Iran - Revision history

Family27390 at 19:53, 31 October 2024

2024-10-31T19:53:22Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:53, 31 October 2024
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	=== Since the 1990s ===		=== Since the 1990s ===
	{{Main\|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\|Operation Martyr Soleimani\|2024 Iranian strikes against Israel\|l1 = \|\|}}		{{Main\|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action\|Operation Martyr Soleimani\|April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel\|October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel\|l1 = \|\|}}
	{{History of Iran}}		{{History of Iran}}
	In 1989, [[Akbar Rafsanjani]] concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. He supported a [[free market]] domestically, favoring [[privatization]] of state industries and a moderate position internationally. In 1997, Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate [[Iranian reform movement\|reformist]] [[Mohammad Khatami]], whose government advocated [[Freedom of speech\|freedom of expression]], constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the [[European Union]], and an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment.		In 1989, [[Akbar Rafsanjani]] concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. He supported a [[free market]] domestically, favoring [[privatization]] of state industries and a moderate position internationally. In 1997, Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate [[Iranian reform movement\|reformist]] [[Mohammad Khatami]], whose government advocated [[Freedom of speech\|freedom of expression]], constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the [[European Union]], and an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment.

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2024-10-30T19:32:27Z

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	{{Contains special characters\|Perso-Arabic\|compact=yes\|width=290px}}		{{Contains special characters\|Perso-Arabic\|compact=yes\|width=290px}}
	'''Iran''',{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|lang\|audio=En-us-Iran.ogg\|ɪ\|ˈ\|r\|ɑː\|n}} {{respell\|ih\|RAHN}} or {{IPAc-en\|ɪ\|ˈ\|r\|æ\|n}} {{respell\|ih\|RAN}} or {{IPAc-en\|aɪ\|ˈ\|r\|æ\|n}} {{respell\|eye\|RAN}}<ref name="MW">{{Cite web \|title=Definition of IRAN \|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran \|access-date=24 September 2022 \|website=merriam-webster.com \|language=en \|archive-date=24 September 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135158/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran \|url-status=live }}</ref>}}{{efn\|{{langx\|fa\|ایران\|Irân}} {{IPA\|fa\|ʔiːˈɾɒːn\|\|Iran-Pronunciation.ogg}}}} officially the '''Islamic Republic of Iran''' ('''IRI'''),{{efn\|{{langx\|fa\|جمهوری اسلامی ایران\|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}} {{IPA\|fa\|dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn\|\|audio=Fa-ir-JEI (1).ogg}}}} also known as '''Persia''',{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|lang\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav\|ˈ\|p\|ɜːr\|ʒ\|ə}} {{respell\|PUR\|zhə}}<ref name="MW" />}} is a country in [[West Asia]]. It borders [[Turkey]] to the northwest and [[Iraq]] to the west, [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and [[Turkmenistan]] to the north, [[Afghanistan]] to the east, [[Pakistan]] to the southeast, the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Persian Gulf]] to the south. With a [[Ethnicities in Iran\|multi-ethnic]] population of almost 90 million in an area of {{convert\|1,648,195\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}, Iran ranks 17th globally in both [[List of countries and dependencies by area\|geographic size]] and [[List of countries and dependencies by population density\|population]].<ref>https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#people-and-society</ref> It is the [[List of Asian countries by area\|sixth-largest country]] entirely in [[Asia]] and one of the world's [[List of mountains in Iran\|most mountainous]] countries. Officially an [[Islamic republic]], Iran has [[Islam in Iran\|a Muslim-majority population]]. The country is divided into [[Regions of Iran\|five regions]] with [[Provinces of Iran\|31 provinces]]. [[Tehran]] is the nation's [[Capital city\|capital]], [[List of cities in Iran by province\|largest city]] and [[financial center]].		'''Iran''',{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|lang\|audio=En-us-Iran.ogg\|ɪ\|ˈ\|r\|ɑː\|n}} {{respell\|ih\|RAHN}} or {{IPAc-en\|ɪ\|ˈ\|r\|æ\|n}} {{respell\|ih\|RAN}} or {{IPAc-en\|aɪ\|ˈ\|r\|æ\|n}} {{respell\|eye\|RAN}}<ref name="MW">{{Cite web \|title=Definition of IRAN \|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran \|access-date=24 September 2022 \|website=merriam-webster.com \|language=en \|archive-date=24 September 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135158/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran \|url-status=live }}</ref>}}{{efn\|{{langx\|fa\|ایران\|Irân}} {{IPA\|fa\|ʔiːˈɾɒːn\|\|Iran-Pronunciation.ogg}}}} officially the '''Islamic Republic of Iran''' ('''IRI'''),{{efn\|{{langx\|fa\|جمهوری اسلامی ایران\|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}} {{IPA\|fa\|dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn\|\|audio=Fa-ir-JEI (1).ogg}}}} also known as '''Persia''',{{efn\|{{IPAc-en\|lang\|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav\|ˈ\|p\|ɜːr\|ʒ\|ə}} {{respell\|PUR\|zhə}}<ref name="MW" />}} is a country in [[West Asia]]. It borders [[Turkey]] to the northwest and [[Iraq]] to the west, [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], the [[Caspian Sea]], and [[Turkmenistan]] to the north, [[Afghanistan]] to the east, [[Pakistan]] to the southeast, the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Persian Gulf]] to the south. With a [[Ethnicities in Iran\|multi-ethnic]] population of almost 90 million in an area of {{convert\|1,648,195\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}, Iran ranks 17th globally in both [[List of countries and dependencies by area\|geographic size]] and [[List of countries and dependencies by population density\|population]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#people-and-society \| title=Iran }}</ref> It is the [[List of Asian countries by area\|sixth-largest country]] entirely in [[Asia]] and one of the world's [[List of mountains in Iran\|most mountainous]] countries. Officially an [[Islamic republic]], Iran has [[Islam in Iran\|a Muslim-majority population]]. The country is divided into [[Regions of Iran\|five regions]] with [[Provinces of Iran\|31 provinces]]. [[Tehran]] is the nation's [[Capital city\|capital]], [[List of cities in Iran by province\|largest city]] and [[financial center]].

