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February 1

Project

For our project at Uni, we have been asked to pick an animal to make extinct and argue our case. It has to be a vertibrate and not man. I dont want to pick panda cos it is too obvious and it doesnt really do any harm, does it? It should be preferrably something that does harm to the environment or nature or something. I thought beaver or something. Do you agree? Any further suggestions and why?

Beavers have a huge impact on ecosystems, providing wetlands for many other species to use, so removing them would probably have many repercussions. From a purely pragmatic and uninformed point of view, I would argue for the extinction of a species that is critically endangered or extinct in the wild, as I would imagine this would have the lowest impact on the planet's eco-system as a whole. Flipping the assignment on its head, you could go the satirical route and argue for the extinction of a species that would cause as large of an impact/disaster as possible, in effect showing that everything plays their part. Atropos235 01:20, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The ranchers in the American West are after timber wolf (a.k.a. gray wolf) again; they want to see it extinct in their area again. American suburbians everywhere think the coyotes should all die.

Atlant 01:21, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Nah! I go for the Roadrunner!--Light current 01:33, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The safest thing to pick is a parasite. Not to sound utterly heartless, but humans are by far the most damaging parasite. But then, I like history and culture and being alive enough that I wouldn't want to wish the end of all humanity. This is a tough call for anyone to make. Think about the environmental impact removing a single animal would do. 67.174.211.89 06:00, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I'd pick an introduced species, like the cane toad, and argue that it's value in it's native ecosystem is trumped by it's impact on it's introduced ecosystem. --Cody.Pope 06:54, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

What about the dreaded mosquito? | AndonicO ^{Talk · Sign Here} 11:39, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Unfortunately, our questioner is limited to vertebrates. Otherwise, the mosquito is the obvious choice.

Atlant 13:10, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

You can really pick anything you want. It doesn't even matter. Species are rising, falling, gaining, being pushed back, bottlenecking, exploding, all the time everyday. It is simply the way of nature to kill off species. It may not be nice, but that's just how it is. That is normal, and it is change. It is absurd to try and do something with the intention of changing nothing, because the environment will change on its own, it doesn't matter what part of the environment changes it (may it be a particular species), because each species is part of nature. Since we are being so inherently anthropocentric, you can say humans have helped some species, and humans have destroyed some species, directly or indirectly. We can relate alien species invasion since it is the opposite of entirely removing a species. Both on the same continent and at the same time Bos taurus was being bred in vast quantities, while Bison bison was being hunted to near-extinction. Cattle are aliens too, and are among the most destructive friends we tend. The grazing and trampling of livestock threaten more than three and a half times as many native plant species globally as are threatened by nondomesticated aliens. Livestock threaten almost as many native animal species as alien predators do. Pueraria montana is an Asian plant despised in the southeastern states for aggressive growth. American gardeners of the late 1800s loved its fragrant blossoms, and in the 1920s it was promoted as Bos torus chow, and in the 30s widely planted by the Soil Conservation Service for erosion control. The Department of Agriculture declared it a weed in 1972. Similar in history, Taraxacum officinale, or "common dandelion" was introduced to North America from Eurasia for its medicinal and culinary properties. Even if you don't agree with me, you perhaps should mention it to bring something new to the table. [Mαc Δαvιs] X (How's my driving?) ❖ 12:24, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Vertebrate eh? I'd pick the Panda. Think about all the resources, time & money that have been squandered to protect or preserve a species that has become so specialized that even without our intervention, was likely to become extinct in the very near future. Are there even enough Panda's left to sustain a genetically diverse viable population? Now if those same resources had been applied to a species not quite so cute and cuddley perhaps the passenger pigeon, great auk, or any now extinct species you can name might still be with us. This then brings into questionthe entire reason why we choose to protect some species while ignoring others? If the Panda was an ugly mollusc that crawled up your leg and bit you on the ass, would we be so willing to protect it? Extinction is a natural process. It is not that extinction occurs that should concern us rather, the acclerated rate of extinction that we as a species seem to be responsible for. Canis sylvaticus

How about the Water moccasin or Copperhead snake?, or maybe the Rattlesnake? Your study could look at whether nonvenomous species could step up to replace their pest control benefits without harming humans. In other words, would we be overrun by rats and mice without the venomous snakes, or could the less harmful species take care of the pests. These species do harm humans and their pets and livestock, and the water moccasin and copperhead snakes make the enjoyment of the outdoors difficult in the southern US in the summer, as the rattlesnake does in the west. I acknowledge that many people love all animals, and that they are all pretty to look at, unless you have just stepped over a log and they have sunk their fangs into your leg. (edited to add: Here I refer to the snakes, not the animal lovers as biters). Keep the panda. They do not bite humans as often, and are not known to be venomous. Edison 16:38, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Human deaths from venomous snake bites in the USA (those species in particular are US snakes, yes?) are so uncommon today as to be statistically negligible. You get far more deaths from dog bites per year, more deaths related to riding the bus. --140.247.248.95 17:33, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Country people in the southern U.S. avoid wooded or grassy areas, or creekbanks in the southern US in weather above freezing because of the presence of copperheads. They are numerous and aggressive, and like to live near human habitation, and move into outbuildings or onto farm equipment. I have had several close calls. Besides deaths, they cause painful injuries with lengthy recuperation. No one claimed that poisonous snakes are leading cause of deaths, and more people obviously ride buses that step on copperheads. Dogs are domesticated pets and offer the benefit of companionship or guarding as a tradeoff for the chances of biting soemone. Copperheads make poor pets, but if it were known that they lived in a building, people would, I guess, pretty much stay out. Edison 21:43, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm just pointing out that you'd have to indicate that the number of lives you'd be saving would be in the dozens, whereas the likely ecological damage would be quite high. In terms of cost/benefit the panda is an easy one in comparison to the venomous snakes of the US, which cost very little (in terms of human costs and resources) to live with. The panda's non-venomous quality does not really give it an edge over the snakes in a strictly utilitarian model. --24.147.86.187 00:22, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm sure if you made your presentation on a list of animals you initially thought you might like to make extinct, then talked about what made you reconsider, and concluded the whole exericse to be abhorrent, you would not receive an autofail. That's what I'd do. Vranak

---

I would pick the goat or the Norway Rat. Goats devastate ecosystems, and rats have a huge impact on humans. The one you pick will depend on your perspective. -Arch dude 02:39, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

If you want to be a smartass you could go for the Madagascar Pochard. The rationale being that everyone thought it was extinct 15 years ago anyway, and the world kept turning. Then a few of them were spotted last year. However, they are clearly critically endangered and - one could argue - removing the few remaining would have a negligible environmental impact. The opposing argument is that the Madagascar flora and fauna is rich in genetic diversity. Rockpocket 06:21, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Excellent idea! Frilled shark, Megamouth, coelacanth, and Lazarus taxon. [Mαc Δαvιs] X (How's my driving?) ❖ 18:03, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

And the Tazmanian wolf

purifying water and sourdough

I have recently heard that the brewing industry use to use sourdough (from bread) to purify water. I wondered if there was anyone who could validate this. Also, how does it work? Thanks Valerie

Sourdough bread is bread that is leavened with sourdough starter, a symbiotic colony of yeast and bacteria (lactobacilli). The closest to "purifing" water might be the microorganisms living in the starter form somewhat hostile conditions to "squeeze out" other potential micro-invaders.That process is fairly slow and complex compared to filtering water through activated charcoal or distillation, and you'd end up with a bunch of floury water. I'm not a big beer aficionado, but using some sourdough starter in a ferment might impart some of the same acidic, complex flavors you can get in sourdough bread. Atropos235 02:44, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Is it at all possible that this is a garbled version of the idea that alcoholic drinks were once drunk in great quantity because they were less likely to poison you than the water? That was mostly (if not entirely) due to the boiling involved in the production of alcoholic drinks. Skittle 15:36, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Petroleum Oil

I am doing a science fair project for my 8th grade class. My question that i want to ask you is this: What is oil's real purpose in the Earth? Does is it act like some sort of insultaor or anything else? I mean, everthing on this Earth is here for a purpose. I am stuck and do not know what to do. I found one website that asked the same question to but did not have any information that I needed. Template:Please Help Me 4.129.87.148 00:57, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Oil wasn't intentionally placed into the Earth for any sort of reason, but it is just the result of dead biomatter being compressed and heated under millions of years of sediment. Man's persistant exploration of the world lead to the discovery of petroleum and its seemingly millions of uses over the ages, from lighting up ancient homes to sending people to the moon. It can easily seem like everything in the world has a purpose because we are the ultimate tool-users and we can find a purpose for just about anything. Atropos235 01:36, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

For all we can tell, purpose is not inherently present on anything. There's no purpose for the existence and presence of oil, or even life, on Earth. It exists because that's how chemistry and physics work. Things also tend to naturally find their most stable state throughout time, so the feeling of deliberation and purpose arises naturally everywhere, since everything ends up fitting together so well. That being said, oil has no purpose, we just happen to find it very, very useful for many different things. — Kieff | Talk 01:44, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The scientific way to phrase it is that purpose is not scientifically testable in experiment and therefore not relevant in a scientific sense. However, to absolutely claim there is no purpose is making a leap that science cannot explain so claiming there is no purpose or deliberation goes beyond the scientific method. --OpusPenguin 03:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I personally believe "everything having a purpose" to be rubbish. As Richard Dawkins said, "We see the world through purpose-colored spectacles," because our nature is to see objects of having potential uses to us, we assume if we can't use it, it has a use to some other organism. [Mαc Δαvιs] X (How's my driving?) ❖ 12:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

See Teleology for a discussion of the old notion that someone (God?) placed everything herre for a purpose. This view might say that if I am hiking and have to make a pitstop in the woods, that my excrement is there for the purpose of nourishing a bush which will grow into a tree and provide shelter for some future weary travellor. A less teleological and more naturalistic view might be that "excrement happens." Edison 16:44, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

If you were to put any purpose to oil, surely it would be to warm up the Earth, not that there's anything wrong with that. Vranak

You are in 8th grade. Teleology is usually considered to be way too heavy for your age: Plato thought that one should not be concerned with Philosophy until age 40. Science fair: you are probably in time trouble: you don't need generalities, you need an answer, NOW. Here is what we are trying to tell you in simple terms:

• forget "purpose." That is way too complicated. It is philosophy, not science.
• Try to rephrase your hypothesis into something more scientific and less philosophical.

If you can reply with your current hypothesis, We can probably critique it for you and suggest a better hypothesis. I just got home from judging a high-school Science Fair, so I am sympathetic. -Arch dude 02:33, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

What did Plato know? Him and his ilk never understood inertia nor evolution nor planetary harmonics. Nonetheless, the above statements correctly emphasize that purpose is not testable and has no place in science. We can study much about petroleum - how it forms, what it is made of, what we can make out of it... but none of this implies a purpose. However, I think the original question was asking whether there petroleum performs a geological function - such as "insulating. "Petroleum reserves do not really insulate very much; but they contain lots of dissolved gases (notably, helium, sometimes hydrogen, and very often methane or other natural gas.They also serve as boundaries between rock layers (though this is probably an effect due to their formation). Nimur 08:05, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Database for lab experiments

Hello, I am currently working on my PhD in the biopharmaceutical field. I am doing a number of lab experiments and I am looking for a way to store information about the experiments and the outcomes in a database.

Typical data about an experiment would be: Title, notes, Dates (when run, when analysed), material used, method used (i.e. word files), raw data (i.e. sampling points), secondary data (i.e. halflifes), graphs.

I have attempted to come up with an MSAccess solution, it works more or less but it has its bugs and entering data can be somewhat time consuming.

I was wondering if anyone knows a flexible tool to handle this kind of task. (I think there should be, since the core of what I need it to do is probably needed by uncountable other people working in similar areas. I haven't really found anything practical so far though).

