruce \|editor-link=H. Bruce Franklin \|title=Prison Writing in 20th-Century America \|year=1998 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-14-027305-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 11, 147] \|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 }}</ref> and the ''Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature'' credits Haley with shaping "what has undoubtedly become the most influential twentieth-century African American autobiography".<ref>{{cite book \|editor1-last=Andrews \|editor1-first=William L. \|editor2-last=Foster \|editor2-first=Frances Smith \|editor3-last=Harris \|editor3-first=Trudier \|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature \|year=2001 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-19-513883-2 \|page=183 }}</ref>		''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has influenced generations of readers.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 \|title=''Ebony'' Bookshelf \|work=[[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]] \|date=May 1992 \|access-date=April 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1990, Charles Solomon writes in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "Unlike many '60s icons, ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', with its double message of anger and love, remains an inspiring document."<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=Current Paperbacks \|last=Solomon \|first=Charles \|date=February 11, 1990 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111224510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2033731.html?dids=2033731:2033731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Cultural historian [[H. Bruce Franklin\|Howard Bruce Franklin]] describes it as "one of the most influential books in late-twentieth-century American culture",<ref>{{cite book \|editor-last=Franklin \|editor-first=Howard Bruce \|editor-link=H. Bruce Franklin \|title=Prison Writing in 20th-Century America \|year=1998 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-14-027305-2 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 11, 147] \|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonwritingin20000unse/page/11 }}</ref> and the ''Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature'' credits Haley with shaping "what has undoubtedly become the most influential twentieth-century African American autobiography".<ref>{{cite book \|editor1-last=Andrews \|editor1-first=William L. \|editor2-last=Foster \|editor2-first=Frances Smith \|editor3-last=Harris \|editor3-first=Trudier \|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature \|year=2001 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-19-513883-2 \|page=183 }}</ref>

	Considering the literary impact of Malcolm X's ''Autobiography'', we may note the tremendous influence of the book, as well as its subject generally, on the development of the [[Black Arts Movement]]. Indeed, it was the day after Malcolm's assassination that the poet and playwright, [[Amiri Baraka]], established the Black Arts Repertory Theater, which would serve to catalyze the aesthetic progression of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|title = A Literary History of The Autobiography of Malcolm X\|date = 20 April 2012\|access-date = 2 November 2015\|website = Harvard University Press Blog\|publisher = Harvard University Press\|archive-date = November 24, 2015\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142921/http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|url-status = live}}</ref> Writers and thinkers associated with the Black Arts movement found in the ''Autobiography'' an aesthetic embodiment of his profoundly influential qualities, namely, "the vibrancy of his public voice, the clarity of his analyses of oppression's hidden history and inner logic, the fearlessness of his opposition to white supremacy, and the unconstrained ardor of his advocacy for revolution 'by any means necessary.'"<ref>{{Cite book\|title = The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Vol. 2\|last1 = Gates, Jr.\|first1 = Henry Louis\|publisher = W.W. Norton and Co.\|year = 2014\|isbn = 978-0-393-92370-4\|location = New York\|pages = 557\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Valerie A.}}</ref>		Considering the literary impact of Malcolm X's ''Autobiography'', we may note the tremendous influence of the book, as well as its subject generally, on the development of the [[Black Arts Movement]]. Indeed, it was the day after Malcolm's assassination that the poet and playwright, [[Amiri Baraka]], established the Black Arts Repertory Theater, which would serve to catalyze the aesthetic progression of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|title = A Literary History of The Autobiography of Malcolm X\|date = 20 April 2012\|access-date = 2 November 2015\|website = Harvard University Press Blog\|publisher = Harvard University Press\|archive-date = November 24, 2015\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142921/http://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html\|url-status = live}}</ref> Writers and thinkers associated with the Black Arts movement found in the ''Autobiography'' an aesthetic embodiment of his profoundly influential qualities, namely, "the vibrancy of his public voice, the clarity of his analyses of oppression's hidden history and inner logic, the fearlessness of his opposition to white supremacy, and the unconstrained ardor of his advocacy for revolution 'by any means necessary.'"<ref>{{Cite book\|title = The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Vol. 2\|last1 = Gates, Jr.\|first1 = Henry Louis\|publisher = W.W. Norton and Co.\|year = 2014\|isbn = 978-0-393-92370-4\|location = New York\|pages = 557\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Valerie A.}}</ref>
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	[[Doubleday (publisher)\|Doubleday]] had contracted to publish ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' and paid a $30,000 advance to Malcolm X and Haley in 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> In March 1965, three weeks after Malcolm X's assassination, [[Nelson Doubleday Jr.]], canceled its contract out of fear for the safety of his employees. [[Grove Press]] then published the book later that year.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|last=Remnick \|first=David \|author-link=David Remnick \|title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|date=April 25, 2011 \|access-date=April 27, 2011 \|archive-date=April 24, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424050559/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|url-status=live }}</ref> Since ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold millions of copies,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies \|last=Pace \|first=Eric \|date=February 2, 1992 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=September 13, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913043838/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Marable described Doubleday's choice as the "most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history".<ref name="MMAG"/>		[[Doubleday (publisher)\|Doubleday]] had contracted to publish ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' and paid a $30,000 advance to Malcolm X and Haley in 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> In March 1965, three weeks after Malcolm X's assassination, [[Nelson Doubleday Jr.]], canceled its contract out of fear for the safety of his employees. [[Grove Press]] then published the book later that year.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|last=Remnick \|first=David \|author-link=David Remnick \|title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|date=April 25, 2011 \|access-date=April 27, 2011 \|archive-date=April 24, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424050559/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick \|url-status=live }}</ref> Since ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold millions of copies,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies \|last=Pace \|first=Eric \|date=February 2, 1992 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=September 13, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913043838/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Marable described Doubleday's choice as the "most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history".<ref name="MMAG"/>