	A [[cradle of civilization]], Iran has been inhabited since the [[Lower Palaeolithic]]. The large part of Iran was first unified as a [[Median kingdom\|political entity]] by the [[Medes]] under [[Cyaxares]] in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when [[Cyrus the Great]] founded the [[Achaemenid Empire]], one of the largest in [[ancient history]]. [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the empire in the fourth century BC. An Iranian rebellion established the [[Parthian Empire]] in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded by the [[Sasanian Empire]] in the third century AD. [[History of Iran\|Ancient Iran]] saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, religion and central government. [[Muslim conquest of Persia\|Muslims conquered]] the region in the seventh century AD, leading to [[Islamization of Iran\|Iran's Islamization]]. The blossoming [[Persian literature\|literature]], [[Iranian philosophy\|philosophy]], [[Islamic Golden Age#Mathematics\|mathematics]], [[Ancient Iranian medicine\|medicine]], [[Islamic Golden Age#Astronomy\|astronomy]] and [[Persian art\|art]] became major elements for Iranian civilization during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. A series of [[Iranian Intermezzo\|Iranian Muslim dynasties]] ended Arab rule, revived the [[Persian language]] and ruled the country until the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] and [[Ilkhanate\|Mongol]] conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries.		A [[cradle of civilization]], Iran has been inhabited since the [[Lower Palaeolithic]]. The large part of Iran was first unified as a [[Median kingdom\|political entity]] by the [[Medes]] under [[Cyaxares]] in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when [[Cyrus the Great]] founded the [[Achaemenid Empire]], one of the largest in [[ancient history]]. [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the empire in the fourth century BC. An Iranian rebellion established the [[Parthian Empire]] in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded by the [[Sasanian Empire]] in the third century AD. [[History of Iran\|Ancient Iran]] saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, religion and central government. [[Muslim conquest of Persia\|Muslims conquered]] the region in the seventh century AD, leading to [[Islamization of Iran\|Iran's Islamization]]. The blossoming [[Persian literature\|literature]], [[Iranian philosophy\|philosophy]], [[Islamic Golden Age#Mathematics\|mathematics]], [[Ancient Iranian medicine\|medicine]], [[Islamic Golden Age#Astronomy\|astronomy]] and [[Persian art\|art]] became major elements for Iranian civilization during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. A series of [[Iranian Intermezzo\|Iranian Muslim dynasties]] ended Arab rule, revived the [[Persian language]] and ruled the country until the [[Seljuk Empire\|Seljuk]] and [[Ilkhanate\|Mongol]] conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries.
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	Iran increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and ranked first in output growth rate, followed by China.<ref>{{cite web \|author= Expert:VSR.Subramaniam \|url= http://experts.about.com/q/Economics-2301/economic.htm \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120426170542/http://en.allexperts.com/q/Economics-2301/economic.htm \|archive-date=26 April 2012 \|title= Economics: economic, medical uses of alcohol, uses of alcohol \|publisher=Experts.about.com \|date=18 October 2006 \|access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> According to a study by [[SCImago Journal Rank\|SCImago]] in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in research output by 2018, if the trend persisted.<ref name="SCImago_December_2012c">{{cite web \|url=http://www.scimagolab.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/forecasting-excercise.pdf \|title=Forecasting Exercise \|newspaper=SCImago \|date=2012 \|access-date=30 June 2017 \|archive-date=10 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055804/http://www.scimagolab.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/forecasting-excercise.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The Iranian humanoid robot [[Surena (robot)\|Sorena 2]], which was designed by engineers at the [[University of Tehran]], was unveiled in 2010. The [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) has placed the name of Surena among the five most prominent robots, after analyzing its performance.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/8/18/MainPaper/3817/Page/1/Index.htm \|title=No. 3817 \| Front page \| Page 1 \|publisher=Irandaily \|access-date=21 October 2011 \|archive-date=12 November 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112185315/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/8/18/MainPaper/3817/Page/1/Index.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Iran increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and ranked first in output growth rate, followed by China.<ref>{{cite web \|author= Expert:VSR.Subramaniam \|url= http://experts.about.com/q/Economics-2301/economic.htm \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120426170542/http://en.allexperts.com/q/Economics-2301/economic.htm \|archive-date=26 April 2012 \|title= Economics: economic, medical uses of alcohol, uses of alcohol \|publisher=Experts.about.com \|date=18 October 2006 \|access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> According to a study by [[SCImago Journal Rank\|SCImago]] in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in research output by 2018, if the trend persisted.<ref name="SCImago_December_2012c">{{cite web \|url=http://www.scimagolab.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/forecasting-excercise.pdf \|title=Forecasting Exercise \|newspaper=SCImago \|date=2012 \|access-date=30 June 2017 \|archive-date=10 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055804/http://www.scimagolab.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/forecasting-excercise.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The Iranian humanoid robot [[Surena (robot)\|Sorena 2]], which was designed by engineers at the [[University of Tehran]], was unveiled in 2010. The [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) has placed the name of Surena among the five most prominent robots, after analyzing its performance.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/8/18/MainPaper/3817/Page/1/Index.htm \|title=No. 3817 \| Front page \| Page 1 \|publisher=Irandaily \|access-date=21 October 2011 \|archive-date=12 November 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112185315/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/8/18/MainPaper/3817/Page/1/Index.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	Iran was ranked 64th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~\|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/\|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship\|access-date=2024-10-22\|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]\|year=2024\|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2\|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062\|website=www.wipo.int\|location=Geneva\|page=18}}</ref>		Iran was ranked 64th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/\|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship\|access-date=2024-10-22\|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]\|year=2024\|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2\|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062\|website=www.wipo.int\|location=Geneva\|page=18}}</ref>

	==== Iranian Space Agency ====		==== Iranian Space Agency ====

GoingBatty: /* Economy */ fixed references

2024-10-29T20:44:21Z

Economy: fixed references

Show changes

Chidgk1: /* Economy */ Iran is one of three countries that have not ratified the Paris Agreement to limit climate change, although academics say it would be good for the country.

2024-10-29T19:17:20Z

Economy: Iran is one of three countries that have not ratified the Paris Agreement to limit climate change, although academics say it would be good for the country.

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	[[Politics of Iran#Budget\|Budget deficits]] have been a chronic problem, mostly due to [[Subsidies in Iran\|large state subsidies]], that include foodstuffs and especially petrol, totalling $100 billion in 2022 for energy alone.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109\|title=Senior Official Says Iran Paying $100 Billion In Energy Subsidies\|website=Iran International\|date=9 May 2022 \|access-date=7 June 2024\|archive-date=4 June 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604142038/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html \|title=Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy \|website=Payvand.com \|access-date=18 June 2011 \|archive-date=10 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061417/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, the economic reform plan was to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards [[free market]] prices and increase productivity and [[social justice]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 \|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110210062245/http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=10 February 2011 \|title=Iran – Country Brief \|publisher=Go.worldbank.org \|access-date=30 January 2010 }}</ref> The administration continues reform, and indicates it will diversify the oil-reliant economy. Iran has developed a [[Biotechnology in Iran\|biotechnology]], [[Chemistry in Iran\|nanotechnology]], and [[Pharmaceuticals in Iran\|pharmaceutical]] industry.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070827/http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran\|archive-date=14 November 2006 \|title=List of Iranian Nanotechnology companies \|access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The government is [[Privatization in Iran\|privatising industries]].		[[Politics of Iran#Budget\|Budget deficits]] have been a chronic problem, mostly due to [[Subsidies in Iran\|large state subsidies]], that include foodstuffs and especially petrol, totalling $100 billion in 2022 for energy alone.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109\|title=Senior Official Says Iran Paying $100 Billion In Energy Subsidies\|website=Iran International\|date=9 May 2022 \|access-date=7 June 2024\|archive-date=4 June 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604142038/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html \|title=Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy \|website=Payvand.com \|access-date=18 June 2011 \|archive-date=10 October 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061417/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, the economic reform plan was to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards [[free market]] prices and increase productivity and [[social justice]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 \|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110210062245/http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=10 February 2011 \|title=Iran – Country Brief \|publisher=Go.worldbank.org \|access-date=30 January 2010 }}</ref> The administration continues reform, and indicates it will diversify the oil-reliant economy. Iran has developed a [[Biotechnology in Iran\|biotechnology]], [[Chemistry in Iran\|nanotechnology]], and [[Pharmaceuticals in Iran\|pharmaceutical]] industry.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070827/http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran\|archive-date=14 November 2006 \|title=List of Iranian Nanotechnology companies \|access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The government is [[Privatization in Iran\|privatising industries]].