Thanks, Lukas 04:32, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Honestly, I'd use a spreadsheet if you don't have any prior experience with RDBMSes. Spreadsheet software is very flexible and useful for sufficiently small amounts of data. Most of the data I need to process goes directly from my notebooks into a spreadsheet program. -- mattb @ 2007-02-01T05:50Z

I don't think you could include all of the data he wants in just that. However it sounds to me like it is a flat database anyway, so you don't necessarily need it to be relational. Have you tried something like FileMaker Pro? It is like MS Access but much simpler on the whole. It doesn't let you do as complicated or customized things with the data but it doesn't sound like you are using Access to its full capabilities anyway. Access is probably the most "flexible" thing you are going to find, but being able to use that capability well requires a lot of time and experience with it. If you wanted to post the nature of the bugs to the computing desk, I am betting we can iron out some of them (I say this as someone who has wrestled with Access for eight years or so at this point). --24.147.86.187 12:49, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Well, he didn't specify how much data he is working with...If we're talking single data sets with a million rows, then a spreadsheet will be insufficient. A few thousand rows is reasonable, though. -- mattb @ 2007-02-01T15:08Z

I'm not talking about total records. Look at the types of data he describes -- Word files, lengthy descriptions, etc. It is not easy to do that in a spreadsheet program, at least not any I have seen. The lines get very long and hard to read, use, and edit. --140.247.248.95 17:27, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Need to share the data among workers ? Why not try a hosted DB solution like www.teamdesk.net at 7 $ / month / user. I found it easy to customize. Pcarbonn 16:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Be very careful when using spreadsheets to store experiment results. See for instance The December 1 DWIM effect (reported on RISKS Digest 24.19; some comments on 24.20 and 24.21). Some other spreadsheet horror stories can be found at the European Spreadsheet Risks Interest Group site. --cesarb 18:57, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the replies so far. Especially thanks for the warning on excel, I've encountered some bugs in it myself before. Excel/spreadsheed is not a viable option for me. The reason to use the database is, as correctly pointed out, not that I have thousands of records, but that I have descriptive text data, files, etc. I do not need to share the data (and I don't see that happening within this project). I want to be able to easily enter data into a form and retrieve data matching certain characteristics (this is what I have attempted in my test database (msaccess2002). One thing it should take over is the task to think of where I should save which files and make it easy for me to find them again. I'm still looking for a product or an msaccess template which is designed for this or a similar purpose (there are should be tons of other people out there with similar requirements as me....). Lukas 01:47, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Having a look at the teamdesk thing, too. Thanks Lukas 01:51, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Many computer science types make a hefty profit handling other people's databases, because to even this day it gets messy and application-specific. Though numerous utilities exist (MySQL, MS Access, etc) which supposedly make managing data "simple(r)", I don't know of any that make the solution "user-friendly" to an inexperienced operator. It may be worth paying a fee to an outside service provider, or hire an undergraduate CS intern, if you are unable to develop a complete solution on your own. Nimur 08:11, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Squid Brains and CNS?

Hello all!

I was talking to a friend recently who said that he couldn't understand how it worked, not being scientifically oriented, but that while in Japan he had been told that the liquid he was eating was squid brain, and that it was a liquid. This puzzled us both, as I, too, have not studied marine biology in great depth. Any idea if a) the brain really is liquid, and b) if so, how does the nervous system of a squid work? I know they are invertebrates, but that's about it. The Squid article doesn't seem to reap much information. 67.174.211.89 05:57, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

And hello to you too. Your brain is about 60% water, and can be liquified in a blender and is considered a gastronomic delicacy on R'tyrovkv in the Betegeuse system (lucky for us they are so far away). The unique thing about squid neurons from a neurophysiologist's point of view is that the individual axons are unusually large and were heavily used in the 1960s-80s to study depolarization and potential propagation. They work basically the same way your neurons work. alteripse 10:45, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Some more info is at Squid giant axon. --David Iberri (talk) 18:04, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

On the brain into a liquid tangent, ancient Egyptians removed the brains in their mummification process by sticking a flexible tube up their nose and jiggling it several times to turn it into a mush, which was easily extracted from the cadaver from the nostril. bibliomaniac15 01:45, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I'd never heard of a "squid brain paste" food here in Japan so I looked it up, and the only thing I can find close is shiokara. It IS a liquid of sorts, but as far as I know there is no variety that is purely made of squid brains (though the brains are most certainly included with the rest of the pureed, fermented squid).  freshofftheufoΓΛĿЌ  05:18, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Top 10 Engineering Projects With The Most Human Fatalities?

Hello wikipedians,

My brother in law and I were discussing the top 10 human engineering projects with the most fatalities. So far we have come up with the Death Railway (116,000 deaths of workers) and the Panama_Canal (27,500 deaths of workers).

What other engineering projects would be in the top 10?

Incomplete or unfinished projects are fine.

We are more interested in projects that have fairly specific numbers. For example, we know that lots of people died making the pyramids of Egypt but for obvious reasons we will never really know even approximate figures.

Thanks in advance, Kategorian 11:21, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Interesting question. I suppose one would have to look at the oldest major engineering works, such as dams and canals. Searching Wikipedia for "workers died" suggests that 120,000 people died during construction of the Suez Canal, and 80,000 during the building of "the British railtrack" in Egypt.--Shantavira 11:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Chinese urban myth claims that thousands upon thousands of people died while building the Great Wall. There are songs and stories that claim human meat and bone was used for the mortar. However, those horror stories have very little evidence to back them up. --Kainaw ^(talk) 12:52, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

You might also look into massive modern works produced in socialist countries in the 1940s and 1950s. I don't know whether many workers died in the construction of the dam on the Dnieper river, for example, or Magnetogorsk, but I would be surprised if they were bloodless, having been constructed with Gulag labor. --24.147.86.187 12:59, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The Trans-Siberian railroad has to be a candidate. Clarityfiend 15:56, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The production of military goods for the German army in WW2 should count as an engineering project, and very many imprisoned workers died in it, including death camp inmates and persons from occupied countries. China's Great Leap Forward was an engineering program to make China into a leading industrial country. It took a great many lives: villagers were told to make steel in little backyard furnaces by burning their doors and furniture and all trees as fuel, and all they managed was to convert their plows and pots into lumps of molten iron. The harvests were neglected, and in a pretense that agricultural yields had increased, the actual small harvests wer seized for export. The death toll is stated in the article as 14 to 43 million excess deaths. Edison 17:12, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Among single construction projects in modern times, the White Sea-Baltic Canal has to rank pretty high.--Rallette 17:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Cigarette lighters

why cigarrette lighter cant be lit by smouldering cigarette? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 221.134.57.69 (talk • contribs). (Arun singh Bagh)

Basicalliy it seems that smouldering cigarrete is not hot enought to rase the gas temp above the critical temerature. See flash point for some info on this.--Light current 16:44, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

There was an episode of MythBusters where they featured a popular Hollywood myth, that dropping a lit (smoldering) cigarette into a pool of gasoline could ignite it. They were never able to make it happen, but deemed it plausible because the temperature of the cigarette was hotter than the flash point of gas so it "could" happen. I've also heard of anecdotes of people putting out cigarettes in jet fuel (similar to kerosene or diesel). Atropos235 18:25, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Yep - the lighter hydrocarbons are always easier to light - lighter gas is propane or butane, the flash point increases with molecular mass. And yes kerosene and diesel are difficult to light, especially diesel - you ever need a wick or otherwise it helps if you heat it in a frying pan first until it starts smoldering - then it lights easily..

Plus a straight cigarette contains significant amounts of nitrate to get sudden flashes of high temperature as the tobacco impregnated with the nitrate burns - these are like little sparks and help ignite things. A 'roll your own' cigarette doesn't have this nitrate and burns much colder and is less likely to ignite a lighter flame - in general they don't..87.102.77.95 19:30, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Sodium vapour lamps

why sodium vapour lamps are used for street lights? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 221.134.57.69 (talk • contribs). (Arun singh Bagh)

The most amount of light for the least amount of electricity. See Sodium vapor lamp.

Atlant 16:14, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

High efficacy?--Light current 16:37, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

From a desire to make everything look yellowish with monochromatic 590 nm illumination, to make the skies over cities look orange, or to save electricity. Edison 17:15, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

its gotta be efficacy. If someone invented a higher efficacy green light, our night skies would turn green.--Light current 18:33, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

One consideration is that low-pressure sodium-vapor lamps are good for astronomers, because their light pollution can easily be filtered out (that's because they're so nearly monochromatic; you just have to block that one single line). In my opinion they're also less ugly than high-pressure sodium-vapor lamps (those are the pink ones). --Trovatore 18:37, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

It's what we already have, and would cost too much to replace all of them:)Hidden secret 7 19:40, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Xenon arc lamp

New lamps can vary greatly. I've seen several recently which look to be high-intensity fluorescent lights (sort of like the Compact_fluorescent_light_bulb soft-glow lightbulbs. And of course xenon arc lamps are used, especially on high traffic highways.

Sorry, no. A variation on xenon arc lamps may be in your car's headlamps, but they're not used for overhead lighting on highways (because sodium vapo[u]r lighting is so much more efficacious).

Atlant 14:10, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Chlorophyll efficiency

Is there some reason why the green part of the visible spectrum is not absorbed by chlorophyll and associated pigments? Why is chlorophyll able to absorb only red and blue light? Would a more efficient system absorb all visible light? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.236.73.126 (talk • contribs)

I'm not sure, but at a guess I would say that plants just doesn't need to. They get sufficient energy from the wavelengths that they do absorb. Also, if plants were absorbing all wavelengths in the visible spectrum, they would probably overheat. (And who wants a world full of black plants anyway?) BenC7 07:14, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I think the best way to explain this is that "nature" didn't just engineer the optimum system. It evolved this way, probably based on prior chemical reactions. I'm not entirely sure how the chemical reaction operates, but it very likely cannot use any arbitrary energy, requiring specific frequencies to serve as activation energy for chemical changes. Nimur 08:22, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

• Chlorophyll is green. The reason we can observe that is because it doesn't get absorbed. If it did, it wouldn't be green anymore. - Mgm|^(talk) 11:09, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Don't some plants already have black leaves

Body Changes

I am not sure how to phrase this correctly nor have the proper terminology, but my question is:Is it possible that your genetic makeup can change throughout your life. When I was a child, I remember having very straight hair and I longed for curly hair. However, in my early 20's, my hair became very thick and curly. Now, I am in my mid 30's and my hair changing it's structure again. It is becoming straighter. Any ideas?

It is not possible for your genetic makeup to change (aside from random DNA mutation that would likely only result in damaged or cancerous individual cell populations). There are many reasons why your hair might be changing structure, including age, changes in diet, or moving to a different climate. It's not at the DNA level. -- Scientizzle 16:28, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

This is probably common knowledge to anyone who has taken high school biology, but I couldn't locate anything in our article on DNA that says as much. Vranak

It is hard to believe that the dramatic changes of my hair structure was from what I ate or where I lived.Please understand that I had pin straight hair (similar to Asian hair) when I was 8 but by the time I was 21, it was very thick and curly...

Though I've never heard of what you describe specifically, hair does respond in a variety of way to the levels of certain hormones that increase during puberty/maturation and fall off during middle age.See Hair#Growth.Dragons flight 17:46, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

It isn't just puberty, my hair has been getting darker from light blond to a very dark brown at least since I was born:)Hidden secret 7 19:44, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

It's very common for light hair to get darker through childhood - lots of kids are born with blond hair but don't keep it - blond kids are usually born with very white hair. I don't know if this means you will go platinum in later years or not. It's common in the animal world for juveniles to have a different colouration to adults.87.102.77.95 19:56, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

As for your hair changing from curly to straight again - don't know.87.102.77.95 19:58, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I always thought it was strange that my hair behaved this way.Someone mentioned that our skin(?) completely changes every 7 years and maybe so with hair texture.Maybe I am not human!

