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on race. [[Racial segregation]] policies may officialize it, but it is also often exerced without being legalized.
Researchers at the [[University of Chicago]] (Marianne Bertrand) and [[MIT]] ([[Sendhil Mullainathan]]) found in a 2003 study that there was widespread discrimination in the workplace against job applicants whose names were merely perceived as "sounding black".{{Fact|date=January 2007}} These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having "white-sounding names" to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of previous experience. Results were stronger for higher quality résumés. The researchers view these results as strong evidence of unconscious biases rooted in the [[United States]]' long history of discrimination (i.e. [[Jim Crow laws]], [[Affirmative Action]], etc.).
In recent cases, racial discrimination has also taken the face of [[reverse discrimination]], in which members of the majority race are overlooked for their inherent lack of ability to contribute to racial diversity. Whatever the case may be, racial discrimination is seen across the board in all racial groups.
===Institutional racism===
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