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Homo rhodesiensis

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+#REDIRECT [[Homo rhodesiensis]]
-{{short description|Extinct species of the genus Homo}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
-{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2021}}
-{{Speciesbox
-|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.750|0.130}}<small>[[Middle Pleistocene]]</small>
-|image = Bodo cranium.jpg
-|image_caption = [[Bodo cranium]], the [[type specimen]]
-|genus = Homo
-|species = bodoensis
-|extinct = yes
-|authority = [[Mirjana Roksandic|Roksandic]], [[Predrag Radović|Radović]], [[Xiu-Jie Wu|Wu]] & [[Christopher J. Bae|Bae]], 2021
-|synonyms =
-}}
-{{Merge to|Homo rhodesiensis|date=July 2022}}
-'''''Homo bodoensis''''' is the species name for extinct [[archaic humans]] that lived during the [[Chibanian]] (770–126 [[Millennium|ka]]) in Africa. It relies on the fossil specimen known as [[Bodo cranium]], which was discovered in 1976 in a dried up branch of the [[Awash River]] in Ethiopia and is estimated to have lived around 500,000 years ago. Following the comparative analysis of the fossil with those of other ''[[Homo]]'' falling on the same geological age, the name was formally introduced in 2021.<ref name="Roksandic Radović Wu Bae 2021">{{cite q|Q109321060 |last1=Roksandic |first1=Mirjana |last2=Radović |first2=Predrag |last3=Wu |first3=Xiu‐Jie |last4=Bae |first4=Christopher J. |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-Based on the confusing usage of [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific names]] for different [[Hominini|hominin]] specimens of the Chibanian, a research team led by [[Mirjana Roksandic]] at the [[University of Winnipeg]], Canada, proposed in ''[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]]'' that ''H. bodoensis'' should be used as an umbrella name for all species of the same age in Africa, including ''[[H. rhodesiensis]]'' and ''[[H. heidelbergensis]].''<ref>{{cite news|last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=28 October 2021 |title=Human species who lived 500,000 years ago named as Homo bodoensis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/oct/28/human-species-homo-bodoensis-who-lived-500000-years-ago-is-named |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> But not all scientists agree. British [[Paleoanthropology|paleoanthropologist]] [[Chris Stringer]] argued that the name cannot replace ''[[H. rhodesiensis]]'' to which Bodo cranium is assigned since ''H. rhodesiensis'' (described by [[Arthur Smith Woodward]] in 1921) had been formally accepted.<ref name="Marshall 2021" />
-== Naming ==
-The name of the genus ''Homo'' is derived from {{Lang-la|homo}}, for human. The specific epithet ''bodoensis'' refers to the site Bodo D'ar in the [[Afar Triangle|Afar Depression]] ([[Ethiopia]]), where the [[type specimen]] Bodo cranium (Bodo 1) was discovered in 1976. ''Homo bodoensis'' therefore means "human from Bodo".<ref name="Roksandic Radović Wu Bae 2021" />
-== Bodo cranium ==
-The '''Bodo cranium'''<ref name=":03" /> is a fossil of an extinct type of [[Hominini|hominin]] species. It was found by members of an expedition led by [[Jon Kalb]] in 1976.<ref name="Bodo Skull and Jaw">{{cite web|title=Bodo Skull and Jaw|url=http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=3910|publisher=Skulls Unlimited|access-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061300/http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_species.php?id=3910#|archive-date=2015-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Rift Valley Research Mission conducted a number of surveys that led to the findings of Acheulean tools and animal fossils, as well as the Bodo Cranium.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=UC Berkeley Library Proxy Login|doi=10.1002/1096-8644(200009)113:1<111::aid-ajpa10>3.0.co;2-x | volume=113 | year=2000|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|pages=111–118 | last1 = Conroy | first1 = Glenn C. | last2 = Weber | first2 = Gerhard W. | last3 = Seidler | first3 = Horst | last4 = Recheis | first4 = Wolfgang | last5 = Zur Nedden | first5 = Dieter | last6 = Haile Mariam | first6 = Jara |issue=1 | pmid = 10954624}}</ref> The initial discovery was by Alemayhew Asfaw and Charles Smart, who found a lower face. Two weeks later, Paul Whitehead and Craig Wood found the upper portion of the face. Pieces of the cranium were discovered along the surface of one of the dry branches of the Awash River in Ethiopia.<ref name=":03" /> The cranium, artifacts, and other animal fossils were found over a relatively large area of medium sand, and only a few of the tools were found near the cranium.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Tim D.