	Iran has leading manufacturing industries in automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web\|url=https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220829/https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=%2Firan \|archive-date=13 February 2006 \|title=UK Trade & Investment \|date=13 February 2006 \|access-date=21 June 2013 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iran is among the world's top five producers of [[apricot]]s, [[cherry\|cherries]], [[cucumber]]s and [[gherkin]]s, [[Date palm#Description\|dates]], [[common fig\|figs]], [[pistachio]]s, [[quince]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[Kiwifruit]] and [[watermelon]]s.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL\|title=FAOSTAT\|website=www.fao.org\|access-date=7 June 2024\|archive-date=12 November 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[International sanctions against Iran]] have damaged the economy.<ref name="everend">{{cite news\|title=Iran and sanctions: When will it ever end?\|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21560596\|newspaper=The Economist\|access-date=23 June 2013\|date=18 August 2012\|archive-date=30 May 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021803/http://www.economist.com/node/21560596\|url-status=live}}</ref>		Iran has leading manufacturing industries in automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web\|url=https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220829/https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=%2Firan \|archive-date=13 February 2006 \|title=UK Trade & Investment \|date=13 February 2006 \|access-date=21 June 2013 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iran is among the world's top five producers of [[apricot]]s, [[cherry\|cherries]], [[cucumber]]s and [[gherkin]]s, [[Date palm#Description\|dates]], [[common fig\|figs]], [[pistachio]]s, [[quince]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[Kiwifruit]] and [[watermelon]]s.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL\|title=FAOSTAT\|website=www.fao.org\|access-date=7 June 2024\|archive-date=12 November 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[International sanctions against Iran]] have damaged the economy.<ref name="everend">{{cite news\|title=Iran and sanctions: When will it ever end?\|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21560596\|newspaper=The Economist\|access-date=23 June 2013\|date=18 August 2012\|archive-date=30 May 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021803/http://www.economist.com/node/21560596\|url-status=live}}</ref> Iran is one of three countries that have not ratified the [[Paris Agreement]] to limit [[Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa\|climate change]], although academics say it would be good for the country.<ref>{{Cite journal\|journal=European Economic Review \|title=The consequences of non-participation in the Paris Agreement \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-11&rr=8da579b17947d667 \|access-date=2024-10-29 \|website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>

	=== Tourism ===		=== Tourism ===

The Squirrel Conspiracy: Remove image deleted from Commons as a copyright violation (:File:Shahed 136 drone.webp)

2024-10-29T05:40:08Z

Remove image deleted from Commons as a copyright violation (File:Shahed 136 drone.webp)

