Nadan (subcaste): Difference between revisions
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'''Nadans''' (also referred as '''Nelamaikkarar''') are a small [[endogamy|endogamous]] group of aristocratic [[Nadar (caste)|Nadars]] from the regions south of the [[Thamirabarani River]] in the present-day state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. They were hereditary tax collectors during the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayak]] and [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan]] dynasties and also served as petty lords under the [[Palaiyakkarar|poligars]]. The Nadans possessed vast tracts of land and were one of the few subcastes among the Nadars to have practiced [[aristocracy]]. The term ''Nadan'' means ''lords of the land''.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=29–33| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> |
'''Nadans''' (also referred as '''Nelamaikkarar''') are a small [[endogamy|endogamous]] group of aristocratic [[Nadar (caste)|Nadars]] from the regions south of the [[Thamirabarani River]] in the present-day state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. They were hereditary tax collectors during the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayak]] and [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan]] dynasties and also served as petty lords under the [[Palaiyakkarar|poligars]]. The Nadans possessed vast tracts of land and were one of the few subcastes among the Nadars to have practiced [[aristocracy]]. The term ''Nadan'' means ''lords of the land''.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=29–33| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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As hereditary tax collectors, the Nadans held civil authority over the lands in their control. The term ''Nadan'' means ''lords of the land''. The [[Nadar climber]]s were totally dependent on these powerful landlords and treated them with great respect. In the regions dominated by the Nadans, even the [[Vellalar]] accountant or the [[Brahmin]] priest would show deference to the position of the Nadan lords. They rode horses and would buy slaves to work in their houses to retain their proud customs. The Nadan women followed strict gosha, revealing themselves only to the men of their own household, and rode in covered [[palanquin]]s. The Nadans built Hindu temples and also met the costs of festival expenses. |
As hereditary tax collectors, the Nadans held civil authority over the lands in their control. The term ''Nadan'' means ''lords of the land''. The [[Nadar climber]]s were totally dependent on these powerful landlords and treated them with great respect. In the regions dominated by the Nadans, even the [[Vellalar]] accountant or the [[Brahmin]] priest would show deference to the position of the Nadan lords. They rode horses and would buy slaves to work in their houses to retain their proud customs. The Nadan women followed strict gosha, revealing themselves only to the men of their own household, and rode in covered [[palanquin]]s. The Nadans built Hindu temples and also met the costs of festival expenses. The oldest and highest Nadans were the '''Adityans''' of Kayamozhi, who claimed they were the descendants of [[Surya]], the sun god. The Adityans also had special rights at the [[Shiva]] temple in [[Thiruchendur]], where they constructed one of its pavilions. They usually donated the huge wooden car to the temple and in return were given the privilege to be the first to touch the rope which would pull the car through the streets during festival times.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=29–30| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="Gazetteers of India, Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 234">[https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AwAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions] Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 234</ref> |
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Despite their great wealth and power the Nadans, however, were considered as a portion of the greater class of Nadars and were denied entrance into temples built by higher castes. The Nadans shared the pollution of the lowest climbers.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=30| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="Mān̳āḍu:a social-history of Mān̳avīra Vaḷanāḍu">[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJuAAAAMAAJ&q=manadu&dq=manadu&hl=en&ei=46yaTe7IJMrWrQfD75X3Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA] Mān̳āḍu:a social-history of Mān̳avīra Vaḷanāḍu</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2019}} The Nadans would not enter Hindu temples built by higher castes until the issue was solved through campaigning movements and legislation. They claim that they were stripped of their rights and privileges due to the Nayak invasion.<ref name="Gazetteers of India, Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 240">[https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AwAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions] Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 240</ref> The Nadar community was then divided into different opposing groups, with each Nadar climber owing allegiance to a Nadan family. The control of the lands may pass from one Nadan to another but the climbers remained always with the trees assigned to them.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=31| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> |