|date=April 1986|title=Cut marks on the Bodo cranium: A case of prehistoric defleshing|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=69|issue=4|pages=503–509|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330690410|pmid=3087212|issn=0002-9483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kalb|first1=Jon E.|last2=Wood|first2=Craig B.|last3=Smart|first3=Charles|last4=Oswald|first4=Elizabeth B.|last5=Mabrete|first5=Assefa|last6=Tebedge|first6=Sleshi|last7=Whitehead|first7=Paul|date=1980-01-01|title=Preliminary geology and palaeontology of the Bodo D'ar hominid Site, Afar, Ethiopia|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=30|pages=107–120|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(80)90052-8|bibcode=1980PPP....30..107K|issn=0031-0182}}</ref> The skull is 600,000 years old<ref name=Bodo>{{cite web|title=Bodo|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/bodo|publisher=Humanorigins.si.edu|access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> and is now the type specimen of ''Homo bodoensis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roksandic, Mirjana and Radović, Predrag and Wu, Xiu-Jie and Bae, Christopher J.|title=Resolving the "muddle in the middle": The case for Homo bodoensis sp. nov.|journal=Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews|year=2021|volume=31|issue=1|pages=20–29|doi=10.1002/evan.21929|pmid=34710249|pmc=9297855 |s2cid=240152672}}</ref>
-(formerly ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' / ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'').<ref name="Bodo fossil BE">{{cite web|title=Bodo fossil|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1233764/Bodo?anchor=ref892244|publisher=Britannica Encyclopedia|access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref>
-=== Observation ===
-This specimen has an unusually large [[cranial capacity]] for its age that is estimated at around 1250 cc (in the range between ~1,200–1,325 cc)
-within the (lower) range of modern ''Homo sapiens''.<ref>Milner, Richard. "Cranial Capacity." The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search For Its Origins. New York: Holt, 1990: 98. "Living humans have a cranial capacity ranging from about 950 cc to 1800 cc, with the average about 1400 cc."</ref>
-The cranium includes the face, much of the [[frontal bone]], parts of the midvault and the base anterior to the [[foramen magnum]]. The cranial length, width and height are 21&nbsp;cm (8.3&nbsp;in), 15.87&nbsp;cm (6.2&nbsp;in) and 19.05&nbsp;cm (7.5&nbsp;in) respectively. Researchers have suggested that Bodo [[butcher]]ed animals because [[Acheulean]] [[hand axe]]s and [[cleaver]]s, along with animal bones, were found at the site. Cuts on the Bodo cranium show the earliest evidence of removal of flesh immediately after the death of an individual using a stone tool.<ref name=":0" /> The findings of symmetrical cut marks with specific patterns and directionality on the cranium serve as strong evidence that de-fleshing was done purposefully for mortuary practices and represents the earliest evidence of non-utilitarian mortuary practices.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4MvPbrHbCEC&q=bodo+craniums+cut+marks+first+evidence+of+defleshing&pg=PA605|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial|last1=Tarlow|first1=Sarah|last2=Stutz|first2=Liv Nilsson|date=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0199569069}}</ref> The cut marks were located "laterally among the maxilla" causing speculation among researchers that the specific reason for de-fleshing was to remove the mandible.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pickering|first1=Travis Rayne|last2=White|first2=Tim D.|last3=Toth|first3=Nicholas|date=2000|title=Brief communication: Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=111|issue=4|pages=579–584|doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(200004)111:4<579::aid-ajpa12>3.0.co;2-y|pmid=10727975|issn=1096-8644}}</ref>
-=== Morphology ===
-The front of the Bodo cranium is very broad and supports large supraorbital structures. The supraorbital torus projects and is heavily constructed, especially in the central parts of the cranium. The Glabella is rounded and projects strongly. Like Homo erectus, the braincase is low and archaic in appearance. The vault bones are also thick like Homo erectus specimens. Due to the large cranial capacity, there is a wider midvault which includes signs of [[Parietal bone|parietal]] bossing as well as a high contour of the [[Squamous part of temporal bone|temporal squama]]. The parietal length can’t be accurately determined because that section of the specimen is incomplete. Though the mastoid is missing, insights regarding the specimen can be determined using fragments from the individual collected at the scene in 1981. The cranium’s parietal walls expand relative to the bitemporal width in a way that is characteristic of modern humans. The squamosal suture has a high arch which is present in modern human craniums as well.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Rightmire |first=Philip G. |date=July 1996 |title=The human cranium from Bodo, Ethiopia: evidence for speciation in the Middle Pleistocene? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1996.0046 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–39 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0046 |issn=0047-2484}}</ref>
