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[[Image:Frederick-Law-Olmsted.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Frederick Law Olmsted, oil painting by [[John Singer Sargent]], [[1895]], [[Biltmore Estate]], [[Asheville, North Carolina]] ]]
'''Frederick Law Olmsted''' ([[April 26]], [[1822]] – [[August 28]], [[1903]]) was a [[United States]] [[landscape architect]], famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including [[Central Park]] and [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] in [[New York, New York|New York City]], the country's oldest coordinated system of public parks and parkways in [[Buffalo, New York]], the country's oldest state park, the [[Niagara Reservation]] in [[Niagara Falls, New York]], [[Mount Royal#Mount Royal Park|Mount Royal Park]] in [[Montreal]], the [[Emerald Necklace]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[Cherokee Park]] (and the entire parks and parkway system) in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], as well as [[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park]], [[Washington Park, Chicago|Washington Park]], [[Midway Plaisance]] in [[Chicago]] for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], [[Detroit]]'s 982 acre [[Belle Isle (Michigan)|Belle Isle]] park, the landscape surrounding the [[United States Capitol#The Capitol Grounds|United States Capitol]] building, and [[George Washington Vanderbilt II]]'s [[Biltmore Estate]] in North Carolina.

==Life and career== HE IS SO COOL!

Born in [[Hartford, Connecticut]] to a wealthy dry-goods merchant and the son of a farmer, Olmsted was fascinated with nature from his youth. After attending [[Phillips Academy]], he studied [[agricultural science]] and [[engineering]] at [[Yale University|Yale]]. After sailing to [[China]] in 1843 for a year, he worked on his farm in Connecticut, then moved to New York City and ran a 130-acre (0.5 km²) experimental scientific farm on [[Staten Island, New York|Staten Island]] that his father acquired for him in January 1848. This farm, named "The Woods of Arden" by previous owner, [[Erastus Wiman]], Olmsted renamed to [[Tosomock Farm]].
[[Image:Frederick law olmstead 1857.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Frederick Law Olmsted in 1857]]
Olmsted also had a significant career in [[journalism]]. In 1850 he traveled to [[England]] to visit public gardens, where he was greatly impressed by [[Joseph Paxton]]'s [[Birkenhead Park]], and subsequently published ''Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England'' in 1852. Interested in the slave economy, he was commissioned by the ''New York Daily Times'' (now the ''[[New York Times]]'') to embark on an extensive research journey through the [[American South]] and [[Texas]] from 1852 to 1857. Olmsted took the view that the practice of slavery was not only morally odious, but expensive and economically inefficient. His dispatches were collected into multiple volumes which remain vivid, first-person social documents of the pre-war South. The last of these, "Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom" (1861), published during the first six months of the [[American Civil War]], helped inform and galvanize antislavery sentiment in New England. Olmsted also cofounded the magazine ''[[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]'' in 1865. He married his brother's widow Mary in 1859 and adopted her three sons.

Olmsted's friend and mentor, [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], the charismatic landscape architect from [[Newburgh, New York]] first proposed the development of New York's Central Park as publisher of ''The Horticulturist'' magazine. It was Downing who introduced Olmsted to the English-born architect [[Calvert Vaux]], whom Downing had personally brought back from England as his architect-collaborator. After Downing died a hero's death in a steamboat explosion on the Hudson River in July 1852, in his honor Olmsted and Vaux entered the Central Park design competition together&mdash;and won (1858). On his return from the South, Olmsted began executing the plan almost immediately. Olmsted and Vaux continued their informal partnership to design [[Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York|Prospect Park in Brooklyn]] from 1865 to 1873<ref name="Lancaster">{{cite book|last = Lancaster|first = Clay|year = 1972|title = Handbook of Prospect Park|publisher = Long Island University Press|pages = 51 - 66|id = ISBN 0-913252-06-9|url = http://www.greenswardparks.org/books/handbook.html}}</ref>, and other projects. Vaux remained in the shadow of Olmsted's grand public personality and social connections.