I don't think I am either:)Hidden secret 7 20:50, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

There is one important exception to the rule that your DNA doesn't change during life, which applies to cells of the immune system, i.e. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. During maturation, the DNA coding for these cells' receptors is rearranged, see VDJ recombination. The changed DNA is inherited by daughter cells. The rearrangement occurs in a random fashion, and because various fragments are involved, each of which comes in a large number of variants, combinatorics ensures that the number of different receptors is formidable. In addition, there are enzymes that insert non-coded nucleotides at the points where the DNA is spliced. The potential number of antigen receptors is enormous. Lymphocytes which encounter antigens that happen to match their receptors, are selected in a Darwinian manner. This is the basis of immunization - somatic DNA recombination is the reason why we are able to make antibodies against such an enormous number of pathogens. The fact that the receptors aren't "hard-coded" makes this a very flexible system, which can adapt to new threats. To my knowledge, it is the only known example of somatic DNA recombination in vertebrates. --NorwegianBlue ^talk 20:56, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Only known example, except of course somatic mutations that lead to cancer. --NorwegianBlue ^talk 21:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

In your comment NorwegianBlue,"The rearrangement occurs in a random fashion, and because various fragments are involved, each of which comes in a large number of variants, combinatorics assures that the number of combinations is formidable", are you saying as our DNA changes during maturation for immunizations against pathogens, this possibly can affect hair texture, iris color, etc?I also know of an African-American person who also experienced the same issue as well...

No. This process only applies to the genes coding for the T cell receptor and the B cell receptor (immunoglobulin), and "maturation" refers to the maturation of the individual cell. --NorwegianBlue ^talk 21:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Think of your hair changes similar to how your body changes when you go through puberty. When you hit puberty, you grow facial hair, get bigger & stronger & grow an adam's apple etc. This is not your DNA changing, but instead hormones & internal changes stirred by chemicals. Your body can change drastically without warning. Keep in mind however, that indeed DNA can affect whether we do have curly or straight hair, but changing between the two isn't unheard of either. Many children may have curly or straight hair in childhood & then have the opposite later in life. When babies are born, they may have a different eye colour to later on in life & so on & so on. Your DNA does not change unless you're one of the X men. Hope this explains it easily... Spawn Man 21:45, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

And if you're interested in whats going on on the molecular, level, you might want to read the article regulation of gene expression. --NorwegianBlue ^talk 08:45, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

If you tied a rope around the moon and let the other end hang down onto the surface of the earth...

1)When the moon moved, would the rope drag across the surface of the earth, and if so how fast? 2)And if not, would it go out into space and trail behind the moon or what would it do? The gravity field of the earth and the moon are significantly less than the amount of empty space in between the earth and the moon. 3)If the answer to the first question is no, could you hold onto the rope as it pulled you up into the sky? 4)How much weight would it take to keep the rope vertical to the earth? 5)Would that amount of weight cause the moon to stop moving and come crashing down onto the earth?

This will be a big help for one of the questions on my thirty-problem physics project, thanks! Xhin 16:47, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

(numbered the questions to make responses easier). During a single night, the earth's rotation makes the moon appear to move across the sky. Per Moon the Moon makes one complete orbit about the Earth every 27.3 days. The nearest point to the moon on the earth's surface makes a revolution every day, with adjustment for the moons 27.3 day cycle. What does that suggest about the rope staying at one point? Per Earth the planet's mean circumference is 40,041.47 km, and its sidereal rotation period is 0.997 258 d (23.934 h). Earth's rotation velocity at the equator is 465.11 m/s or 1040 miles per hour, which has to be adjusted plus or minus for the moon's travel around the earth.The question implies that the rope starts on the earth's surface. The statement "The gravity field of the earth and the moon are significantly less than the amount of empty space in between the earth and the moon." makes a meaningless comparison between gravity and space. How can gravity be less THAN space. Did the question originally say IN space? I suggest the hypothetical rope would have to be extremely strong and perhaps fireproof. I suggest that no amount of weight could keep it absolutely vertical to the earth, but the deflection from passage through the atmosphere would be a difficult calculation depending on air resistance, which would depend on the diameter and surface of the rope, and more complex because it would change with altitude. Edison 17:31, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The question would be interesting if rephrased for a sitution where both bodies are tidally locked with respect to each other (eg. Pluto and Charon). What stresses would be suffered by a space elevator linking these two bodies? Carcharoth 18:01, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

You should note the difference between the apogee and perigee of the moon's orbit.—eric 18:12, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Well I've come up with a simple answer to your question. All the roads in New Zealand, lined back to back, would make it 3 quarters of the way to the moon. Now all you have to do is measure all the roads in New Zealand & then do the math. ;) Spawn Man 21:49, 1 February 2007 (UTC). P.S. The rope might catch on a rock & send the moon crashing down in the Atlantic, so be sure you use duel fibre twine... ;)

To question 1, I think yes. The rope would be close to vertical most of the way, but once it hits the Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric drag will push it forward (since the Earth rotates faster than the moon orbits), so it will be slanted at an angle near the surface of the Earth. To question 4 (if I understand what you mean), that is impossible, because the atmospheric drag pushes the rope forwards, and if were vertical, there would be no force to oppose it going the other way. --Spoon! 23:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Why Don't They Send Hubble's Twin in Orbit?

When they constructed the Hubble telescope two decades ago, all key components were manufactured in pairs (in case one breaks down, the redundant component is available right away). Now that the one currently in operation is approaching its end of life--and that another shuttle repair mission will cost a fortune--why don't they just put all the spare parts together and launch the thing up there? The twin may not be the latest technology, but it sure could be a cheaper way to get a new telescope in orbit, serving science for the next two decades.--JLdesAlpins 17:23, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Is there evidence they made a second mirror? At the time of its making, there was an article about how expensive it was, and that it was the best mirror ever built. Later it turned out they had totally botched the fabrication and testing and the thing had to have corrective lenses added. Have some of the spares been used on the repair missions? An unanswered question is how similar the general optics of spy satellites are to those of Hubble. They are supposed to have amazing resolution, but would lack some of the aiming ability and some of the special astronomical optics. Edison 17:38, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

One of the largest differences between an earth-observing satellite and the Hubble is the amount of light collection area and maybe to a lesser extent the ability to keep attitude very precisely.Images like the Hubble Deep Field require an extremely long exposure time, even with the Hubble's large mirror.Images like [1] also show what vistas large amounts of light gathering area can give you.Like spy satellites, you or I can easily see things on Earth because they're illuminated so well, could never see anything like that with our pair of 1x 1-cm refractors. Atropos235 18:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

See Hubble Space Telescope#Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA) for information about the second mirror. --cesarb 18:30, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Hubble was designed to be orbited in the carbo bay of the space shuttle.Given that you'd have to launch a shuttle either way, it is unlikely that there would be much cost savings.Dragons flight 17:42, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Lets not forget the cost to acctually form the second hubble. putting the spare parts together will still require extreamly skilled scientest to put it together and many months to do it right Maverick423 17:51, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

And lets not forget, the spare parts were there in case something goes wrong, so imagine something went wrong while assembling the spare parts, they'd have no redundancy.Vespine 21:32, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Hubble's "dubble"? Clarityfiend 01:20, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

OK, suppose that everything on Hubble was duplicated - Hubble has been serviced a couple of times since launch - might some of those duplicate "spares" have been used up in servicing it? Richard B 01:31, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I think it's probably an engineering exaggeration to say "everything" was doubled; furthermore, the likelihood that all parts are carefully cataloged, stored in one warehouse, with blueprints and assembly instructions is virtually zero.Significant engineering effort would be needed; and even the original engineers probably don't even remember all of the design properties.It is probably easier and cheaper to start from scratch.After all, the most expensive part of spaceflight systems is very rarely the actual components costs. Nimur 08:29, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Narcotics

Is there any type of narcotic drugs that include iodine atoms in the molecule? TERdON 18:07, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The simple answer is yes - but they are not common. Iodine (and also other halogens chlorine, bromine and fluorine) is sometimes incorporated into the basic drug structure - one of the main reasons this is done is that the resultant compound is easier to absorb through the gut walls as it is more 'fatty'.

(also Iodinated and brominated 'ecstacy' derivatives are found often enough to be called common, I'm not sure that amphetamines are classed as narcotics though.)

I don't have enough knowledge to say if there are any drugs of this type in common use.87.102.77.95 19:23, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

In Sweden, no doubt amphetamine is illegal, I suppose the same holds true of its derivates. Thanks for the answer! :) TERdON 20:18, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I don't think amphetamine is a narcotic (narcotics are derivatives of opium), but perhaps you meant psychoactive drug? − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 22:13, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I didn't mean they were narcotics by the scientific definition, but by the Swedish legal definition, which includes all kinds of addictive drugs that aren't, technically, narcotics. TERdON 22:18, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, "crack," but it's not in the narcotic.Instead it's part of the precursors, see Iodine in Methamphetamine production.As part of the "war on drugs," some states in the USA require that iodine suppliers record and retain customer information on anyone buying iodine. --Wjbeaty 20:42, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Source

Is their there enough kinetic energy in a human body to move an object?— Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.201.233.107 (talk • contribs)

People move things every day - I'm not sure what else you could be asking? please explain..87.102.77.95 19:15, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Do you know what kinetic energy is?It's the energy of a mass in motion.One way to tell that an object in motion has kinetic energy is to watch what happens when the object hits another object: in a collision, one moving object can impart kinetic energy to the collided-with object, causing the collided-with object to move as well.Does this answer your question? --Steve Summit (talk) 19:19, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

are you trying to talk about telekinetic energy? which is more of a phycic power then anything. Maverick423 21:09, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

See Psychokinesis. I would have to answer "No, there is not enough psychokinetic/telekinetic energy in a human body to move anything." But I have an open mind and would be ready to be proven wrong. There are many ways to fake it or to think it is observed in poorly controlled experiments. Edison 21:30, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

There's often just enough to move money from a believer's wallet/purse to the claimant's. Spooky! Clarityfiend 21:53, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

It might just be that things that can be moved like this are too small to see:)Hidden secret 7 20:47, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

To move an object with the kinetic energy of a human, you would need to have the human collide with the object.Imagine body-slamming a box.Then, your kinetic energy would (partially) transfer and the box would jolt forward.Perhaps you mean potential energy which may be stored in the muscles in chemical form (adenosine triphosphate)?This can be converted into kinetic energy, (probably also generating thermal energy and other forms...) allowing the muscle to move an object. Nimur 08:32, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Hah.I'm now having hilarious visions of ragdoll-physics style "human collisions" to test the inelasticity of collisions.Efficient transfer of kinetic energy from the human to the object is almost as much fun as inefficient transfer. Nimur 08:34, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

High density polyethylene

Hello, does anyone know of a supplier for blocks of high density polyethylene.I'm looking for a small cube of the stuff that I can mill down a little bit.