-=== Evolutionary Significance ===
-The cranium has an unusual appearance, which has led to debates over its taxonomy. It displays both primitive and derived features, such as a cranial capacity more similar to modern humans and a projecting supraorbital torus more like ''Homo erectus''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Rightmire|first=Philip G.|date=1996-07-01|title=The human cranium from Bodo, Ethiopia: evidence for speciation in the Middle Pleistocene?|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=31|issue=1|pages=21–39|doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0046|issn=0047-2484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rightmire|first=G. Philip|date=2001-01-01|title=Patterns of hominid evolution and dispersal in the Middle Pleistocene|journal=Quaternary International|volume=75|issue=1|pages=77–84|doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00079-3|bibcode=2001QuInt..75...77R|issn=1040-6182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bräuer|first=Günter|date=2008|title=The origin of modern anatomy: By speciation or intraspecific evolution?|journal=Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews|volume=17|issue=1|pages=22–37|doi=10.1002/evan.20157|s2cid=53328127|issn=1520-6505|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bodo and other [[Pleistocene|Mid-Pleistocene]] hominin fossils appear to represent a lineage between ''Homo erectus'' and [[Homo sapiens|anatomically modern humans]], although its exact location in the human evolutionary tree is still uncertain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rightmire|first=G. Philip|date=2013-09-01|title=Homo erectus and Middle Pleistocene hominins: Brain size, skull form, and species recognition|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=65|issue=3|pages=223–252|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.04.008|pmid=23850294|issn=0047-2484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krovitz|first1=Gail|last2=McBratney|first2=Brandeis M.|last3=Lieberman|first3=Daniel E.|date=2002-02-05|title=The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=99|issue=3|pages=1134–1139|doi=10.1073/pnas.022440799|issn=0027-8424|pmid=11805284|pmc=122156|bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1134L|doi-access=free}}</ref> Due to the similarities to both Homo erectus and modern humans, it has been postulated that the Bodo cranium, as well as other members of [[Homo heidelbergensis]] were part of a group of hominins that evolved distinct from Homo erectus early in the Middle Pleistocene. Despite the similarities, there is still a question of where exactly [[Homo heidelbergensis]] evolved. The increased [[Encephalization quotient|encephalization]] seen in fossils like the Bodo cranium is thought to have been a driving force in the [[speciation]] of anatomically modern humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rightmire|first=G. Philip|date=January 2012|title=The evolution of cranial form in mid-Pleistocene Homo|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=108|issue=3–4|pages=68–77|issn=0038-2353|doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i3/4.719|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conroy|first1=Glenn C.|last2=Weber|first2=Gerhard W.|last3=Seidler|first3=Horst|last4=Recheis|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Nedden|first5=Dieter Zur|last6=Mariam|first6=Jara Haile|date=2000|title=Endocranial capacity of the Bodo cranium determined from three-dimensional computed tomography|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=113|issue=1|pages=111–118|doi=10.1002/1096-8644(200009)113:1<111::aid-ajpa10>3.0.co;2-x|pmid=10954624|issn=1096-8644}}</ref>
-=== Similarities Between Bodo Cranium and Kabwe Cranium ===
-Both the Bodo cranium and the [[Kabwe 1|Kabwe cranium]] share a number of similarities. Both have cranial capacities similar to, but on the low end of the range of modern humans(1250cc vs 1230cc). Both craniums have a very large [[Brow ridge|supraorbital torus]]. These two features together suggest that they are a link between ''[[Homo erectus]]'' and ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balzeau |first1=A. |last2=Buck |first2=Laura |last3=Albessard |first3=L. |last4=Becam |first4=G. |last5=Grimmaud-Herve |first5=D. |last6=Rae |first6=T. C. |last7=Stringer |first7=C. B. |date=2017-12-08 |title=The internal cranial anatomy of the Middle Pleistocene Broken Hill 1 cranium |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270104 |language=en |doi=10.17863/CAM.16919}}</ref> While there has been a recent push to update the Bodo Cranium classification to ''Homo bodoensis,'' it is clear that the morphology and the taxonomy are most similar to other specimens of type ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rightmire |first=Philip G. |date=1996-07-01 |title=The human cranium from Bodo, Ethiopia: evidence for speciation in the Middle Pleistocene? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248496900469 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–39 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0046 |issn=0047-2484}}</ref> Both the Bodo and Kabwe specimens can be described as archaic because they retain certain features in common with [[Homo erectus]]. However, both exhibit important differences from [[Homo erectus]] in their anatomy, such as the contour of their parietals, the shape of their temporal bones, the [[Base of skull|cranial base]], and the [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of their nose and palate. While there are many similarities, there are a few differences between the specimens, including the entire brow of the Bodo cranium, particularly the lateral segments, which are less thick than the Kabwe specimen.<ref name=":02"/>
-== Criticism ==
-Immediately after the publication of the species name, the British [[Paleoanthropology|paleoanthropologist]] [[Chris Stringer]] - a specialist in the relationships between Neanderthals and ''Homo sapiens'' - criticized the proposed departure from ''Homo heidelbergensis'' and the introduction of a new species name in ''[[New Scientist]]''.<ref name="Marshall 2021">{{cite web |last=Marshall |first=Michael |title=New human species has been named Homo bodoensis - but it may not stick |website=[[New Scientist]] |date=28 October 2021 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2295406-new-human-species-has-been-named-homo-bodoensis-but-it-may-not-stick/ |access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref> He does agree with the objection that too many and too different fossils of ''Homo heidelbergensis'' have been made; it is appropriate to assign only those European finds to ''Homo heidelbergensis'' that have a clear similarity to the lower jaw of Mauer, for example the lower jaw of [[Balanica|Mala Balanica]], but not fossils from Africa. According to the requirements of the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]], a species name that has already been introduced always has priority over a later one. Therefore, the designation ''Homo rhodesiensis'' takes precedence over ''Homo bodoensis''. In this context, Stringer rejected the claim that the species name ''rhodesiensis'' honored Cecil Rhodes. In fact, it is a reference to the site in what was then [[Northern Rhodesia]]. But even if one wanted to avoid the reference to Rhodesia, the name ''Homo saldanensis''<ref name="Drennan 1955 pp. 625–634">{{cite journal |last=Drennan |first=Matthew R. |title=The special features and status of the Saldanha skull |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |year=1955 |issn=0002-9483 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330130406 |pages=625–634 |pmid=13292529}}</ref> chosen for the skull roof Saldanha 1 in 1955 would have priority over ''Homo bodoensis''. Finally, Stringer also pointed out that the face of the Bodo skull had features that speak for its own evolutionary path and make it appear doubtful that it was a direct ancestor of ''Homo sapiens''.<ref name="Lacruz Stringer Kimbel Wood pp. 726–736">{{cite journal |last1=Lacruz |first1=Rodrigo S. |last2=Stringer |first2=Chris B. |author2-link=Chris Stringer |last3=Kimbel |first3=William H. |last4=Wood |first4=Bernard |author4-link=Bernard Wood (geologist) |last5=Harvati |first5=Katerina |author5-link=Katerina Harvati |last6=O’Higgins |first6=Paul |last7=Bromage |first7=Timothy G. |author7-link=Timothy Bromage |last8=Arsuaga |first8=Juan-Luis |author8-link=Juan Luis Arsuaga |title=The evolutionary history of the human face |journal=[[Nature Ecology & Evolution]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |volume=3 |issue=5 |date=15 April 2019 |issn=2397-334X |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0865-7 |pages=726–736 |pmid=30988489 |s2cid=115161686 |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/145560/1/FINAL_EHHF_Feb_2019_NO_track_changes.pdf}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-* {{annotated link|Human evolution}}
-* {{annotated link|Template:Human timeline|Human timeline}}
-* {{annotated link|Recent African origin of modern humans}}
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
-== External links ==
-{{Wikispecies|Homo bodoensis|''Homo bodoensis''}}
-* {{cite web |title=Experts name new species of human ancestor |website=EurekAlert! |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/932542 |ref=none |access-date=28 October 2021}}
-{{authority control}}
-{{Taxonbar|from=Q109302884}}
 [[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2021]]