Despite their great wealth and power the Nadans, however, were considered as a portion of the greater class of Nadars and were denied entrance into temples built by higher castes. The Nadans shared the pollution of the lowest climbers.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=30| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="Mān̳āḍu:a social-history of Mān̳avīra Vaḷanāḍu">[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJuAAAAMAAJ&q=manadu&dq=manadu&hl=en&ei=46yaTe7IJMrWrQfD75X3Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA] Mān̳āḍu:a social-history of Mān̳avīra Vaḷanāḍu</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2019}} The Nadans would not enter Hindu temples built by higher castes until the issue was solved through campaigning movements and legislation. They claim that they were stripped of their rights and privileges due to the Nayak invasion.<ref name="Gazetteers of India, Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 240">[https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AwAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions] Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 240</ref> The Nadar community was then divided into different opposing groups, with each Nadar climber owing allegiance to a Nadan family. The control of the lands may pass from one Nadan to another but the climbers remained always with the trees assigned to them.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=31| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> |
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===Opposing Christianity=== |
===Opposing Christianity=== |
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In 1680, the first congregation of Nadars was started at Vadakkankulam with the conversion of a Nadar woman. The Nadar converts came neither from the lowest sections (''Kalla Shanar'') of the castes nor from the highest (''Nadans''), but from the middle subgroups and particularly the climbers. The converts were provided protection by the missionaries from the oppressions of Nadan landlords. With their traditional dominance threatened, the Nadans became the missionaries' greatest adversaries. Many Nadans supported anti-Christian societies such as the Vibuthi Sangam(the Sacred Ashes Society). However, by the 1860s the opposition of the Nadans began to wane. Eventually a few Nadans actually converted to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=51| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop vs Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India. By Susan Billington Harper">[https://books.google.com/books?id=cecLBU_oRTcC&pg=PA14&dq=middle+nadar+azariah&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=nadans&f=false In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop vs Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India. By Susan Billington Harper]</ref> |
In 1680, the first congregation of Nadars was started at Vadakkankulam with the conversion of a Nadar woman. The Nadar converts came neither from the lowest sections (''Kalla Shanar'') of the castes nor from the highest (''Nadans''), but from the middle subgroups and particularly the climbers. The converts were provided protection by the missionaries from the oppressions of Nadan landlords. With their traditional dominance threatened, the Nadans became the missionaries' greatest adversaries. Many Nadans supported anti-Christian societies such as the Vibuthi Sangam(the Sacred Ashes Society). However, by the 1860s the opposition of the Nadans began to wane. Eventually a few Nadans actually converted to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=51| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop vs Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India. By Susan Billington Harper">[https://books.google.com/books?id=cecLBU_oRTcC&pg=PA14&dq=middle+nadar+azariah&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=nadans&f=false In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop vs Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India. By Susan Billington Harper]</ref> |
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===Nadars of Travancore=== |
===Nadars of Travancore=== |
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The Nadar climbers of [[Southern Travancore]] served as [[Borassus|palmyra]] climbers on the lands of aristocratic Nadans in the eastern portion of [[Kanniyakumari]]. In the tradition of these Nadan families, the lands were bestowed by the kings of Travancore in return for the Nadans' services.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=56| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> |
The Nadar climbers of [[Southern Travancore]] served as [[Borassus|palmyra]] climbers on the lands of aristocratic Nadans in the eastern portion of [[Kanniyakumari]]. In the tradition of these Nadan families, the lands were bestowed by the kings of Travancore in return for the Nadans' services.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=56| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> |
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==Distinctions within the Nadar community today== |
==Distinctions within the Nadar community today== |
||
During the 1960s, the Nadan families had some aura of aristocracy and authority. The distinctions that separated them from the rest of the Nadar community were largely gone, as the Nadar climbers gained wealth.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=219| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> The once Nadar climbers are today widely into education, business and other important fields.<ref name="Gazetteers of India, Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 234"> |