Try McMaster-Carr. anonymous6494 20:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Isnt polyethylene always the same density? --Light current 01:36, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

No. See HDPE vs LDPE. DMacks 02:46, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Water on Mars

is there really water in Mars?–––Thanks

There is no doubt about the presence of water on Mars. A more intriguing question is whether or not there is liquid water on Mars, and recent evidence has been pointing towards a positive answer. — Kieff | Talk 00:29, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Lava and Magma

Which is thinner, magma or lava?

same stuff I thought!--Light current 01:32, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Well according to Chloe Talbot from The Simpsons, magma is the word for lava when it's underground. Which would mean that lava would be more viscous, but magma would be denser. Anchoress 01:42, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

No no Yes. Lava is magma when its under ground.When its erupted its lava. Pumice--Light current 02:28, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

That's what Anchoress said. =) Chickenflicker---♣ 04:33, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Quire rite sorry. It was the Simpsons who put me off.8-)--Light current 11:45, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

If it had to be one or the other, it would be lava; but not by much, I would imagine. As the molten rock comes closer to the surface it experiences less pressure and presumably expands, making it less dense or "thinner". I'm not sure, however, the degree to which it would expand, or if that would be significant to appropriately label it "thinner". BenC7 07:22, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

If lava can be approximated as an uncompressable fluid, the pressure change would have little effect on the density.One thing that does significantly affect density is silica content.Hawaiian volcano lava is quite different from, say, Mount Saint Helens (which has more silica, is more dense, and thus exploded violently!)Hawaiian lava flows gracefully with much less exploding. Nimur 08:37, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

(comment) doesn't the explosiveness of magma relate to the amount of dissolved gas in it (eg water) - that is released when the pressure vessel that is the inner volcano is opened..(or does silica rich magma have greater ability to hold gases???)87.102.4.6 11:55, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I too would expect lava to be thinner thicker (less more viscous) than magma since it is cooler. I don't know how pressure affects viscosity. Reading both articles it explains that the viscosity depends on the composition - so there may not be a definative answer.87.102.4.6 10:33, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Both lava and magma is made of all types of substances, and are all different temperatures. [Mαc Δαvιs] X (How's my driving?) ❖ 18:09, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I would have expected lava to be more viscous as it is cooler, since this would mean less kinetic energy for each molecule, and therefore less energy to move them apart:)Hidden secret 7 20:50, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Unlike gases, there is no "ideal law" for fluids, let alone an accurate one. Non-ideal effects will dominate what factors determine density. Nimur 01:08, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

February 2

Appendectomy and oxygen

Is it normal for a person who has undergone an appendectomy (burst appendix) to be on post operative oxygen?--Light current 01:31, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

THis would be for a person abot 70 years old.--Light current 11:46, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I was about 5 when it happened, but I remember them putting tubes down my nose, so I wouldn't think it'd be somewhat normal. It is a potentially fatal thing. --Wirbelwindヴィルヴェルヴィント (talk) 03:59, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

For any procedure involving general anesthesia, and intubation, one can expect to wake up with an oxygen mask on, especially at an advanced age. High oxygen will help a patient overcome the trauma of the surgery, and more important it will help that patient clear infections from the perforation and the surgical insult. ^tucker/_rekcut 12:11, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Ah thank you. Just the ans I wanted!--Light current 12:12, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Best position to land

When falling from high up (for example, a fifth storey), what would be the safest position to land when hitting solid ground? --Codell ^{[ Talk]} 02:39, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

[2] [3] -- Consumed Crustacean (talk) 02:43, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Dunno if it was ever proven, but I'd always heard if you can somehow pull off a rolling landing, you could possibly survive (height depending of course). Cyraan 02:51, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Thank you, Consumed Crustacean. This answers my question.--Codell ^{[ Talk]} 03:47, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

as far above the ground as possible

How to draw: trans-3,5-dibromocyclodecyne?

This is the only problem I can't do for my alkyne nomenclature homework. I submitted the structure, but the program keeps telling me to show the trans configuration of the Br Atoms.But I'm pretty sure I put the Br atoms where they're supposed to be.I'm also sure that I have the cyclodecyne structure right, so it must be something else I'm missing.I tried all combinations of where the Br are located respective of one another.Because it's trans, I'm guessing that one of the Br atom is inside the ring, and the other on the outside.I tried that, but it wasn't correct.Any ideas?Thanks in advance 128.163.214.199 03:06, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

By saying "inside" and "outside", you're thinking about the ring and everything attached to it as being flat. Ain't so...visit your textbook chapter about alkanes or orbital hybridisation to see why things attached to the ring are often described as "above" and/or "below" the plane of the ring, never inside/outside the ring. DMacks 03:14, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

from trans "A similar phenomenon is seen in cyclic compounds (in which the atoms form a closed ring), where substituents can be on the same "face" of the ring (cis) or opposite faces (trans.)" - so agree with above - it's above or below the plane of the ring.87.102.4.6 11:06, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Geometric isomerism has more details, and a diagram for the cycohexane case.87.102.4.6 11:07, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

3,5-dibromocyclodecyne is chiral at both the 3 and 5 positions, usually a trans structure refers to atoms on opposite sides of a thing (atom, double bond) - it sounds like you need to know the most stable conformation of the molecule and put the bromines on opposite sides. In actuality the name you've got doesn't seem to be a useful description of the molecule - I'd expect something like R,R 3,5-dibromocyclodecyne, R,S 3,5-dibromocyclodecyne, S,R 3,5-dibromocyclodecyne, S,S 3,5-dibromocyclodecyne.87.102.4.6 10:31, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks a lot, everyone. I misinterpreted the diagram in the book; somehow I didn't look at the type of bond (up/down). Now I understand the concept better.128.163.224.201 18:08, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Time for Escape!!!

How long would it take to accelerate human passengers in a craft to about eight miles per second, and lets say they are traveling at a constant 3g?67.127.96.131 03:39, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Sorry, but we don't answer homework questions! But to help you out: have a look at the acceleration article, you'll notice the following equation:

$\mathbf {\bar {a}} ={\mathbf {v} -\mathbf {u} \over t}$

Using that, you can find the time required. All the best. - Akamad 03:48, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Oh man thank you someone finally gives me an equation and thank you but this is not homework I am just very curious about these things.67.127.96.131 05:19, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I am similarly curious about how long it will take a train leaving Philadelphia traveling at 180 km/h to reach a train that has left New Jersey traveling at 200 km/h. But of course, not for my homework! − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 06:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Several of the times when I've tried it, Amtrak or New Jersey Transit has had equipment failures. Where does that go in the equation?

Atlant 14:04, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

We surely don't want to confuse the questioner, but this equation might be helpful as well.

$x(t)=x_{0}+vt+1/2at^{2}$

$v(t)=v_{0}+at=dx(t)/dt$

Nimur 08:42, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Awesome eqautions but once again it's not homework and believe it or not I haven't ever had a physics class. Someone just please tell me how to plug in the numbers.

What you want to do is solve the equation (the equation I gave you, the first equation that Nimur gave is for finding displacement, and the second equation is the same as the one I wrote down) for t (the time variable). Here is a link on how to solve equations if you need help: http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/solve/solve0/solve0.html. You already know the final velocity (8 miles/second) and the acceleration (3g). From your question, you can assume the initial velocity to be zero. So all the variables are known. But make sure all your units are the same (for example, you'll have to change the 3g to miles/second/second, have a look at this article: Earth's gravity for what the "g" means. Hope that helps. - Akamad 11:17, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I'll assume good faith and give the answer. The simplest form of the relevant equation is just v = at: speed (assuming you start from 0) is acceleration times time. So t = v/a: time is speed divided by acceleration. g is 9.8 m/s², so the acceleration 3g is 29.4 m/s². 8 miles is 12,875 meters, so 8 mi/s = 12875 m/s. So the answer is 12875/29.4 = 438 s (see, dividing the units of m/s² by m/s gives seconds) or 7.3 minutes. I've rounded the numbers along the way since I assume the 8 mi/s was not intended to be an exact number. --Anonymous, February 3, 2007, 22:02 (UTC).

Okay thank you because I did attempt to do the eqaution given to me by Akamad and I ended up with 8.76 hours! The reason why I asked this I wanted to know if the speed could be acheived without killing the passengers. Now the next problem to face is making it through the atmosphere without burning up or the craft loosing velocity. Anyways everyone thank you again.

Note that real-life space launches achieve orbital velocity of about 5 miles/second without killing the passengers. Achieving 1.6 times the speed could be done by accelerating 1.6 times as long. (In practice the acceleration is not constant, so it's a bit more complicated than that, but that'll do for a rough idea.) --Anon, Feb. 4, 05:05 (UTC).

Light

Greetings,

I have done small studies an have a theory. Light has mass and weight. It must, because a black hole pulls in light. I don't understand the technical jargon. Please let me know if it has mass. (In layman's terms)

Fare thee Well, AlexanderTG 05:58, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

What is your theory? This sounds like the wave–particle duality of light. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 06:52, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

General Relativity is exactly the technical jargon which explains how gravity can "pull" something (like light), even if it has no mass.Some people try to explain this by saying that the gravity bends space and time.It is very well established that light has no mass, and many experiments and equations exist to back this up. Nimur 08:44, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

You might also consider General Relativity at the Simplified Wikipedia if you are having difficulty with technical jargon. Nimur 08:46, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Also, what do you mean by mass? Mass in general relativity is very complicated and may not be well defined at all. --Spoon! 09:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Short answer - light is made up of photons; photons do not have rest mass, but they do have relativistic mass, because they have momentum. This article answers the question "If light has no mass how can it be deflected by the gravity of a star?". Gandalf61 14:12, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

They say gravity bends space, but the experiment they do to show this where the balls roll toward each other only works because of the earths gravity below it:( Is this because they can't find any real way to show what is happening, and are hoping we don't notice, or am I missing something important here:(Hidden secret 7 20:54, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

donut constellation

There seem to be models for ethernet structures described as a donut constellation. The descriptions of the structure are too technical for me to understand. I have heard the term donut constellation used to described the way energy revolves in some physical structures as well. The philosphers Deleuze and Guattari describe social maps and organizations that evolve rhizomatically along a number of axi and levels. As a result many creative and visual thinkers use this structure as an exploratory model. I think the donut constellation whereby energy is constantly revolving on a number of planes around a vacant middle maybe used to as an alternative model for describing the way chunks of the creative thought process evolves. I would like to read more about this type of structure. I think there is a more accurate word, that those versed in physics would use to describe it.

The word is torus, the surface is represented by a quartic equation in three dimensional space. As for a doughnut shaped ethernet this would be a ring shaped data bus with various data items branching off it.87.102.4.6 10:24, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Antagonism vs Inhibition | Enzymes & Neurotransmiters

• On the other hand, compounds that inhibit reuptake but also inhibit release of dopamine, such as Wellbutrin and vanoxerine, have mild stimulant effects and little abuse potential, and can be used to treat stimulant addiction.

• Zyprexa's antipsychotic activity is mediated primarily by antagonism at dopamine receptors.

Scientifically speaking, is there any differece between Antagonism and Inhibition? Please provide references to back up your answer.

I would appreciate the answers provided. Thnx. --Parker007 12:37, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I'd suggest that the usage choice is a language one, (I can't call a difference between the two). Medical dictionary (is this a good source?) has the two lumped together for the same definition see http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/inhibitor_antagonist.htm

The real difference is actually in other usage - an antagonist 'works against' eg pairs of muscles that pull on either side of the bone, an inhibitor prevents the action itself. I'm not sure that in biochemical usage the distinction is made (of perhaps even known).

Also http://www.thefreedictionary.com/antagonist defines antagonism in a biochemical sense as "Biochemistry A chemical substance that interferes with the physiological action of another, especially by combining with and blocking its nerve receptor" eg as an inhibitor.

So in biochemistry they seem to have the same meaning - though if more becomes known about the mode of action of a given substance perhaps in the future a distinction will be made.

Comment on proper usage...

For instance a compound that causes dopamine uptake is antagonistic to a compound that causes dopamine release - but does not inhibit.

Whereas a compound that binds to a site causing dopamine release (not activating it) can be called an dopamine release inhibitor. (But may also be decribed as antagonistic to a compound causing dopamine release by the nature of it's inhibitory action). Hope that helps.87.102.33.144 13:04, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Actually, antagonism and inhibition are two distinct concepts in most biomedical contexts. Antagonism usually refers to interference with the action of a substance, or sometimes to the production of an effect that opposes that of another substance. An example of a steroid antagonist is spironolactone, which reduces mineralocorticoid effects and androgen effects. Inhibition usually refers to interference with production of a substance. An example of an inhibitor of steroid production is metopirone. alteripse 17:22, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I see that competitive anatagonist, noncompetitive antagonist & uncompetitive antagonist need articles...I'll have to work on that.