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	Excluding the Basij and Faraja, Iran has been identified as a major military power, owing it to the size and capabilities of its armed forces. It possesses the world's 14th strongest military.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2024 Iran Military Strength \|url=https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=iran \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=globalfirepower.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> It ranks 13th globally in terms of overall military strength, 7th in the number of active military personnel,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web \|last=Spirlet \|first=Sinéad Baker, Thibault \|title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked \|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|access-date=28 December 2023 \|website=Business Insider \|language=en-US \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|url-status=live }}</ref> and 9th in the size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran's armed forces are the largest in [[West Asia]] and comprise the greatest [[Army Aviation]] fleet in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East \|url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=iranpress.com \|language=en \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=13 August 2021 \|title=سازمان صنایع دریایی – پایگاه اطلاعات دریایی ایران \|url=http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214257/http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|archive-date=13 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran – Army Navy Air Force {{!}} budget, equipment, personnel \|url=https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=ArmedForces \|language=en \|archive-date=3 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203224400/https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=26 April 2022 \|title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 \|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Iran International \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=10 December 2023 \|title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 \|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Macrotrends \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|url-status=live }}</ref> Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran's total military spending in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=25 April 2022 \|title=World military expenditure passes $2 trillion for first time \|url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Sipri \|archive-date=9 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209052355/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Excluding the Basij and Faraja, Iran has been identified as a major military power, owing it to the size and capabilities of its armed forces. It possesses the world's 14th strongest military.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2024 Iran Military Strength \|url=https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=iran \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=globalfirepower.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> It ranks 13th globally in terms of overall military strength, 7th in the number of active military personnel,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web \|last=Spirlet \|first=Sinéad Baker, Thibault \|title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked \|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|access-date=28 December 2023 \|website=Business Insider \|language=en-US \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|url-status=live }}</ref> and 9th in the size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran's armed forces are the largest in [[West Asia]] and comprise the greatest [[Army Aviation]] fleet in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East \|url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=iranpress.com \|language=en \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=13 August 2021 \|title=سازمان صنایع دریایی – پایگاه اطلاعات دریایی ایران \|url=http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214257/http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|archive-date=13 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran – Army Navy Air Force {{!}} budget, equipment, personnel \|url=https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=ArmedForces \|language=en \|archive-date=3 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203224400/https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=26 April 2022 \|title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 \|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Iran International \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=10 December 2023 \|title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 \|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Macrotrends \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|url-status=live }}</ref> Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran's total military spending in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=25 April 2022 \|title=World military expenditure passes $2 trillion for first time \|url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Sipri \|archive-date=9 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209052355/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	[[File:Shahed 136 drone.webp\|thumb\|[[HESA Shahed 136\|Shahed 136]], a member of the [[Shahed drones\|Shahed family]]. Iran is considered as a global leader and superpower in [[drone warfare\|drone warfare and technology]].]]
	Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous [[tank]]s, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, [[missile]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[Iranian frigate Jamaran\|missile destroyer]], [[radar]] systems, [[helicopter]]s, [[Navy\|naval vessels]], and [[fighter aircraft\|fighter planes]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book \|author1=Hossein Askari \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 \|title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis \|author2=Amin Mohseni \|author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar \|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 \|page=93}}</ref> Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=Iran tests new long-range missile\|work=BBC\|date=12 November 2008\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|access-date=12 November 2008\|archive-date=14 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="n">Examples include the [[Hoot (torpedo)\|Hoot]], [[Kowsar]], [[Zelzal]], [[Fateh-110]], [[Shahab-3]], [[Sejjil]], [[Fattah-1 (missile)\|Fattah]], [[Khorramshahr (missile)\|Khorramahahr]], [[Kheibar Shekan]], [[Emad (missile)\|Emad]], [[Ghadr-110]], [[Hormuz-1 (missile)\|Hormuz-1]], [[Dezful (missile)\|Dezful]], [[Qiam 1]], [[Ashoura (missile)\|Ashoura]], [[Fajr-3 (missile)\|Fajr-3]], [[Haj Qasem (missile)\|Haj Qasem]], [[Persian Gulf (missile)\|Persian Gulf]], [[Raad-500 (missile)\|Raad-500]], [[Zolfaghar (missile)\|Zolfaghar]], [[Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)\|Hoveyzeh]], [[Soumar (missile)\|Soumar]], [[Fakour-90]], [[Paveh cruise missile\|Paveh]], [[Rezvan missile\|Rezvan]], [[Samen (missile)\|Samen]], [[Tondar-69]].{{citation needed\|date=March 2024}}</ref> Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse [[ballistic missile]] arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with [[Hypersonic missile\|hypersonic missile technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Motamedi \|first=Maziar \|date=6 June 2023 \|title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile \|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|website=Aljazeera \|access-date=6 December 2023 \|archive-date=6 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 "Are the Iran nuclear talks heading for a deal?"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121201/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 \|date=17 June 2018 }}. [[BBC News Online]]. Retrieved: 4 August 2016.</ref> It is the world's 6th missile power.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=18 August 2013 \|title=Ex-official: Iran is world's 6th missile power \|url=https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=AP News \|language=en-US \|archive-date=14 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314192652/https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran designs and produces a variety of [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs) and is considered a global leader and superpower in [[drone warfare\|drone warfare and technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=8 December 2023 \|title=Iran becoming global drone producer on back of Ukraine war, says US \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/14/us-says-iran-becoming-a-drone-leader-as-russia-uses-its-craft-in-ukraine \|access-date=8 December 2023 \|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=17 March 2024 \|title=Iran is becoming a drone superpower \|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|website=The Hill \|access-date=17 March 2024 \|archive-date=23 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123134835/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=8 April 2024 \|title=Iran's Better, Stealthier Drones Are Remaking Global Warfare \|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|access-date=5 May 2024 \|work=Bloomberg.com \|language=en \|archive-date=10 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410042411/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the world's five countries with [[cyberwarfare]] capabilities and is identified as "one of the most active players in the international cyber arena".<ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=رادیو زمانه هک شد \|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220235325/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=14 February 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214115913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=What rules apply in cyber-wars \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8114444.stm \|website=BBC}}</ref> Iran is an key exporter of arms since 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=How Iran's Revived Weapons Exports Could Boost Its Proxies \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|access-date=2021-03-27 \|website=The Washington Institute \|language=en \|archive-date=14 June 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614045833/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous [[tank]]s, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, [[missile]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[Iranian frigate Jamaran\|missile destroyer]], [[radar]] systems, [[helicopter]]s, [[Navy\|naval vessels]], and [[fighter aircraft\|fighter planes]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book \|author1=Hossein Askari \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 \|title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis \|author2=Amin Mohseni \|author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar \|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 \|page=93}}</ref> Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=Iran tests new long-range missile\|work=BBC\|date=12 November 2008\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|access-date=12 November 2008\|archive-date=14 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="n">Examples include the [[Hoot (torpedo)\|Hoot]], [[Kowsar]], [[Zelzal]], [[Fateh-110]], [[Shahab-3]], [[Sejjil]], [[Fattah-1 (missile)\|Fattah]], [[Khorramshahr (missile)\|Khorramahahr]], [[Kheibar Shekan]], [[Emad (missile)\|Emad]], [[Ghadr-110]], [[Hormuz-1 (missile)\|Hormuz-1]], [[Dezful (missile)\|Dezful]], [[Qiam 1]], [[Ashoura (missile)\|Ashoura]], [[Fajr-3 (missile)\|Fajr-3]], [[Haj Qasem (missile)\|Haj Qasem]], [[Persian Gulf (missile)\|Persian Gulf]], [[Raad-500 (missile)\|Raad-500]], [[Zolfaghar (missile)\|Zolfaghar]], [[Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)\|Hoveyzeh]], [[Soumar (missile)\|Soumar]], [[Fakour-90]], [[Paveh cruise missile\|Paveh]], [[Rezvan missile\|Rezvan]], [[Samen (missile)\|Samen]], [[Tondar-69]].{{citation needed\|date=March 2024}}</ref> Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse [[ballistic missile]] arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with [[Hypersonic missile\|hypersonic missile technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Motamedi \|first=Maziar \|date=6 June 2023 \|title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile \|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|website=Aljazeera \|access-date=6 December 2023 \|archive-date=6 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 "Are the Iran nuclear talks heading for a deal?"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121201/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 \|date=17 June 2018 }}. [[BBC News Online]]. Retrieved: 4 August 2016.</ref> It is the world's 6th missile power.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=18 August 2013 \|title=Ex-official: Iran is world's 6th missile power \|url=https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=AP News \|language=en-US \|archive-date=14 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314192652/https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran designs and produces a variety of [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs) and is considered a global leader and superpower in [[drone warfare\|drone warfare and technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=8 December 2023 \|title=Iran becoming global drone producer on back of Ukraine war, says US \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/14/us-says-iran-becoming-a-drone-leader-as-russia-uses-its-craft-in-ukraine \|access-date=8 December 2023 \|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=17 March 2024 \|title=Iran is becoming a drone superpower \|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|website=The Hill \|access-date=17 March 2024 \|archive-date=23 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123134835/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=8 April 2024 \|title=Iran's Better, Stealthier Drones Are Remaking Global Warfare \|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|access-date=5 May 2024 \|work=Bloomberg.com \|language=en \|archive-date=10 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410042411/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the world's five countries with [[cyberwarfare]] capabilities and is identified as "one of the most active players in the international cyber arena".<ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=رادیو زمانه هک شد \|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220235325/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=14 February 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214115913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=What rules apply in cyber-wars \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8114444.stm \|website=BBC}}</ref> Iran is an key exporter of arms since 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=How Iran's Revived Weapons Exports Could Boost Its Proxies \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|access-date=2021-03-27 \|website=The Washington Institute \|language=en \|archive-date=14 June 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614045833/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|url-status=live }}</ref>