The design of Central Park embodies Olmsted's social consciousness and commitment to egalitarian ideals. Influenced by Downing and by his own observations regarding social class in England, China and the American South, Olmsted believed that the common green space must always be equally accessible to all citizens. This principle is now so fundamental to the idea of a "public park" as to seem self-evident, but it was not so then. Olmsted's tenure as park commissioner was one long struggle to preserve that idea.

After completing Central Park, Olmsted served as Executive Secretary of the [[U.S. Sanitary Commission]], a precursor to the [[Red Cross]] in [[Washington D.C.]] which tended to the wounded during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1863 he became the manager of the [[Mariposa]] mining estate in the [[Sierra Nevada (US)|Sierra Nevada]] mountains in [[California]]. In 1865 Vaux and Olmsted formed ''Olmsted, Vaux and Company''. When Olmsted returned to New York, he and Vaux designed Prospect Park, [[Chicago]]'s [[Riverside, Illinois|Riverside subdivision]], [[Buffalo, New York]]'s park system, [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]'s grand necklace of parks, and the [[Niagara Reservation]] at [[Niagara Falls]].

Olmsted not only created city parks in many cities around the country, he also conceived of entire systems of parks and interconnecting parkways which connected certain cities to green spaces. Two of the best examples of the scale on which Olmsted worked are one of the largest pieces of his work, the park system designed for [[Buffalo, New York]], and the system he designed for [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]].

:''For a list of Olmsted designed parks in Buffalo, New York, please see [[Buffalo, New York parks system]].''

Olmsted was a frequent collaborator with [[Henry Hobson Richardson]] for whom he devised the landscaping schemes for half a dozen projects, including Richardson's commission for the Buffalo State Asylum.

In 1883 Olmsted established what is considered to be the first full-time landscape architecture firm in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. He called the home and office compound ''Fairsted'', which today is the recently-restored [[Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site]]. From there Olmsted designed Boston's [[Emerald Necklace]], the campus of [[Stanford University]] and the 1893 [[World's Fair]] in [[Chicago]] among many other projects. In [[1895]], [[senility]] forced him to retire. He moved to [[Belmont, Massachusetts]] and took up residence at [[McLean Hospital]], which he had landscaped several years before, where he remained until his death in 1903, and burial in the Old North Cemetery, [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. After Olmsted's death, his sons [[John Charles Olmsted]] and [[Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.]] continued the work of their firm, doing business as the [[Olmsted Brothers]]. The firm lasted until 1950.

Olmsted was one of the six founding members of the [[Union League Club of New York]].

A quotation from Olmsted's friend and colleague architect [[Daniel Burnham]] could well serve as his epitaph. Referring to Olmsted in March, 1893, Burnham said, "An artist, he paints with lakes and wooded slopes; with lawns and banks and forest covered hills; with mountain sides and ocean views." (quoted from Larson's ''The Devil in the White City'')

==Academic campuses designed by Olmsted and sons==
Between 1857 and 1950, Olmsted and his successors designed 355 school and college campuses. Some of the most famous are listed here.
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetized. Thanks! -->
*[[American University]] Main Campus, Washington, DC
*[[Bryn Mawr College]], Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (1895-1927)
*[[Colgate University]], Hamilton, New York
*[[Cornell University]], Ithaca, New York (1867-73)
*[[Gallaudet University]], Washington, D.C. (1866)
*[[Groton School]], Groton, Massachusetts
*[[Grove City College]], Grove City, Pennsylvania
*[[Harvard Business School]], Cambridge, Massachusetts (1925-31)
*[[Haverford College]], Haverford, Pennsylvania (1925-32)
*[[Johns Hopkins University]], Baltimore, Maryland (1903-19)
*[[Lawrenceville School]], Lawrenceville, New Jersey (1883-1901)
*[[Manhattanville College]], Purchase, New York
*[[Middlesex School]], Concord, Massachusetts (1901)
*[[Michigan State University]], East Lansing, Michigan
*[[Mount Holyoke College]], South Hadley, Massachusetts
*[[Phillips Academy]], Andover, Massachusetts (1891-1965)
*[[Smith College]], Northampton, Massachusetts (1891-1909)
*[[Stanford University#Campus|Stanford University]], Palo Alto, California (1886-1914)
*[[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]], Hartford, Connecticut (1872-94)
*[[University of California, Berkeley]], Berkeley, California (1865)
*[[University of Chicago]], Chicago, Illinois (1901-10)
*[[University of Florida]], Gainesville, Florida (1925)
*[[University of Idaho]], Moscow, Idaho
*[[University of Notre Dame]], South Bend, Indiana (1929-32)
*[[University of Rhode Island]], Kingston, Rhode Island (1894-1903)
*[[University of Washington]], Seattle, Washington (1902-20)
*[[Vassar College]], Poughkeepsie, New York (1896-1932)
*[[Washington University]], St. Louis, Missouri (1865-99)
*[[Wellesley College]], Wellesley, Massachusetts
*[[Williams College]], Williamstown, Massachusetts (1902-12)
*[[Yale University]], New Haven, Connecticut (1874-81)