For maybe a litle semantic clarity of the difference between antagonism and inhibition...Inhibition is the prevention of some event and antagonism is one biochemical pathway through which one might cause inhibition. Enzymes or biological receptors, for example, can be inhibited by several means (phosphorylation state, missing co-factors, pH, etc.), including antagonism. An antagonist may inhibit by one of several methods (see below), but chiefly it interrupts the the otherwise natural activity of the enzyme/receptor in the local state. Types of enzyme inhibition | Competitive inhibition | Uncompetitive inhibition | Non-competitive inhibition | Suicide inhibition | Mixed inhibition | -- Scientizzle 00:22, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I am inclined to agree with User:Alteripse & User:Scientizzle, otherwise I wouldn't have asked the question, because I already read the dictionary before asking the question. --Parker007 05:52, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Wow, so biochemists can just make up new definitions of words can they! If 'you' used the words in correct context of their english meaning maybe you wouldn't have this problem???87.102.4.6 10:38, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I'd just like to point out that we do have articles on Receptor antagonist and agonist, as well as the featured atricle Enzyme inhibitor, which also was linked to above. It might be better to expand on those, and add some redirects, rather than create new articles. --NorwegianBlue ^talk 09:24, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Yeah...I know. I was considering how best to go about either combining receptor dynamics into the enzyme inhibition articles or making new, separate articles. Receptors and enzymes are very unrelated in terms of activity, and are separate targets for drug interactions (through which most antagonism occurs), but the molecular methods and pharmacological models of inhibition are largely similar...I'll figure it out... -- Scientizzle 16:14, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

How do enzymes have anything to do with neurotransmitters? --Parker007 09:41, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Enzymes are to substrates as receptors (eg, neurotransmitter receptors) are to ligands (eg, neurotransmitters). --David Iberri (talk) 01:19, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

That makes no sense; So what does enzymes do to neurotransmitters? --Parker007 00:10, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Bending of light.

Why does a light ray bend when there is mass in vicinity of it's line of journey? Considerable bending has been observed when the amount of mass is large.Does bending occur even when amount of mass is small?Is there any relation between gravity and electromagnetism?Well, something fishy is going on.I think unification of gravity and electromagnetism is not far.(Ecclesiasticalparanoid) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 210.212.215.141 (talk) 10:13, 2 February 2007 (UTC).

• Light is an odd thing. It can behave both like a wave and like particles. Since particles have mass, they are affected by the gravitational pull of a mass in its vicinity. Light probably bends too when the mass is small, the effect is just smaller. 'Small' is a relative term in that case. Usually we're talking planet-sized masses in discussions like this. - Mgm|^(talk) 10:59, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

At the moment there is no known way to unify gravity and electromagnetism into one force though it is presumably the goal of a Theory Of Everything. Many people have sought such a connection, including Albert Einstein (see Unified field theory), and failed. Whether it is far away or not probably depends on whether you think they are going the right direction with string theory or not. --24.147.86.187 13:33, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Unless I'm mistaken, classical electromagnetism and modern gravitational theory (general relativity) have already been shown to be consistant.My answer to your last question contained a link to Kaluza-Klein theory, which shows that Maxwell's equations (the basis of classical electromagnetics) can be derived from principles in general relativity.In other words, KK theory more or less united modern gravitation theory and classical electromagnetics back in the 1920s.

Also note that it isn't just light that exhibits wave-particle duality, but all matter at sufficient scales.However, pertaining to the question you originally posed, I'm not sure if it's totally appropriate to embark on a discussion of quantum mechanical effects (which is where you would consider wave-particle duality).In general, QM and GR haven't been reconciled, so I don't know if it's appropriate to talk about wave-particle duality in the same breath as gravitational (spacetime) effects on light.Look at Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime and General relativity.Perhaps a physicist can fill in some of the gaps I've omitted in my explanation...I'm definitely not a GR person, and I can only do fairly basic QM.

P.S. - The photon is massless (at rest). -- mattb @ 2007-02-02T13:42Z

I believe the current understanding is that the light really doesn't bend. It travels straight in spacetime and it is spacetime itself that is distorted by the presence of the mass. The analogy usually used for us non-physicists is to imagine spacetime as a rubber sheet and the massive objects as heavy objects pressing down into that rubber sheet. The depressions thereby formed are analagous to the bends in spacetime.

Atlant 14:07, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Light also distorts space-time depending only on it's frequency. The fundamental understanding of Einstein's theories is that Energy and Mass are equivalent. --Tbeatty 07:09, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

If i remember correctly Lightning consist of Plasma, which is a super hot gas; gas has mass. in anyway if your talking about lightning i can see why it would bend, however if you were talking about regular light, light accelrates Ions or electrons or something (someone here should know) in anyways these ions or electrons also have a mass (although its not much its still there) that would explain how a high gravity mass can alter light in such ways. Maverick423 15:07, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Nobody said anything about lightning as far as I can tell.Please don't take this the wrong way, but given your second sentence I would suggest reading some of the linked articles.The article on light itself provides a pretty good overview. -- mattb @ 2007-02-02T15:13Z

Meh sorry and thanks for the corrections its been a while since i read or studied about light so i can get my info confused at time =( Maverick423 15:32, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

No need to apologize.I'm by no means an expert on modern physics, and I've probably said some things that aren't totally accurate.Just take a moment sometime to read that article on light. -- mattb @ 2007-02-02T15:40Z

Statistics/Normal Distribution

(repost of a question previously posted on another reference desk and previously moved to the math desk. Te Q and A have been moved there as well. Please do not doublepost.)Edison 16:17, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Another poision question

Hi there again its me! im sure you know me from my old question from radiation =P anyways here i go again. my curiosity has gotten Intrested in the cyinade (think thats how its spelled). Cyinade Poisioning yes it says its fast and kills rapidly, but exactly how does it do it? What does a person feel (yes i am intrested in stuff like this as you can see) when they get cyinade poison? does the skin melt does the person feel immense pain or is it just a drink and fall dead with no feelings of the poison coursing through your body?? what about the range of cyinade? how far can it reach if a cup of it was spilled on the floor and how fast does it evaproate? there are lots of questions about this i want awnsered but well i dont know if people sugar coat it when they talk about it or what but please guys DONT sugar coat it i am intrested in the raw effects of it. thanks Maverick423 15:24, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Ok try not to get carried away - the skin does not melt.

Cyanide poisons (in one way I know of) by complexing to metal ions such as the iron in haemoglobin - (it may be poisonous in other ways) - this is similar to carbon monoxide poisoning - effectively you aspyhyxiate due to lack off oxygen.

The 'cyanide capsule' is often sodium cyanide solution.

Hydrogen cyanide is a gas and also poisonous.

In the case of swallowing cyanide choking and spluttering occurs - followed by loss of conciousness - the death. There is not much pain - but the choking and spluttering is unpleasant but not that bad.. People poisoned by cyanide can be saved - the longer they are out the less chance they have of surviving.

Sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are solids - as solutions they may produce a small amount of hydrogen cyanide - adding an acid to a cyanide salt will produce the hydrogen cyanide gas - this is capable of spreading - I don't know how fast though.

Interestingly hydrogen cyanide will burn.

The cynanide links above all give more info on mode of action and lethal doses etc. Suggest you read them..87.102.4.6 15:49, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Alright great info man thanks much! so then what they say about cyanide being a quick and painless death is a lie? i kinda figured there was something about that line. well anymore information is greatly appreciated as for me i got some stuff to look at thanks again! Maverick423 15:57, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm afraid much of the above is incorrect. Cyanide does not act on hemoglobin, but on cytochrome oxidase, as a metabolic poison. Cytochrome oxidase is an important electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It is a necessary component of mitochondrial respiration, and without it the mitochondria are not able to induce a proton gradient for their ATPase. Cyanide binds to cytochrome oxidase and renders it useless. Also, death from cyanide poisoning would probably not be very painful; first, it only takes about a minute to become unconscious with a reasonable dose, and second, reduced ATP would not be likely to initiate nociception in the appropriate nerves until long after a victim was unconscious (if at all). Usually the "choking and spluttering" described above does not happen while the patient is conscious. A time course might look like this: cyanide is introduced to bloodstream, cyanide enters central nervous system and renders the (high ATP consuming) neurons unable to function, unconsciousness occurs, cyanide in heart renders Ca++ uptake/sarcomere resetting impossible via reduced ATP, cardiac arrest occurs, rest of cells in body die either from cyanide exposure/ATP paucity or anoxia resultant from cardiac arrest. ^tucker/_rekcut 22:52, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

body temperature

How do you raise your body temperature? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Andiman56 (talk • contribs) 15:26, 2 February 2007 (UTC).

Ahh good one well there are many ways to do this. one such way is exercising. the other is involenttary shivering in the cold. Maverick423 15:33, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Give it better fuel. Vranak

Put more layers of clothing on. Eating spicy food feels like it does too, but I don't know if it does. A hot drink and hot food. Lower your exposed surface area by huddling as tightly as you can. Skittle 17:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Spicy foods actually help lower body temperature. Thats one of the reasons why they are consumed in warmer climates. --Russoc4 04:18, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Indeed. You eat spicy foods, which causes you to sweat, which leads to puuuuuuure coolness! − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 09:00, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Increase the speed of your metabolism, so you produce heat faster from your food:)Hidden secret 7 20:56, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Feeling Gassy

Are there foods that I can eat during the day (at work) that causes the LEAST gas?I seems that no matter what I eat, I end up feeling uncomforatable all day or until I relieve myself...

As you know, we can't give medical advice. But I think it's safe to mention that any carbonated beverages (such as soda) will free their carbon dioxide gas inside of you and it's got to go somewhere.

Atlant 16:19, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

This shouldn't be a request for medical advise.If you would like for me to rephrase it, what type of foods would cause the least amount of gas produced in the stomach for humans?I am assuming that vegatables like broccoli is one of the culprits, but what other types of foods?

Peppermint tea can help settle the gastrointestinal system.Vranak

Flatulence#Causes may be of some help -- WikiCheng | Talk 10:56, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I heard ginger is good for seyyling the gutts

Muscle Cramps

I infrequently get cramps in various muscles.Most often in my calves.However, I have found that I can make myself get these cramps very easily by holding my calves or bicepts in a flexed position.My question is what do these cramps do to the muscles in which they occur?Is it like lifting weights at all, or is it somehow detrimental?Thank You. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.99.100.66 (talk • contribs).

How does your leg feel afterwards – better or worse? Vranak

I don't have an answer to your question, but FYI a common cause of calf spasms is calcium deficiency. Anchoress 17:16, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

CD28 gif 3d rotating structure

I really enjoyed the rotating 3d image of CD28 on your CD28 page.My question is simply that I would like to know if I could use your .gif format software (code) to portray the 3d structure of another protein molecule for which I have the .pdb file (3d coordinates)on my website?Can you please help me with how to do this if it is indeed legal?Thanks again for another terrific Wikipedia page, as always!

Don Kaiser <Rm email to reduce spam>

• If you click on the image, you will find yourself on a page that indicates who created it...ask him how he did it. I've used the free Jmol program to make 3D molecular models from PDB files. I think it can export animated gif images, but not sure. DMacks 20:48, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Plantiferitus

Plantiferitus... what is this word? It is a very painful foot condition and I can't remember it. [Mαc Δαvιs] X (How's my driving?) ❖ 18:18, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Have you tried at "foot.com" http://www.foot.com/info/info_cond.html Plantar fasciitis. ?83.100.183.48 18:30, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

abnormal oozing of blood from skin,teeth etc

recently came accross a person suffering from peculiar problem of loosing blood from skin,has already supplemented 3 bottles of blood in last 2 year.Seems condition is detoriaoting day by day.Blood report are about to come in few days.Pls advice. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 59.93.247.53 (talk • contribs).

Have them see a doctor. Considering that a blood report is being performed, it seems this if being taken care of. We can not provide medical advice. -- Consumed Crustacean (talk) 18:55, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Think this person your talking about might have Hemophilia. im not sure but u might wanna check it out and compare. Maverick423 20:30, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Are you the patient, a friend of the patient, the nurse, or what? Your IP suggests Australia. Don't they have an established health system there which could diagnose and treat the problem? Edison 03:40, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

hovercrafts

Is it possible that in the next 20-30 years, we would have hovercrafts as a normal mode of transportation replacing automobiles?