During the 1960s, the Nadan families had some aura of aristocracy and authority. The distinctions that separated them from the rest of the Nadar community were largely gone, as the Nadar climbers gained wealth.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=219| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> The once Nadar climbers are today widely into education, business and other important fields.<ref name="Gazetteers of India, Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 234"/> |
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[[Category:Nadar (caste)]] |
[[Category:Nadar (caste)]] |
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Revision as of 16:26, 4 May 2021
Nadans (also referred as Nelamaikkarar) are a small endogamous group of aristocratic Nadars from the regions south of the Thamirabarani River in the present-day state of Tamil Nadu, India. They were hereditary tax collectors during the Nayak and Pandyan dynasties and also served as petty lords under the poligars. The Nadans possessed vast tracts of land and were one of the few subcastes among the Nadars to have practiced aristocracy. The term Nadan means lords of the land.[1]
History
As hereditary tax collectors, the Nadans held civil authority over the lands in their control. The term Nadan means lords of the land. The Nadar climbers were totally dependent on these powerful landlords and treated them with great respect. In the regions dominated by the Nadans, even the Vellalar accountant or the Brahmin priest would show deference to the position of the Nadan lords. They rode horses and would buy slaves to work in their houses to retain their proud customs. The Nadan women followed strict gosha, revealing themselves only to the men of their own household, and rode in covered palanquins. The Nadans built Hindu temples and also met the costs of festival expenses. The oldest and highest Nadans were the Adityans of Kayamozhi, who claimed they were the descendants of Surya, the sun god. The Adityans also had special rights at the Shiva temple in Thiruchendur, where they constructed one of its pavilions. They usually donated the huge wooden car to the temple and in return were given the privilege to be the first to touch the rope which would pull the car through the streets during festival times.[2][3]
Despite their great wealth and power the Nadans, however, were considered as a portion of the greater class of Nadars and were denied entrance into temples built by higher castes. The Nadans shared the pollution of the lowest climbers.[4][5][page needed] The Nadans would not enter Hindu temples built by higher castes until the issue was solved through campaigning movements and legislation. They claim that they were stripped of their rights and privileges due to the Nayak invasion.[6] The Nadar community was then divided into different opposing groups, with each Nadar climber owing allegiance to a Nadan family. The control of the lands may pass from one Nadan to another but the climbers remained always with the trees assigned to them.[7]
Opposing Christianity
In 1680, the first congregation of Nadars was started at Vadakkankulam with the conversion of a Nadar woman. The Nadar converts came neither from the lowest sections (Kalla Shanar) of the castes nor from the highest (Nadans), but from the middle subgroups and particularly the climbers. The converts were provided protection by the missionaries from the oppressions of Nadan landlords. With their traditional dominance threatened, the Nadans became the missionaries' greatest adversaries. Many Nadans supported anti-Christian societies such as the Vibuthi Sangam(the Sacred Ashes Society). However, by the 1860s the opposition of the Nadans began to wane. Eventually a few Nadans actually converted to Christianity.[8][9]
Nadars of Travancore
The Nadar climbers of Southern Travancore served as palmyra climbers on the lands of aristocratic Nadans in the eastern portion of Kanniyakumari. In the tradition of these Nadan families, the lands were bestowed by the kings of Travancore in return for the Nadans' services.[10]
Distinctions within the Nadar community today
During the 1960s, the Nadan families had some aura of aristocracy and authority. The distinctions that separated them from the rest of the Nadar community were largely gone, as the Nadar climbers gained wealth.[11] The once Nadar climbers are today widely into education, business and other important fields.[3]
References
- ^ Robert Hardgrave. The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. pp. 29–33.
- ^ Robert Hardgrave. The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b [1] Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 234
- ^ Robert Hardgrave. The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. p. 30.
- ^ [3] Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 240
- ^ Robert Hardgrave. The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. p. 31.
- ^ Robert Hardgrave. The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. p. 51.
- ^ In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop vs Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India. By Susan Billington Harper
- ^ Robert Hardgrave. The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. p. 56.
- ^ Robert Hardgrave. The Nadars of Tamil Nadu. University of California Press. p. 219.