==Other notable Olmsted commissions==
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetized. Thanks! -->
*[[Audubon Park, New Orleans|Audubon Park]], New Orleans, Louisiana
*[[Arnold Arboretum]], Boston, Massachusetts
*[[Back Bay Fens]], [[Arborway]] and [[Riverway]], Boston, Massachusetts
*[[Beardsley Park]], [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], 1884
*[[Belle Isle (Michigan)|Belle Isle]], Detroit, Michigan, landscaped in the 1880s
*[[Biltmore Estate]] grounds, Asheville, North Carolina
*[[Branch Brook Park]], Newark, New Jersey, 1900 redesign
*[[Buffalo, New York parks system]]
*[[Buffalo State Asylum]], Buffalo, New York
*[[Buttonwood Park]], [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]]
*[[Central Park]], Manhattan, New York City, 1853 (opened in 1856)
*[[Cherokee Park]], Louisville, Kentucky
*[[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center Park]], Denver, Colorado
*[[Cushing Island, Maine]]
*[[Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan)|Elmwood Cemetery]], Detroit, Michigan
*[[Fairmount Park]], [[Riverside, California]]
*[[Franklin Park (Boston)|Franklin Park]], Boston, Massachusetts
*[[Genesee Valley Park]], [[Rochester, New York]]
*[[Glen Magna Farms]], Danvers, Massachusetts
*[[Highland Botanical Park|Highland Park]], [[Rochester, New York]]
*[[The Institute of Living]], [[Hartford, Connecticut]], 1860s
*[[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park]], originally South Park, Chicago, Illinois
*[[Kykuit]], Gardens, Rockefeller family estate, Westchester, New York, from 1897
*Lake Park, River Park (now Riverside Park) and West Park (now Washington Park), [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [http://www.lakeparkfriends.org/history.shtml]
*[[Manor Park, Larchmont|Manor Park]], Larchmont, New York
*[[Maplewood Park]], [[Rochester, New York]]
*[[Montebello Park]], St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada [http://www.st.catharines.com/recreation/pt/montebello_park.asp]
*[[Morningside Park]], Manhattan, New York City
*[[Mount Royal#Mount Royal Park|Mount Royal Park]], Montreal, Quebec, Canada, inaugurated in 1876
*[[Mountain View Cemetery]], Oakland, California, dedicated in 1865
*[[H.H. Richardson Complex|New York State Hospital for the Insane]], Buffalo, New York
*Nay Aug Park, [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]
*North Park, [[Fall River, Massachusetts]] (1901) [http://www.fallriverma.org/pressarticles.asp?ID=139]
*[[Piedmont Park]], Atlanta, Georgia
*[[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], Brooklyn, New York City, finished 1868
*[[Public Pleasure Grounds]], [[San Francisco, California]]
*[[Riverside Park (Manhattan)|Riverside Park]], Manhattan, New York City
*Ruggles Park, [[Fall River, Massachusetts]]
*[[Seaside Park]], [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], 1860s
*South Park, (now [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] Park), [[Fall River, Massachusetts]]
*The Rockery, [[Easton, Massachusetts]]
*[[United States Capitol]] grounds, Washington D.C.
*[[Utah State Capitol]] grounds masterplan, Salt Lake City, Utah
*[[Westmount Park]], [[Westmount, Quebec]]
*[[World's Columbian Exposition]], Chicago, Illinois, 1893
*[[World's End (Hingham)|World's End]], formerly the John Brewer Estate, Hingham, Massachusetts, 1889
<!--not all are listed yet -->