I think it's unlikely since hovercrafts expend (quite a lot of) energy just to keep themselves of the ground - so I'd suggest that they are intrinsically less efficient. Plus they are not as easy to steer as cars especially in a high wind - they definately wouldn't be good on motorways - unless they had big bumpers like dodgems. Given that it seems important to increase fuel efficiency I think the answer is definately most unlikely.83.100.183.48 20:18, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

i dont know about hover cars however i do know that this car has been in prototype testing for quite some time and is already being considered for mass production soon! check out the Moller Skycar Maverick423 20:36, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

That's what they told us 10 years ago about that Skycar... Face it, it's not going to happen. — Kieff | Talk 21:42, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Aw kieff come on its possable sooner now then later. after all they are getting the permission from that agency that says its ok to fly them. since the car is also in production and has actually flown, the chances of it comming out soon is great. Moller said his car was going to come out by 2008 and then mass produced by 2012. people have already bought the car itself and are going to recive it soon. also in Iran they are also making a flying car that is going to be used in rescue and police related instances. http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/01/31/israel.flying.car.ap/index.html http://www.moller.com/purc.htm

Maverick423 21:55, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Flying cars - are you mad - I can just imagine coming home oneday and finding one sticking out of my roof.. Hopefully never83.100.183.48 22:14, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

dont ya worry the flying car has full safety features including backup engines, full car parchute, GPS locater, Automatic GPS Driver. simply enter the place you want to go and sit back and read a book the car will do the rest itself! Read Mollers Website to find out more on the car itself. Crashes will be reduced massively! Maverick423 22:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

The thing has barely hovered so far, and this project has been going on as far as I can remember. I can't see something like that becoming mainstream and affordable in the near future. — Kieff | Talk 01:34, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Ah but the smaller version of the car has already flown across the country in previous test. its smaller (1 passenger) and ligheter and has more power (10 Engines 5 main 5 back up) instead of the 8 (4 main 4 back up). it goes faster and uses less fule since it is lighter. i think the problem with the 4 passenger one is that it only has 8 engines and uses more fule its less how can i say it? well i guess cost effectiveness is less for that one. think the smaller version has already been proven to go 64 miles per gallon then the bigger version (which only hovers) at 20 miles per gallon. tell ya what ill get back to you with this one i just need to make sure k. Maverick423 20:05, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

ahh sorry here it is it appears that the smaller version has this http://www.moller.com/m150.htm ( i took out the list that i placed cause it was bigger then i thought so i just linked it for ya ((should of done that to begin with))) well those are the specifications on that 1 passenger one so the engines are acctually 2X2 enginesMaverick423 20:22, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I really don't expect a project like this will ever get off the ground:@Hidden secret 7 21:00, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Do Snails Have Eyelids?

I was wondering if snails have eyelids.

Thanks!

It seems not - but the eyes are on muscular stalks and can be retracted - in fact snails don't have very good eyes apparently - relying more on touch and taste - the entire body is a bit like one big tongue.

See this website http://www.applesnail.net/content/anatomy/senses.php for more info on one type of snails eyes - a bit of the way down there's an diagram/image showing just how bad their eyesight is - it's probably not worth them having eyelids anyway.83.100.183.48 20:38, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Deep Fat Frying

Does deep fat frying potato chips (including the skins) reduce the nutritional value? I don't care about the fat that's added (I only eat them on occasion) but rather the nutrients that may be leached out or otherwise rendered useless. --Seans Potato Business 20:45, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Some vitamins, Vitamin C for example (and including other water-soluble vitamins if I'm not mistaken), are sensitive to high cooking temperatures. Although this section seems to contradict what I said (but note the fact tag), so maybe my belief is in error. Anchoress 21:09, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Flash frying (don't know if we have an article) preserves many sensitive compounds due to the short time the stuff in the the pan - plus I don't think water solubilty has a lot to do with it - that would be boiling - it's all a matter of degree - it's usually air (oxygen) that degrades vit C - so a minute at 200C probably won't make much difference - though obviously prolonger frying will degrade all the nutrients.83.100.183.48 21:23, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

As a rule I'd say no - with modern preparation methods the degredation is very small - the time on the shelves way have a bigger role - though if the food package is airtight/block out light this shouldn't be a problem either - In general the nutritional value is increased by frying - by virtue of the increase in calorific value due to the fat; this doesn't apply if you are supposed to be on a diet obviously..83.100.183.48 21:27, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Need help at Big Bang

There are some edits there today that I don't agree. Can we have some physicists over at Big Bang? Thanks. Xiner (talk, email) 20:52, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Christ - good luck - as the big bang is speculative (or not if you're a big bang scientist) - this entire topic is open to original research and speculation. For instance this difference http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bang&diff=105174931&oldid=105171230 replaces expands on something that is already purely speculative - what is one to do?83.100.183.48 21:02, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

However if the edits get too much for you, you can always fall back on our good old friend - use {{fact}} - I'd suggest removing debateable parts to the talk page - stating your reasons for the removal and suggesting that adequate citations are provided before it's readdition.83.100.183.48 21:06, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Plus there are so many variants on this theory in terms of explanation and outcome that you've got a real minefield..83.100.183.48 21:10, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Could you say which edits were problematic?83.100.183.48 21:10, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Actually, the one you pointed out is the one I'm having most trouble living with. I don't mind speculations, but this guy is putting things down as fact, with no way to check its veracity. He's editing a lot of articles too. Xiner (talk, email) 21:20, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I'd suggest the method of removing and asking for citations - that's the way here I've learnt - even if the guy's right... Mention that the information must be verifyable - see Wikipedia:Verifiability "The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth" that's official policy.

It looks like they are adding fairly respectable explanations-I wouldn't expect it to be difficult to find citations for them - but I doubt that those explanations are the only subsets of the theories out there..I'm sure there are many other ones - The article might need a rewrite to cover the various possibilities and explanations thereof - with a non-contentious introduction.

I'd say the second paragraph about the 'origin from nothing' either has or should have it's own article - the info is relevant - but I'm not sure how much in the context of the article being called 'big bang' - it would be worth pointing out that the two theories are consistent in this respect - but I don't think in the main body of the article - maybe in a 'comparison with other cosmological theories' section. If the two were inconsistent that would be worth noting too.83.100.183.48 21:48, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I see. I'll see what I can do. Thanks a lot for the advice. Xiner (talk, email) 22:04, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

By the way I do it like this (on the talk page):

..Removal of .... ..

I removed this text "the x is y because of z" because I'm unsure/think it's wrong/think it's exaggerated/think it's in the wrong place...

Could somebody please provide a reference for this infomation before re-adding it.

or

This is not relevant to the section it's in and should be in a new/existing section - I will/could you create such a section..

or

Shouldn't this be in a separate article - named '....' -

I wouldn't recommend just removing stuff without pasting it to the talk page - that can be annoying/seem aggressive.. (unless of course it is obviously vandalism - not the case here).

If you copy debated stuff to the talk page then they can discuss it there or they haven't got a leg to stand on - separates the reasonable from the unreasonable people. Also (from experience) if someone makes grammatical changes - don't revert - make little edits (taking into account their addition) until the article is satisfactory to all of you - that works too (though it can be very time consuming) -

I don't envy you...probably one of the worst articles to have on your watchlist, jesus, and george bush being slightly worse.83.100.183.48 22:10, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Stick bomb.

I was reading the article stick bomb and a quick google search on it didn't really tell on how to construct one. Is there a website that shows how, that perhaps I missed? --Proficient 21:34, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree that there should be the basic popsicle stick bomb I made as a kid. Somebody will have to whip up the 3D software and make a model! (Perhaps me, one day). --Zeizmic 22:10, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Is that article a copy-vio, or is it just really weirdly written? I can't see any of it on Google, but Google isn't the world. I've never heard of stick bombs before, so I can't really do more than remove references to an 'Author'. Anyone here able to improve it? Skittle 22:43, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Me neither, and I'm guessing that's not their running name then. The current article is an obvious self-promotion by that Tim guy, so if you guys think this stuff is notable enough for an article, rename, rewrite and get us some sources. — Kieff | Talk 01:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

This video has instructions for the type I used to make as a kid: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyzsDmkYnJY 75.138.84.159 00:58, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Point drag coefficient

Does anyone know the definition of the point drag coefficient? What I know is as follows...

$C_{D}=\int _{-\infty }^{+\infty }{{C_{D}}'\,d({\frac {z}{c}})}$

where $C_{D}$ is the drag coefficient of the aerofoil, and c is the chord length. ${C_{D}}'$ is apparently the point drag coefficient. Can anyone tell me the definition of ${C_{D}}'$? I have the ${C_{p}}$ distribution over the aerofoil, which I presume is needed. Thanks! Readro 22:56, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

The point drag coefficient ${C_{D}}'$ (or section drag $C_{d}$, as I learned it) is the coefficient of drag for a 2-D cross section, with chord length replacing wetted area to nondimensionalize the drag per section span. It seems what you have is the definition, that is if you split the wing into infinitely small cross sections, each cross section will have a section drag coefficient. Integrating all of these over the wing span gives the total drag coefficient $C_{D}$. anonymous6494 00:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

February 3

Abs and Resting Time

How often can you work out your abs without them needing rest? I've heard that you can work out the abs nearly every day, whereas the other muscles need rest. Why the difference? Also, how much resting time is needed for abs? PitchBlack 03:45, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Do sit ups until it hurts? --Russoc4 04:17, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I didn't find any real sources, but google results did say to treat your abs like any other muscle and excercize them about 3 times a week. On a related note, 6 Week Abs has 7 myths about abs. I'm curious now too, because when I used to work out (yea, yea, I got lazy), I could lift barely more than I weigh with my upper body, but I can use ab machines at max weight and not have them hurt afterwards while my arms did. --Wirbelwindヴィルヴェルヴィント (talk) 06:19, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I have never had sore abs when I would exercise them 5-6 times a week, whereas my arms and legs needed a day to rest afterwards. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 23:50, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

A plant that is also a pathogen

I recently added to the article protothecosis that Prototheca was the only known pathogen that is also a plant. I got this from the Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Is it true, or am I forgetting some other plant that causes an infectious disease? --Joelmills 04:19, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Wow, that's pretty cool. [Mαc Δαvιs] X (How's my driving?) ❖ 05:26, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Hello Joelmills, this is very nice, but when you're not sure, why not asking before updating ? Now it's only because fungus are not sorted along with plants that your first case [meaning of prototheca] is an 'only plant' candidate. -- DLL ^{.. T} 10:57, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I was sure when I added it, having the reference to back me up and a precursory google search not showing any contradiction. But then I thought that it was a pretty big claim to make, so I better ask here, where I know that there are a lot of knowledgable people. Protothecosis hasn't attracted many edits in the months it's been in existence, so I figured a few hours of waiting to doublecheck something was OK. --Joelmills 19:37, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Wireless control

HI friends,I have undertaken a project "Multi-axis wireless control for Robots".In it's details,all I have to do is to control the robot using my transmitter pad.I have planed to use 5 to 6 keypads to control different axis.Then at the receiving end,using some RF module,the data is decoded and it will be used to control the relay using a microcontroller and ULN driver.Which will then be interfaced to PLC for robotic arm movement....For this entry level,I have stuck somewhere in choosing the exact means of communication.At first someone stated to go for IR,later someone suggested RF and now few others state to pick bluetooth for industrial standard...Now I have decided to ask to you guys in this forum so that I can get a good solution for this..For IR based TX and RX,I have seen many circuits practically used,but I still can't get one for multiple device control...For Rf based TX and RX,I tried MAXIM-1472(TX) and 1473(RX)...All pin connections and other spec seems pretty nice but I'm not able to get any practical circuits for it's contruction.I also tried Cypress wireless solution.But the practical construction seems almost impossible...Should I have to only buy modules?.Isn't there any other solution?..Guys can anyone get me some more detailed view in designing using such SOCs please?..I don't know what type of data format that should be used for this chip.No proper details in Maxim Website...I tried...Please someone help me out...And about bluetooth project,I have simply no idea...I thank you all in advance for you consideration..Looking up for the suggestions........ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 59.96.23.95 (talk • contribs).