Tpbradbury: /* top */ it's only 12,000 words readable prose

2024-10-28T10:08:12Z

top: it's only 12,000 words readable prose

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JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Iranian Plateau to :Category:Iranian plateau per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

2024-10-27T21:51:28Z

Moving Category:Iranian Plateau to Category:Iranian plateau per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

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	[[Category:G15 nations]]		[[Category:G15 nations]]
	[[Category:Iranian ~~Plateau~~]]		[[Category:Iranian plateau]]
	[[Category:Islamic republics]]		[[Category:Islamic republics]]
	[[Category:BRICS nations]]		[[Category:BRICS nations]]

Maxeto0910 at 23:18, 26 October 2024

2024-10-26T23:18:54Z

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Thebiguglyalien: Added {{Very long}} tag: Between the prose and the citations, the editor is lagging when I try to make changes

2024-10-23T16:32:32Z

Added {{Very long}} tag: Between the prose and the citations, the editor is lagging when I try to make changes

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Thebiguglyalien: copyedits per Talk:Iran#Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 23 October 2024

2024-10-23T16:31:00Z

copyedits per Talk:Iran#Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 23 October 2024

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	In the 16th century, the native [[Safavid Iran\|Safavids]] re-established a unified Iranian state with [[Twelver Shi'ism]] as the [[State religion\|official religion]]. During the [[Afsharid Iran\|Afsharid Empire]] in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through [[Russo-Persian Wars\|conflicts with the Russian Empire]]. The early 20th century saw the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]]. Attempts by [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] to [[Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry\|nationalize the oil industry]] led to an [[1953 Iran coup\|Anglo-American coup in 1953]]. After the [[Iranian Revolution]], the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], who became the country's first [[Supreme Leader of Iran\|Supreme Leader]]. In 1980, [[Iraqi invasion of Iran\|Iraq invaded Iran]], sparking the eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]], which ended in stalemate.		In the 16th century, the native [[Safavid Iran\|Safavids]] re-established a unified Iranian state with [[Twelver Shi'ism]] as the [[State religion\|official religion]]. During the [[Afsharid Iran\|Afsharid Empire]] in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through [[Russo-Persian Wars\|conflicts with the Russian Empire]]. The early 20th century saw the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]]. Attempts by [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] to [[Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry\|nationalize the oil industry]] led to an [[1953 Iran coup\|Anglo-American coup in 1953]]. After the [[Iranian Revolution]], the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], who became the country's first [[Supreme Leader of Iran\|Supreme Leader]]. In 1980, [[Iraqi invasion of Iran\|Iraq invaded Iran]], sparking the eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]], which ended in stalemate.

	Iran is [[Government of Iran\|officially governed]] as a [[Unitary state\|unitary]] [[Islamic republic~~\|Islamic Republic~~]] with a [[~~Presidential~~ system]], with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is [[authoritarian]] and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of [[Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\|human rights]] and civil liberties. Iran is a major [[regional power]], due to its large reserves of [[fossil fuel]]s, including the world's second largest [[Natural gas reserves in Iran\|natural gas supply]], [[List of countries by proven oil reserves\|third largest proven oil reserves]], its geopolitically significant location, [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces\|military capabilities]], [[cultural hegemony]], regional influence, and role as the world's focal point of [[Shia Islam]]. The [[Economy of Iran\|Iranian economy]] is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)\|19th-largest by PPP]]. Iran is an active and founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\|OIC]], [[OPEC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization\|ECO]], [[Non-Aligned Movement\|NAM]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\|SCO]] and [[BRICS]]. Iran is home to 28 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Iran\|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in [[Intangible cultural heritage\|Intangible Cultural Heritage]], or human treasures.		Iran is [[Government of Iran\|officially governed]] as a [[Unitary state\|unitary]] [[Islamic republic]] with a [[presidential system]], with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is [[authoritarian]] and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of [[Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\|human rights]] and civil liberties. Iran is a major [[regional power]], due to its large reserves of [[fossil fuel]]s, including the world's second largest [[Natural gas reserves in Iran\|natural gas supply]], [[List of countries by proven oil reserves\|third largest proven oil reserves]], its geopolitically significant location, [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces\|military capabilities]], [[cultural hegemony]], regional influence, and role as the world's focal point of [[Shia Islam]]. The [[Economy of Iran\|Iranian economy]] is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)\|19th-largest by PPP]]. Iran is an active and founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\|OIC]], [[OPEC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization\|ECO]], [[Non-Aligned Movement\|NAM]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\|SCO]] and [[BRICS]]. Iran is home to 28 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Iran\|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in [[Intangible cultural heritage\|Intangible Cultural Heritage]], or human treasures.

	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
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	Iran is in a seismically active area.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|title=Which country has the most earthquakes?\|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]\|access-date=22 May 2021\|archive-date=22 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|url-status=live}}</ref> On average, an earthquake of magnitude seven on the [[Richter scale]] occurs once every ten years.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 \|title=هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد \| خبرگزاری ایلنا \|date=13 October 2012 \|work=Ilna.news \|access-date=5 August 2022 \|archive-date=28 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-47/11875-%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the [[2003 Bam earthquake]].		Iran is in a seismically active area.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|title=Which country has the most earthquakes?\|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]\|access-date=22 May 2021\|archive-date=22 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|url-status=live}}</ref> On average, an earthquake of magnitude seven on the [[Richter scale]] occurs once every ten years.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 \|title=هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد \| خبرگزاری ایلنا \|date=13 October 2012 \|work=Ilna.news \|access-date=5 August 2022 \|archive-date=28 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-47/11875-%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the [[2003 Bam earthquake]].

	Iran consists of the [[Iranian Plateau]]. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape is dominated by rugged [[mountain range]]s that separate [[drainage basin\|basins]] or [[plateau]]s. The populous west part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains\|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains\|Zagros]], and [[Alborz]], the last containing [[Mount Damavand]], Iran's highest point, at {{convert\|5610\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}, which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran's mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries.		Iran consists of the [[Iranian Plateau]]. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries; its landscape is dominated by rugged [[mountain range]]s that separate [[drainage basin\|basins]] or [[plateau]]s. The populous west part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains\|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains\|Zagros]], and [[Alborz]], the last containing [[Mount Damavand]], Iran's highest point, at {{convert\|5610\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}, which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran's mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries.