==References==
*{{cite book
| first = Charles E
| last = Beveridge
| coauthors = Paul Rocheleau
| year = 1998
| month = October
| title = Frederick Law Olmsted: Designing the American Landscape
| publisher = Universe Publishing
| location = New York, New York
| id = ISBN 0-7893-0228-4
}}
*{{cite book
| year = 2003
| title = Guide to Biltmore Estates
| publisher = The Biltmore Company
| location = Asheville, North Carolina
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Lee
| last = Hall
| year = 1995
| title = Olmsted’s America: An "Unpractical" Man and His Vision of Civilization
| publisher = Bullfinch Press
| location = Boston, MA
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Frederick Law
| last = Olmsted
| year = 1856
| title = A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States; With Remarks on Their Economy
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Witold
| last = Rybczynski
| year = 1999
| month = June
| title = A Clearing in the Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and North America in the Nineteenth Century
| publisher = Scribner
| location = New York, New York
| id = ISBN 0-684-82463-9
}}

<references />

==See also==
*[[Charles Loring Brace]]
*[[Landscape architecture]]
*[[History of gardening]]
*[[Park]]

==External links==
*[http://www.olmsted.org/index.php?tg=articles&idx=More&topics=3&article=8 National Association of Olmsted Parks Bibliography]
*[http://www.fredericklawolmsted.com/ Celebration of the life and work of Olmsted]
*[http://www.nps.gov/frla/ Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, Mass.]
*[http://www.rediscov.com/olmsted The Olmsted Research Guide Online (ORGO)]
*[http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2407 ''Journey through Texas, or, a Saddle Trip on the Southwestern Frontier''], by Frederick Law Olmsted, 1857. Hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History].
*[http://preserve.bfn.org/bam/archs/rich/statekowsky/ H.H. Richardson State Hospital &mdash; Grounds by F.L. Olmsted]
*[http://www.olmstedparks.org/ Louisville Olmsted Parks Conservancy]
*[http://www.buffaloolmstedparks.org/ Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy]
*[http://ah.bfn.org/a/archs/ov/hp.html Olmsted and Vaux in Buffalo, New York]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/b/olmsted.htm Olmsted biography from Gardens Guide]
*[http://www.geocities.com/heartland/7172/index.htm Olmsted in Buffalo, New York]
*[http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/olmsted.htm Seattle, Washington's extensive Olmsted park system, designed by his firm.]
*[http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/olmsted/report.html Frederick Law Olmsted, ''Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove: A Preliminary Report''] (1865)
*[http://www.asla.org/land/061305/olmsted.html Frederick Law Olmsted Day Almost Official in Connecticut]
*[http://ci.bridgeport.ct.us/__documents/Parks%20Department/The%20History%20of%20Seaside%20Park.htm Bridgeport Parks Department History of Seaside Park]
*[http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CT/Fairfield/state.html National Register of Historic Places, Fairfield County, CT p. 1 (Includes reference to Beardsley Park)]
*[http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CT/Fairfield/state5.html National Register of Historic Places, Fairfield County, CT p. 5 (Includes reference to Seaside Park) ]
*[http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=49&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and New York: Frederick Law Olmsted]
*[http://www.olmstedschool.org F.L. Olmsted Schools 56 and 64 in Buffalo, New York]
*[http://www.nps.gov/frla/archives.htm Olmsted Archives]

[[Category:American architects|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:People of the American Civil War|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:Cornell University|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:Landscape architects|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:People from Hartford, Connecticut|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:Phillips Academy alumni|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:Urban planners|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:1822 births|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]
[[Category:1903 deaths|Olmsted, Frederick Law]]

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Revision as of 17:53, 10 March 2007

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