I'm slightly confused about what you're asking. When you mean practical circuit, you mean you can't do it because the traces of the MAX1472 and 1473 are too small, or you don't have a schematic? IIRC, one of those is TSSOP and have a pin clearance of like 0.2 mm or something tiny. There are adaptors available for them, I believe, which cost around $10 a piece. But even then, they're surface mount. I'm not sure what your level is, etc, so it's hard to tell if I can even provide you an answer when you ask for a more detailed view in designing. The datasheet usually has that kind of info, and the 1472/1473 uses SPI I believe. If the problem is that you're making prototypes, you should look for DIP packages for chips to construct them easily. Somehow, I doubt I helped any, so do tell if anything applies, and if not, what info you need (design software, RF packages, comparison of RF / Bluetooth / IR, etc). --Wirbelwindヴィルヴェルヴィント (talk) 08:54, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

How does window gel work?

My kids have window gel toy stickers (hearts, snow flakes, and so on) that stick to non-porous surfaces like windows, mirrors, and metal. They don't stick to fingers. From my research all I've been able to determine is that window gel toys are primarily manufactured in China and South America, mostly Brazil.

What is window gel made of? How is it made? How does it work? Does it leave a film behind? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Dstinchf (talk • contribs).

They appear to be static cling vinyl. See also Colorforms. --Wirbelwindヴィルヴェルヴィント (talk) 17:50, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Unknown Bird

Found browsing flickr : "IF anyone know the bird's name please write clicking the comments link. " http://www.flickr.com/photos/subirbose/167852801/. Seems the guy's photos are from the Himalaya and surroundings. Thanks for your help and more : which method do you use and recommand to find the name of a [living creature] from its photo or sketch ? -- DLL ^{.. T} 10:50, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

To find a species, you want to use an Identification key. There are plenty around; you'd need to find one for the class Aves (birds) to find the identity of this bird. Laïka 13:18, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Skin aging

I was trying to find some information on the process of the aging of the skin, and I guess both physical aging in general and the (human) skin are not as well covered, unfortunately, as some other biology-related topics on WP. I am particularly interested in how the dermis ages vs. the epidermis - it is my intuitive understanding that while the epidermis' aging concerns wrinkles and other skin imperfections more, it is the dermis' aging that is responsible for the sagging of the skin and the fact that our cheeks and neck don't look south youthful anymore :(

I was inspired to research Wiki for that by reading about this company's product: [4]. Even if their product actually works, it is my understanding that it affects epidermis only (even if it's "all five layers of the skin" as the company claims, I understand it is epidermis), so the product wouldn't prevent the skin from sagging anyway. OTOH, Wikipedia says stretch marks form in the dermis, and the company advertises using a "testimonial" from a customer saying her stretch marks have "faded" after using the product.

OK, what I would like to learn is how the skin actually ages and how, theoretically and practically, it can be prevented/alleviated, and what is the state of research into it - not to mention it would be nice to be able to find out the same about other tissues... I guess it is not a "question" one could answer overnight at the reference desk, I am rather counting on drawing the attention of editors who are into biology/medicine to that topic. It wouldn't hurt, though, if somebody could provide a quickie lowdown on the topic here :D

Thanks a lot to any merciful soul who would take interest in that request. PrinceGloria 11:17, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Energy saving Light bulbs?

I'd like to know just how much energy it takes to make an energy saving light bulb compared to the older glass filament type. It is widley known that the energy saving kind will use less energy to generate light of a similar intensity as a filament type and will last around ten times longer. But what about the enery of production? Hesaurus 12:37, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

See Talk:Compact fluorescent lamp#Energy used to manufacture CFLs Rmhermen 01:38, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Genetic Variation in and between Populations

I have heard many times, normally when discussing race and whether it exists, sentences like (and this is a real example from the reference desk) "there is more genetic variation among Africans than there is between Europeans and Africans". What does this mean? That a randomly selected African will have more in common with a randomly selected European than another African? Because that sounds hard to believe. Or that the standard deviation in the African population is larger than the differences between an average European and African? 85.1.5.207 13:37, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

It means that there is more genetic variation within an African population than within a European population, measured by things like the number of minor varieties of genes (called polymorphisms). The most economical explanation is that several African "peoples" (i.e., populations, like Bantu, Khoisan, etc) partly separated from each other far longer ago than did the various European "peoples" (like Nordic, Mediterranean, Basque, etc). It does not mean that a random African is likely to share more gene polymorphisms with a random European than with another African. alteripse 14:22, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks, although the statement made seems to suggest that there is more variation within Africans, than between Africans and Europeans. Are people who make this statement misunderstanding the claim, or is this a different claim? It is normally made in the context of proving how similar humans are, so we shouldn't be racist. Maybe it should be that we shouldn't lump all blacks together as one, which we don't do to white Europeans.85.1.5.207 14:45, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Which "statement made"? A number of research studies have shown more genetic variation among the large population of people whose ancestors lived in Africa a couple of centuries ago than among those whose ancestors lived in Europe a couple of centuries ago. I do not know how to say it any more plainly. This statement itself is neither racist nor anti-racist. All of us recognize gradations of physical difference more easily among those who are most similar to the people among whom we grew up. This is the origin of the "all ___ look alike to me" kind of statement-- it reflects a nugget of truth about human perceptions and recognitions of other people, but it is an entirely relative fact, as the same assertion can be made by a member of the "other" population. Or should I have simply stopped at the first sentence? alteripse 23:34, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

It means that two randomly selected Africans have less in common with each other than the average African has with the average European. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 23:43, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

The above statement is true, however: there is more genetic variation among Africans than among any other group (Asians, Native Americans, Europeans, Australian Aborigines). This is, in very simle terms, because they have been there the longest. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 23:45, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Sex in evolution

How can evolution explain how species evolved sexes? The primitive life forms didn't have sexes, so when did it all start? Did it have to evolve in one generation of a species? Or what? My biology teacher said that no-one really has an answer for this. Also, if natural selection or whatever found it necessary for two sexes to exist, will we be able to evolve a third or fourth sex? Please take this seriously, I'm not trying to attack evolution or anything, I'm just really interested in this. ► Adriaan90 ( Talk ♥ Contribs ) ♪♫ 14:33, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Well, no one has a definite answer to this, though there is a lot of speculation going back even before Darwin's work. You might check out our article on evolution of sex for quite a lot of discussion of it. Once you've evolved sexual reproduction of this sort, the specialization of the different sexes to different functions, appearances, etc. is, I think, a comparatively easy thing to understand. --24.147.86.187 14:45, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Sex#Animal species shows that there are several animals with more than two sexes. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 23:41, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Yeast is a "primitive life form," and it has a sexual form of reproduction, too. In fact, bacterial conjugation is kind of like sex. -- Scientizzle 01:26, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Land fill solution or not...?

After watching the movie Soylent green and reading the article on Digestion I was wondering if it would be possible (and practical) to process solid waste both mechanically and chemically in a similar fashion as digestion or using the steps in Quantitative analysis or Qualitative analysis to produce a resource for useful byproducts such as plastics or for other purposes such as eliminations of Toxins or Pathogens? 71.100.10.48 15:23, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, indeed - I assume you mean household waste..

There are methods similar to digestion for treating household waste, see Waste_management#Waste_management_techniques subsection Composting and anaerobic digestion, also for sorting the waste see subsection Mechanical biological treatment - just as food is broken down in the gut by enzymes (an sometimes bacteria) - in the treatment of biodegestible household waste bacteria and enzymes break down some waste producing 'soup' that may be suitable for fertilizer, and possibly gas (methane). Any organic matter might be suitable for this - includes waste food obviously, but also wood, paper, some plastics, non synthetic clothes - it all depends on how good the bacteria are..

As for a similar process to the steps in Quantitative analysis or Qualitative analysis - I assume you mean as in chemical analysis, and again the answer is a resounding yes.

See subsection Pyrolysis & gasification in Waste_management#Waste_management_techniques - in this case waste is heated to a very high temp (eg much greater than 200 degrees C - maybe much greater than 1000C depending on method), but air (oxygen) is excluded so it doesn't burn - this causes all organic matter including synthetic plastics to break down (see also cracking (chemistry)) - the process typically yields a great mixture of products - that can be separated by distillation. It's comparable to the process where chemicals used to be obtained by heating coal (eg Karrick process or similar).

We have excellent articles on this see pyrolisis and gasification - both are great routes to synthetic 'diesel' and other petroleum replacement products - it's a form of recylcing of organic matter.87.102.9.55 16:20, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

If you want to read more I can suggest

Gasification#Gasification_process_examples and all the article pyrolysis - similar to chemical analytic methods.

For methods similar to digestion see Anaerobic digestion

If you look at the page on waste_management you may find other useful links.87.102.9.55 16:26, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

As for getting rid of toxins and pathogens - there is some infomation in the articles - the answer seems to be yes in some cases - specifically biological toxins.87.102.9.55 16:31, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

This is not a joke and is not me trying to be sarcastic

This is not a joke so please answer seriously. Is it possible to kill someone by throwing (using their arms) an almond or a soybean at high enough velocity or by hitting a vulnerable part of the head. If you have heard any anecdotes of this please respond. Thanks. Again, this is not a joke, as ridiculous as it may sound. 63.135.8.94 15:42, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

No. A human arm can't give those objects enough kinetic energy to do any lethal damage on their own. But, I guess the person could choke and die of asphyxiation if it happened to go down their throats... — Kieff | Talk 15:46, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Even if the KE of the almond cannot exceed whatever amount of joules, is it not entirely impossible that it may hit a certain area of the head, such as a vein or artery or a nerve and cause death or serious injury? Thanks again for your previous reply63.135.8.94 15:54, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Sure it is possible, but then any small, light object could also be considered lethal in these conditions. — Kieff | Talk 16:15, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Even with the assistance of a sling or slingshot, you need a projectile of at least 50 grammes to do any damage - many times heavier than an almond or soybean. The part of the body most vulnerable to injury by a small hand-thrown projectile is probably the eye. But I really don't see how it could be lethal (apart from the choking danger that Kieff mentioned). Gandalf61 16:29, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

There are no parts of the head and neck that vulnerable to a small hand-thrown projectile in a healthy person If you want to make the person unusual, or if you want to add some more conditions, you can concoct all kinds of semi-plausible scenarios. The person has heart disease, gets angry, and dies of a heart attack. The person is standing on the edge of a crowded train platform as the train is approaching, and the thrown object startles him and causes him to fall in front of the train. The person is so depressed that this one additional unexpected expression of contempt and anger from a previous friend causes him to decide life is too painful. And so forth... alteripse 16:35, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

It would be very, very difficult to kill (or even injure) someone with an almond or soybean. (Apart from Alteripse's "cooked" solutions, that is.) Theoretically, you can give even a lightweight projectile a lethal amount of momentum by shooting it fast enough. In practice, however, there are two crippling difficulties: (1) neither an almond nor a soybean is particularly aerodynamic -- they'd lose velocity rapidly between your gun and the target; and (2) neither an almond nor a soybean is particularly rigid, so it would be nearly impossible to accelerate them up to the stupefyingly high necessary velocity without disintegrating them. —Steve Summit (talk) 18:35, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

If you think we don't take silly things seriously, check out Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2007 January 26 & 27#My other planet is made of meat. In high school, a guy I knew had a pencil thrown at him that lodged into his temple, and just stuck there. He was OK, and I think he didn't even notice until someone pointed it out. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 23:39, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I saw someone's eyeglasses broken by a thrown pingpong ball. An almond should have an easier time breaking the glass lens, and the broken glass could penetrate the eyeball leading to lethal infections. (Sure it's funny, until someone looses an eye) Edison 00:02, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Total Cholesteral Reduction

I am a 61 year old male. My TC was measured twice at a six month interval. It was 234 each time. The doctor reccommended exercise and diet to reduce the TC. I've engaged in 20 minutes per day of aerobic exercize and reduced my intake of cholesterol to less than 100 mg/day. I've also increased my intake of soluable fiber to more than 4 gm/day. I've followed a diet aimed at weight reduction and have lost 14 lbs in the last 33 days putting me at 192 lbs. What level of reduction in TC can I reasonably expect to achieve following this regimen? From a minimum to maximum?Brucearugg 17:56, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Because your cholesterol levels are going to be based on the interplay of a number of factors – environmental ones related to the changes you've made in your behaviour as well as luck-of-the-draw genetics – and because you've made so many (healthy!) changes to your lifestyle, any answer we give you here would be no better than a wild guess.