	The north part is covered by the lush lowland [[Hyrcanian forests\|Caspian Hyrcanian forests]], near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east part consists mostly of [[desert]] basins, such as the [[Dasht-e Kavir\|Kavir Desert]], which is the country's largest desert, and the [[Dasht-e Loot\|Lut Desert]], as well as [[salt lake]]s. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth's surface, with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=9 November 2009 \|title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World \|url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=MapQuest Travel \|language=en-us \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=5 April 2012 \|title=Where Is the Hottest Place on Earth? \|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov \|language=en \|archive-date=3 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103173321/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 February 2017 \|title=The hottest place on earth – Secret Compass \|url=https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|language=en-GB \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121805/https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sand-boarding.com \|date=10 August 2023 \|title=The Hottest Deserts on Earth Are Too Hot to Handle \|url=https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=Surf the Sand \|language=en-US \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> The only large [[plain]]s are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where the country borders the mouth of the [[Shatt al-Arab\|Arvand river]]. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the [[Strait of Hormuz]], and Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) {{!}} Nebraska \|url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=unl.edu \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=IRAN TODAY – Geography... \|url=https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=allventure.com \|language=en-gb \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran ecotourism {{!}} Iran Ecotour guide training course \|url=https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=arasbaran.org \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122612/https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		The north part is covered by the lush lowland [[Hyrcanian forests\|Caspian Hyrcanian forests]], near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east part consists mostly of [[desert]] basins, such as the [[Dasht-e Kavir\|Kavir Desert]], which is the country's largest desert, and the [[Dasht-e Loot\|Lut Desert]], as well as [[salt lake]]s. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth's surface, with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=9 November 2009 \|title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World \|url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=MapQuest Travel \|language=en-us \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=5 April 2012 \|title=Where Is the Hottest Place on Earth? \|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov \|language=en \|archive-date=3 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103173321/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 February 2017 \|title=The hottest place on earth – Secret Compass \|url=https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|language=en-GB \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121805/https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sand-boarding.com \|date=10 August 2023 \|title=The Hottest Deserts on Earth Are Too Hot to Handle \|url=https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=Surf the Sand \|language=en-US \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> The only large [[plain]]s are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where the country borders the mouth of the [[Shatt al-Arab\|Arvand river]]. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the [[Strait of Hormuz]], and Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) {{!}} Nebraska \|url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=unl.edu \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=IRAN TODAY – Geography... \|url=https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=allventure.com \|language=en-gb \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran ecotourism {{!}} Iran Ecotour guide training course \|url=https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=arasbaran.org \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122612/https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:40, 29 October 2024
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	Excluding the Basij and Faraja, Iran has been identified as a major military power, owing it to the size and capabilities of its armed forces. It possesses the world's 14th strongest military.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2024 Iran Military Strength \|url=https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=iran \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=globalfirepower.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> It ranks 13th globally in terms of overall military strength, 7th in the number of active military personnel,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web \|last=Spirlet \|first=Sinéad Baker, Thibault \|title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked \|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|access-date=28 December 2023 \|website=Business Insider \|language=en-US \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|url-status=live }}</ref> and 9th in the size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran's armed forces are the largest in [[West Asia]] and comprise the greatest [[Army Aviation]] fleet in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East \|url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=iranpress.com \|language=en \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=13 August 2021 \|title=سازمان صنایع دریایی – پایگاه اطلاعات دریایی ایران \|url=http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214257/http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|archive-date=13 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran – Army Navy Air Force {{!}} budget, equipment, personnel \|url=https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=ArmedForces \|language=en \|archive-date=3 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203224400/https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=26 April 2022 \|title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 \|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Iran International \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=10 December 2023 \|title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 \|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Macrotrends \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|url-status=live }}</ref> Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran's total military spending in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=25 April 2022 \|title=World military expenditure passes $2 trillion for first time \|url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Sipri \|archive-date=9 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209052355/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Excluding the Basij and Faraja, Iran has been identified as a major military power, owing it to the size and capabilities of its armed forces. It possesses the world's 14th strongest military.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2024 Iran Military Strength \|url=https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=iran \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=globalfirepower.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> It ranks 13th globally in terms of overall military strength, 7th in the number of active military personnel,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web \|last=Spirlet \|first=Sinéad Baker, Thibault \|title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked \|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|access-date=28 December 2023 \|website=Business Insider \|language=en-US \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 \|url-status=live }}</ref> and 9th in the size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran's armed forces are the largest in [[West Asia]] and comprise the greatest [[Army Aviation]] fleet in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East \|url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=iranpress.com \|language=en \|archive-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=13 August 2021 \|title=سازمان صنایع دریایی – پایگاه اطلاعات دریایی ایران \|url=http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214257/http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ \|archive-date=13 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran – Army Navy Air Force {{!}} budget, equipment, personnel \|url=https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|access-date=24 December 2023 \|website=ArmedForces \|language=en \|archive-date=3 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203224400/https://armedforces.eu/Iran \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=26 April 2022 \|title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 \|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Iran International \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=10 December 2023 \|title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 \|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Macrotrends \|archive-date=10 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget \|url-status=live }}</ref> Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran's total military spending in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=25 April 2022 \|title=World military expenditure passes $2 trillion for first time \|url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|access-date=10 December 2023 \|website=Sipri \|archive-date=9 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209052355/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	[[File:Shahed 136 drone.webp\|thumb\|[[HESA Shahed 136\|Shahed 136]], a member of the [[Shahed drones\|Shahed family]]. Iran is considered as a global leader and superpower in [[drone warfare\|drone warfare and technology]].]]
	Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous [[tank]]s, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, [[missile]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[Iranian frigate Jamaran\|missile destroyer]], [[radar]] systems, [[helicopter]]s, [[Navy\|naval vessels]], and [[fighter aircraft\|fighter planes]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book \|author1=Hossein Askari \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 \|title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis \|author2=Amin Mohseni \|author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar \|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 \|page=93}}</ref> Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=Iran tests new long-range missile\|work=BBC\|date=12 November 2008\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|access-date=12 November 2008\|archive-date=14 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="n">Examples include the [[Hoot (torpedo)\|Hoot]], [[Kowsar]], [[Zelzal]], [[Fateh-110]], [[Shahab-3]], [[Sejjil]], [[Fattah-1 (missile)\|Fattah]], [[Khorramshahr (missile)\|Khorramahahr]], [[Kheibar Shekan]], [[Emad (missile)\|Emad]], [[Ghadr-110]], [[Hormuz-1 (missile)\|Hormuz-1]], [[Dezful (missile)\|Dezful]], [[Qiam 1]], [[Ashoura (missile)\|Ashoura]], [[Fajr-3 (missile)\|Fajr-3]], [[Haj Qasem (missile)\|Haj Qasem]], [[Persian Gulf (missile)\|Persian Gulf]], [[Raad-500 (missile)\|Raad-500]], [[Zolfaghar (missile)\|Zolfaghar]], [[Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)\|Hoveyzeh]], [[Soumar (missile)\|Soumar]], [[Fakour-90]], [[Paveh cruise missile\|Paveh]], [[Rezvan missile\|Rezvan]], [[Samen (missile)\|Samen]], [[Tondar-69]].{{citation needed\|date=March 2024}}</ref> Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse [[ballistic missile]] arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with [[Hypersonic missile\|hypersonic missile technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Motamedi \|first=Maziar \|date=6 June 2023 \|title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile \|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|website=Aljazeera \|access-date=6 December 2023 \|archive-date=6 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 "Are the Iran nuclear talks heading for a deal?"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121201/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 \|date=17 June 2018 }}. [[BBC News Online]]. Retrieved: 4 August 2016.</ref> It is the world's 6th missile power.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=18 August 2013 \|title=Ex-official: Iran is world's 6th missile power \|url=https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=AP News \|language=en-US \|archive-date=14 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314192652/https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran designs and produces a variety of [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs) and is considered a global leader and superpower in [[drone warfare\|drone warfare and technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=8 December 2023 \|title=Iran becoming global drone producer on back of Ukraine war, says US \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/14/us-says-iran-becoming-a-drone-leader-as-russia-uses-its-craft-in-ukraine \|access-date=8 December 2023 \|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=17 March 2024 \|title=Iran is becoming a drone superpower \|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|website=The Hill \|access-date=17 March 2024 \|archive-date=23 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123134835/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=8 April 2024 \|title=Iran's Better, Stealthier Drones Are Remaking Global Warfare \|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|access-date=5 May 2024 \|work=Bloomberg.com \|language=en \|archive-date=10 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410042411/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the world's five countries with [[cyberwarfare]] capabilities and is identified as "one of the most active players in the international cyber arena".<ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=رادیو زمانه هک شد \|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220235325/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=14 February 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214115913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=What rules apply in cyber-wars \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8114444.stm \|website=BBC}}</ref> Iran is an key exporter of arms since 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=How Iran's Revived Weapons Exports Could Boost Its Proxies \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|access-date=2021-03-27 \|website=The Washington Institute \|language=en \|archive-date=14 June 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614045833/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous [[tank]]s, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, [[missile]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[Iranian frigate Jamaran\|missile destroyer]], [[radar]] systems, [[helicopter]]s, [[Navy\|naval vessels]], and [[fighter aircraft\|fighter planes]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book \|author1=Hossein Askari \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 \|title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis \|author2=Amin Mohseni \|author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar \|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 \|page=93}}</ref> Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=Iran tests new long-range missile\|work=BBC\|date=12 November 2008\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|access-date=12 November 2008\|archive-date=14 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="n">Examples include the [[Hoot (torpedo)\|Hoot]], [[Kowsar]], [[Zelzal]], [[Fateh-110]], [[Shahab-3]], [[Sejjil]], [[Fattah-1 (missile)\|Fattah]], [[Khorramshahr (missile)\|Khorramahahr]], [[Kheibar Shekan]], [[Emad (missile)\|Emad]], [[Ghadr-110]], [[Hormuz-1 (missile)\|Hormuz-1]], [[Dezful (missile)\|Dezful]], [[Qiam 1]], [[Ashoura (missile)\|Ashoura]], [[Fajr-3 (missile)\|Fajr-3]], [[Haj Qasem (missile)\|Haj Qasem]], [[Persian Gulf (missile)\|Persian Gulf]], [[Raad-500 (missile)\|Raad-500]], [[Zolfaghar (missile)\|Zolfaghar]], [[Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)\|Hoveyzeh]], [[Soumar (missile)\|Soumar]], [[Fakour-90]], [[Paveh cruise missile\|Paveh]], [[Rezvan missile\|Rezvan]], [[Samen (missile)\|Samen]], [[Tondar-69]].{{citation needed\|date=March 2024}}</ref> Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse [[ballistic missile]] arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with [[Hypersonic missile\|hypersonic missile technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Motamedi \|first=Maziar \|date=6 June 2023 \|title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile \|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|website=Aljazeera \|access-date=6 December 2023 \|archive-date=6 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 "Are the Iran nuclear talks heading for a deal?"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121201/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 \|date=17 June 2018 }}. [[BBC News Online]]. Retrieved: 4 August 2016.</ref> It is the world's 6th missile power.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=18 August 2013 \|title=Ex-official: Iran is world's 6th missile power \|url=https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|access-date=14 March 2024 \|website=AP News \|language=en-US \|archive-date=14 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314192652/https://apnews.com/article/6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Iran designs and produces a variety of [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs) and is considered a global leader and superpower in [[drone warfare\|drone warfare and technology]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=8 December 2023 \|title=Iran becoming global drone producer on back of Ukraine war, says US \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/14/us-says-iran-becoming-a-drone-leader-as-russia-uses-its-craft-in-ukraine \|access-date=8 December 2023 \|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=17 March 2024 \|title=Iran is becoming a drone superpower \|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|website=The Hill \|access-date=17 March 2024 \|archive-date=23 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123134835/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=8 April 2024 \|title=Iran's Better, Stealthier Drones Are Remaking Global Warfare \|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|access-date=5 May 2024 \|work=Bloomberg.com \|language=en \|archive-date=10 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410042411/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare \|url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the world's five countries with [[cyberwarfare]] capabilities and is identified as "one of the most active players in the international cyber arena".<ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=رادیو زمانه هک شد \|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220235325/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|website=BBC \|access-date=20 December 2023 \|archive-date=14 February 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214115913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 December 2023 \|title=What rules apply in cyber-wars \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8114444.stm \|website=BBC}}</ref> Iran is an key exporter of arms since 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=How Iran's Revived Weapons Exports Could Boost Its Proxies \|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|access-date=2021-03-27 \|website=The Washington Institute \|language=en \|archive-date=14 June 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614045833/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies \|url-status=live }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:31, 23 October 2024
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	In the 16th century, the native [[Safavid Iran\|Safavids]] re-established a unified Iranian state with [[Twelver Shi'ism]] as the [[State religion\|official religion]]. During the [[Afsharid Iran\|Afsharid Empire]] in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through [[Russo-Persian Wars\|conflicts with the Russian Empire]]. The early 20th century saw the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]]. Attempts by [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] to [[Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry\|nationalize the oil industry]] led to an [[1953 Iran coup\|Anglo-American coup in 1953]]. After the [[Iranian Revolution]], the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], who became the country's first [[Supreme Leader of Iran\|Supreme Leader]]. In 1980, [[Iraqi invasion of Iran\|Iraq invaded Iran]], sparking the eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]], which ended in stalemate.		In the 16th century, the native [[Safavid Iran\|Safavids]] re-established a unified Iranian state with [[Twelver Shi'ism]] as the [[State religion\|official religion]]. During the [[Afsharid Iran\|Afsharid Empire]] in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through [[Russo-Persian Wars\|conflicts with the Russian Empire]]. The early 20th century saw the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]]. Attempts by [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] to [[Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry\|nationalize the oil industry]] led to an [[1953 Iran coup\|Anglo-American coup in 1953]]. After the [[Iranian Revolution]], the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], who became the country's first [[Supreme Leader of Iran\|Supreme Leader]]. In 1980, [[Iraqi invasion of Iran\|Iraq invaded Iran]], sparking the eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]], which ended in stalemate.