	''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold well since its 1965 publication.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=What Took So Long? \|last=Seymour \|first=Gene \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[Newsday]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=~~live~~ }}{{subscription required}}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the paperback edition sold 400,000 copies in 1967 and 800,000 copies the following year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|title=Black Is Marketable \|last=Watkins \|first=Mel \|author-link=Mel Watkins (American writer) \|date=February 16, 1969 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065109/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The ''Autobiography'' entered its 18th printing by 1970.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Rickford \|first=Russell J. \|author-link=Russell J. Rickford \|title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X \|year=2003 \|publisher=Sourcebooks \|location=Naperville, Ill. \|isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] \|url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that six million copies of the book had been sold by 1977.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> The book experienced increased readership and returned to the best-seller list in the 1990s, helped in part by the publicity surrounding [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|title=The Legacy of Malcolm X \|last1=Lord \|first1=Lewis \|last2=Thornton \|first2=Jeannye \|last3=Bodipo-Memba \|first3=Alejandro \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|archive-date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref>		''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' has sold well since its 1965 publication.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|title=What Took So Long? \|last=Seymour \|first=Gene \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[Newsday]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|archive-date=January 11, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT \|url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the paperback edition sold 400,000 copies in 1967 and 800,000 copies the following year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|title=Black Is Marketable \|last=Watkins \|first=Mel \|author-link=Mel Watkins (American writer) \|date=February 16, 1969 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=June 1, 2010 \|archive-date=July 23, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065109/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/16/archives/black-is-marketable-black-is-marketable.html \|url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The ''Autobiography'' entered its 18th printing by 1970.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Rickford \|first=Russell J. \|author-link=Russell J. Rickford \|title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X \|year=2003 \|publisher=Sourcebooks \|location=Naperville, Ill. \|isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] \|url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that six million copies of the book had been sold by 1977.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> The book experienced increased readership and returned to the best-seller list in the 1990s, helped in part by the publicity surrounding [[Spike Lee]]'s 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)\|Malcolm X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dyson\|1996\|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|title=The Legacy of Malcolm X \|last1=Lord \|first1=Lewis \|last2=Thornton \|first2=Jeannye \|last3=Bodipo-Memba \|first3=Alejandro \|date=November 15, 1992 \|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] \|access-date=June 2, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm \|archive-date=January 14, 2012 }}</ref>

	=== Screenplay adaptations ===		=== Screenplay adaptations ===

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:22, 26 October 2023
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	{{sisterlinks\|1=Malcolm X\|wikt=no\|b=no\|q=Malcolm X\|s=Author:Malcolm X\|commons=Category:Malcolm X\|n=no\|v=no\|voy=no}}		{{sisterlinks\|1=Malcolm X\|wikt=no\|b=no\|q=Malcolm X\|s=Author:Malcolm X\|commons=Category:Malcolm X\|n=no\|v=no\|voy=no}}

	* [http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 Alex Haley's 1963 ''Playboy'' Interview of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X]		* [http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 Alex Haley's 1963 ''Playboy'' Interview of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228214649/http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 \|date=December 28, 2017 }}
	* {{cite web \|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/95194-american-icons-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x \|title=American Icons: ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|date=August 26, 2011 \|work=[[Studio 360]] \|publisher=[[WNYC]] }}		* {{cite web \|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/95194-american-icons-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x \|title=American Icons: ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|date=August 26, 2011 \|work=[[Studio 360]] \|publisher=[[WNYC]] }}
	* {{cite web \|url=https://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html \|title=A Literary History of ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|first=David \|last=Bradley \|author-link=David Bradley (novelist) \|date=April 20, 2012 \|publisher=Harvard University Press }}		* {{cite web \|url=https://harvardpress.typepad.com/hup_publicity/2012/04/a-literary-history-of-the-autobiography-of-malcolm-x.html \|title=A Literary History of ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'' \|first=David \|last=Bradley \|author-link=David Bradley (novelist) \|date=April 20, 2012 \|publisher=Harvard University Press }}