Moreover, total blood cholesterol is only one indicator of health. More important are the levels (absolute and relative) of HDL (so-called "good cholesterol") versus LDL ("bad cholesterol").

In any case, you're best off just asking your doctor or cardiologist what changes or benefits are likely to accrue from the specific changes you've made to your own, unique lifestyle. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 18:22, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I don't know the answer to your question, but let me just say: kudos on the positive changes you've made! Keep with it! —Steve Summit (talk) 18:29, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Do rats have spleens?

?

Don't you ? We're all mammals, ain't us ? -- DLL ^{.. T} 18:52, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I read that rats don't have bladders, so there might be other differences too. --84.69.30.24 19:26, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Rats have bladders. Chickenflicker---♣ 19:28, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

There's a diagram and a discussion of rat dissection here: [5]. Rats do indeed have bladders, as well: [6]. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 19:31, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Sorry. I've clearly been misinformed. It was an article in the newspaper about ratcatching where it was stated by a ratcatching expert that rats do not have bladders and hence constantly dribble piss behind them wherever they go to mark a trail for other rats to follow. --84.69.30.24 19:36, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Rats don't have gallbladders. Maybe that is the source of confusion. --Joelmills 19:39, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Question about pets and domestication

What's the difference between a tame pet and a domesticated pet? This comes up a lot on the birdkeeper forums and people actually have big arguments about it. Why would a cat be considered a 'domestic' pet while a cockatoo (for example) would be referred to by avian science people as a 'tame' pet? Is a budgie 'tame' or 'domesticated'? --84.69.30.24 19:25, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

If you take a look at the article on domestication, it says that budgies are considered domesticated. "These species or varieties are bred and raised under human control for many generations and are substantially altered as a group in appearance or behaviour." As for cockatoos, the same article would probably put them in the category of "raised commercially" or "semidomesticated" rather than fully domesticated. Chickenflicker---♣ 19:47, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

How should you heat up an embryo?

I have a curiosity about how can embryos be defrosted from the fridge prior to being implanted to avoid that the water present expands thus damaging it. Can you heat it rapidly without burning the specimen?20:09, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I'd just let it warm up slowly, or in luke warm water - I think your question/my question should be "how can an embryo be frozen without causing frost damage from the ice crystals that will inevitably form" - the same goes for sperm.213.249.232.136 20:12, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Our article on cryopreservation gives a good overview of the challenges associated with freezing (and thawing) viable tissue and cells. Cryoprotectants are chemicals which are added to cells at the time they are frozen; these chemicals typically discourage the formation of ice crystals which would otherwise puncture and kill cells.

Thawing most frozen tissue or cells is actually a very straightforward process. There are two key goals in thawing. First, one wants to warm the tissue fairly rapidly through the temperature range where ice crystals are most likely to form; this runs from roughly -50°C to -15°C, give or take. Second, you want to wash off or dilute out the cryoprotectant. (Prolonged exposure to cryoprotectants will kill a warm cell.)

Accomplishing these goals is generally straightforward. Frozen specimens are normally in glass or plastic tubes or vials. They can be warmed rapidly by immersion in a body-temperature (37°C) water bath; this thawed solution can then be diluted to reduce the concentration of cryoprotected to below toxic levels. For thawing small volumes, rapid warming and dilution can be accomplished by directly adding warm liquid to the frozen-solid sample. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 21:27, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Scarlet Fever

I am doing a report in science on an infectious diseases caused by bacteria. I picked scarlet fever. Please tell me all that you can!!!!!!!!!22:44, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Have a look at scarlet fever and Streptococcus pyogenes, the latter being the species of bacteria that causes the disease. --David Iberri (talk) 22:46, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Is FM radio lossless? If not, what bitrate is it at?

Hello, my question is concerning the audio quality of FM radio. Does the transmission of the sound through the air bring the quality down? Do radio stations load up lossy files on their playlists, like 128 kb/s mp3 files? Basically, what bitrate would be comparable to the quality of FM radio on the receiving end/through my stereo? Thanks! NIRVANA2764 23:11, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Its complicated to say, as it will depend upon the audio codec imployed, in the UK DAB broadcasts at 160 kb/s IIRC, via a form of MP2 encoding, with the speech only networks at a lower 128 kb/s and Radio 3 (classical music) at 192 kb/s. It is suggested that 192 kpbs is needed to give high quality audio broadcasts.

For more info checkout the Digital Audio Broadcasting page, more specificaly this section.

There are other issues of course - often audio will sound different between a CD, radio and television broadcast, and if you are used to a particular version of a song then even though the other is at a higher rate of transmission it may still sound worse! --Neo 23:31, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Er... Traditional FM radio uses a purely analog modulation method (ignoring some of the sub band extensions). You can't talk about it in terms of "bit rate" (as you could with digital modulation schemes like PSK and OFDM). Your usage of "lossless" seems to be in the sense of digital audio compression methods, which is simply irrelevant here. The article on frequency modulation proper provides some insights on maximum bandwidth, drift, SNR, etc. -- mattb @ 2007-02-04T03:30Z

Cold fusion? real?

How come wikipedia's article on Cold Fusion is written from the POV that Cold Fusion is real? Isn't it odd for an article to be writtin from such an obscure perspective?--71.249.19.4 23:43, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Could you quote an example of this alleged bias? I looked it over just now and it seems fine, but of course I could have missed something. Anyway, the reference desk is not for questions about Wikipedia. Next time bring it up on the talk page. —Keenan Pepper 00:39, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Actually, the Reference Desk can be for questions about Wikipedia. One of the Reference Desk's primary purposes is to help the project, and one way it does this is by assisting editors in their research. (There's a fine example just below.) —Steve Summit (talk) 01:05, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

IMO, it does seem to be a bit biased towards cold fusion, but nothing blatant enough for a non-expert to object to. It would take someone really knowledgeable in the field to do that. Clarityfiend 03:16, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

The original cold fusion claims reportedly lacked the emission of neutrons sufficient for the energy claimed. As I recall, the energy production was chalked up to normal electrochemical processes and inadequate process control. Reading this article, I get more of an impression of there being fusion than the earlier analyses implied. I believe there have ben recent reputable claims of cold fusion, but in processes which could never be energy sources, but still useful as neutron sources. Any nuclear engineers out there? Edison 05:14, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

February 4

Dopamine reuptake inhibitor| Antidepressants | NEED REFERENCES

Q1. I am looking for references to back up this paragraph:

In general, the abuse potential of DAR inhibitors depends on how they affect the pattern of dopamine release and reuptake. Compounds that inhibit reuptake and also induce release of dopamine, such as methamphetamine or phenmetrazine, or compounds that inhibit reuptake but have no effect on release, such as cocaine or methylphenidate, tend to be addictive drugs with potential for abuse in humans. On the other hand, compounds that inhibit reuptake but also inhibit release of dopamine, such as Wellbutrin and vanoxerine, have mild stimulant effects and little abuse potential, and can be used to treat stimulant addiction.

I would appreciate the references provided. Thank you. --Parker007 07:10, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

http://www.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol12N3/Compounds.html mentions the addictive properties, in relation to preventative treatments; http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/418525 mentions addiction's reuptake patterns in general, and then in relation to methadone and some othe B-drug that I forgot the name of. All provided by this Goog search. V-Man737 07:10, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Please explain how the above references are actually related to: "On the other hand, compounds that inhibit reuptake but also inhibit release of dopamine, such as bupropion have mild stimulant effects and little abuse potential." I would much appreciate a reply. Thanks. --Parker007 07:30, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Oh - now I see the first article doesn't mention Bupropion specifically... hrmph. Perhaps the sentence in the article should be changed to match the source, rather than whoring up a source to fit an exact claim? I'm sorry for the scanty help, it's past my bedtime... V-Man737 07:44, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

• On the other hand, compounds that inhibit reuptake but also inhibit release of dopamine, such as Wellbutrin and vanoxerine, have mild stimulant effects and little abuse potential, and can be used to treat stimulant addiction.

• I believe the above statement, I just want a reference. Please? --Parker007 00:05, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

On the subject of cockatoos...

I've never owned a cockatoo myself but having spoken to cockatoo owners in real life and online, I have been told that peculiarly amongst pet birds, tame cockatoos (particularly Umbrella Cockatoos and Moluccan Cockatoos) actively enjoy being picked up and cuddled and will continuously pester their owners to be held like babies (screeching and screeching until they get their own way - and they can be *loud*). Now, as someone with experience keeping parrots, I know that the birds generally *hate* being picked up, especially if their wings are restrained. Anyone know what the deal is with cockatoos? More than one owner has reported to me that these birds behave like this 'out of the box', with little in the way of training required, like it comes completely naturally to them to enjoy being held by a potential predator. I find it a bit odd. --Kurt Shaped Box 00:24, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Speed of Light

What is the speed of light, and how can we tell? It goes too fast to just use a speed gun on. 71.219.43.14 01:32, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

THe speed of light is approximately 300 000 km/s or 186 000 miles/s. Have a look at the speed of light article for more information. The article also gives a description of how these numbers were reached. The method used is to reflect a beam of light off an object and time how long it takes. This site also gives a quick explanation. - Akamad 01:44, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

The speed of light is different in different media. What is often colloquially referred to as "the speed of light" is actually the speed of light in a perfect vacuum. -- mattb @ 2007-02-04T03:21Z

Quite right, but the speed of light in air is practically the same. It's slower than speed of light in vacuum by only about 100 km/s or 60 miles/s, wihch is less than the roundoff error in the approximate numbers quoted above.

Not incidentally that a "speed gun", mentioned by the original poster, is a device that's only possible because we know what the speed of light is. (Well, it uses radio waves, but the speed is the same.) --Anonymous, February 4, 05:02 (UTC).

The sun

How old is the sun? Nucleocosmochronology has a different answer than sun. Also how does Nucleocosmochronology tell the age? The article is vague. 71.219.43.14 02:01, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Huh? Both articles say the Sun is 4.57 billion years old, give or take. Clarityfiend 05:13, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Phylogenetic tree

Hi! Would anyone know where i could find a phylogenetic tree of life, containing all groups, made in a nice and clear way, and up-to-date? It's to print and use as a poster. It can be in a book, article, website,... The best would be if it could have little drawings for species examples, derived characteristics, and maybe other features like that. Thanks!! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.55.198.228 (talk) 02:39, 4 February 2007 (UTC).

Methadone and Anestesia?

Is it safe to be a methadone patient (receiving methadone on a daily basis) and undergo surgery with a general anesthesia such as Propofol? I'm not asking for any kind of advice, diagnosis, nor would I have surgery while being on any kind of drug without first discussing it with my Doctor. I just would like to know if there are any problems or interactions with general anesthesia that is most commonly used and methadone. I'm sure there are tons of medications used, but there must be one that is commonly used such as Halothane or Propofol. Thanks

Sniggity 05:54, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Fin Dimensions

Greetings... For a rated average power of 3 KW and frequency range of DC to 3.0 GHZ, what fin dimensions would I require in my heat sink??? As the coolant I would use Silicone oil, capacity of 1 Gallon Load resistor would be of 10-12 inches and Diameter would be 12-15 mm. All this is for building a RF Load as a part of engineering curriculum. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.187.198.42 (talk) 06:45, 4 February 2007 (UTC).