	Iran is [[Government of Iran\|officially governed]] as a [[Unitary state\|unitary]] [[Islamic republic~~\|Islamic Republic~~]] with a [[~~Presidential~~ system]], with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is [[authoritarian]] and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of [[Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\|human rights]] and civil liberties. Iran is a major [[regional power]], due to its large reserves of [[fossil fuel]]s, including the world's second largest [[Natural gas reserves in Iran\|natural gas supply]], [[List of countries by proven oil reserves\|third largest proven oil reserves]], its geopolitically significant location, [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces\|military capabilities]], [[cultural hegemony]], regional influence, and role as the world's focal point of [[Shia Islam]]. The [[Economy of Iran\|Iranian economy]] is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)\|19th-largest by PPP]]. Iran is an active and founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\|OIC]], [[OPEC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization\|ECO]], [[Non-Aligned Movement\|NAM]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\|SCO]] and [[BRICS]]. Iran is home to 28 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Iran\|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in [[Intangible cultural heritage\|Intangible Cultural Heritage]], or human treasures.		Iran is [[Government of Iran\|officially governed]] as a [[Unitary state\|unitary]] [[Islamic republic]] with a [[presidential system]], with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is [[authoritarian]] and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of [[Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran\|human rights]] and civil liberties. Iran is a major [[regional power]], due to its large reserves of [[fossil fuel]]s, including the world's second largest [[Natural gas reserves in Iran\|natural gas supply]], [[List of countries by proven oil reserves\|third largest proven oil reserves]], its geopolitically significant location, [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces\|military capabilities]], [[cultural hegemony]], regional influence, and role as the world's focal point of [[Shia Islam]]. The [[Economy of Iran\|Iranian economy]] is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)\|19th-largest by PPP]]. Iran is an active and founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\|OIC]], [[OPEC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization\|ECO]], [[Non-Aligned Movement\|NAM]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\|SCO]] and [[BRICS]]. Iran is home to 28 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Iran\|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in [[Intangible cultural heritage\|Intangible Cultural Heritage]], or human treasures.

	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
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	Iran is in a seismically active area.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|title=Which country has the most earthquakes?\|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]\|access-date=22 May 2021\|archive-date=22 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|url-status=live}}</ref> On average, an earthquake of magnitude seven on the [[Richter scale]] occurs once every ten years.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 \|title=هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد \| خبرگزاری ایلنا \|date=13 October 2012 \|work=Ilna.news \|access-date=5 August 2022 \|archive-date=28 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-47/11875-%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the [[2003 Bam earthquake]].		Iran is in a seismically active area.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|title=Which country has the most earthquakes?\|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]\|access-date=22 May 2021\|archive-date=22 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes\|url-status=live}}</ref> On average, an earthquake of magnitude seven on the [[Richter scale]] occurs once every ten years.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 \|title=هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد \| خبرگزاری ایلنا \|date=13 October 2012 \|work=Ilna.news \|access-date=5 August 2022 \|archive-date=28 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-47/11875-%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the [[2003 Bam earthquake]].

	Iran consists of the [[Iranian Plateau]]. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape is dominated by rugged [[mountain range]]s that separate [[drainage basin\|basins]] or [[plateau]]s. The populous west part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains\|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains\|Zagros]], and [[Alborz]], the last containing [[Mount Damavand]], Iran's highest point, at {{convert\|5610\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}, which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran's mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries.		Iran consists of the [[Iranian Plateau]]. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries; its landscape is dominated by rugged [[mountain range]]s that separate [[drainage basin\|basins]] or [[plateau]]s. The populous west part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains\|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains\|Zagros]], and [[Alborz]], the last containing [[Mount Damavand]], Iran's highest point, at {{convert\|5610\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}}, which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran's mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries.

	The north part is covered by the lush lowland [[Hyrcanian forests\|Caspian Hyrcanian forests]], near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east part consists mostly of [[desert]] basins, such as the [[Dasht-e Kavir\|Kavir Desert]], which is the country's largest desert, and the [[Dasht-e Loot\|Lut Desert]], as well as [[salt lake]]s. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth's surface, with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=9 November 2009 \|title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World \|url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=MapQuest Travel \|language=en-us \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=5 April 2012 \|title=Where Is the Hottest Place on Earth? \|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov \|language=en \|archive-date=3 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103173321/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 February 2017 \|title=The hottest place on earth – Secret Compass \|url=https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|language=en-GB \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121805/https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sand-boarding.com \|date=10 August 2023 \|title=The Hottest Deserts on Earth Are Too Hot to Handle \|url=https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=Surf the Sand \|language=en-US \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> The only large [[plain]]s are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where the country borders the mouth of the [[Shatt al-Arab\|Arvand river]]. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the [[Strait of Hormuz]], and Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) {{!}} Nebraska \|url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=unl.edu \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=IRAN TODAY – Geography... \|url=https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=allventure.com \|language=en-gb \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran ecotourism {{!}} Iran Ecotour guide training course \|url=https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=arasbaran.org \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122612/https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		The north part is covered by the lush lowland [[Hyrcanian forests\|Caspian Hyrcanian forests]], near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east part consists mostly of [[desert]] basins, such as the [[Dasht-e Kavir\|Kavir Desert]], which is the country's largest desert, and the [[Dasht-e Loot\|Lut Desert]], as well as [[salt lake]]s. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth's surface, with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=9 November 2009 \|title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World \|url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=MapQuest Travel \|language=en-us \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=5 April 2012 \|title=Where Is the Hottest Place on Earth? \|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov \|language=en \|archive-date=3 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103173321/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 February 2017 \|title=The hottest place on earth – Secret Compass \|url=https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|language=en-GB \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121805/https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sand-boarding.com \|date=10 August 2023 \|title=The Hottest Deserts on Earth Are Too Hot to Handle \|url=https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|access-date=31 December 2023 \|website=Surf the Sand \|language=en-US \|archive-date=31 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> The only large [[plain]]s are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where the country borders the mouth of the [[Shatt al-Arab\|Arvand river]]. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the [[Strait of Hormuz]], and Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) {{!}} Nebraska \|url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=unl.edu \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=IRAN TODAY – Geography... \|url=https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=allventure.com \|language=en-gb \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran ecotourism {{!}} Iran Ecotour guide training course \|url=https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|access-date=28 January 2024 \|website=arasbaran.org \|archive-date=28 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122612/https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 \|url-status=live }}</ref>