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'''14 Squadron RNZAF''' |
'''14 Squadron RNZAF''' was a [[squadron]] of the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]]. |
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== New Zealand Fighters before 1941 == |
== New Zealand Fighters before 1941 == |
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Until [[World War II]], [[New Zealand]]'s air force concentrated on training, transport and maritime attack. The vast distance of the [[Pacific Ocean]] seemed a defence against attack by air. Until 1938, only |
Until [[World War II]], [[New Zealand]]'s air force concentrated on training, transport and maritime attack. The vast distance of the [[Pacific Ocean]] seemed a defence against attack by air. Until 1938, only a handful of record breaking air flights had flown to New Zealand, where they were required to land and refuel, suggesting that an enemy attack could not both get to, attack, and then return from a mission to New Zealand. The [[New Zealand Permanent Air Force]] operated token numbers of [[Bristol Aeroplane Company|Bristol Fighters]] and [[Gloster]] [[Gloster Grebe|Grebes]]. As far as operations overseas went, it was assumed New Zealand would be embedded within [[Britain]]'s [[Royal Air Force]]. In Europe, this was the case. During the 1930s New Zealanders had joined the RAF through RAF scholarships, and in the opening years of World War II, the RNZAF produced many more pilots for the RAF, including fighter pilots. The first allied ace, "Cobber' Kain, was a New Zealander. Nos 485(NZ), 486(NZ), and (later) 488 NZ fighter squadrons fought in Europe. However there were no fighter units in New Zealand when war broke out with [[Japan]]. |
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== 488 Squadron == |
== 488 Squadron == |
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== 14 Squadron forms == |
== 14 Squadron forms == |
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In 1942, the threat of attack seemed real; the city of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] was bombed, [[New Guinea]] invaded and Japanese [[reconnaissance aircraft]] overflew [[Auckland]] and [[Wellington]]—chased ineffectually by the RNZAF's [[Lewis gun]]-toting [[De Havilland Tiger Moth]]s. The New Zealand Government hurriedly formed 488's battle-experienced pilots into the RNZAF's first fighter unit. No. 14 Squadron formed under Squadron Leader [[J.N. MacKenzie]] at [[Masterton]] on [[25 April]] |
In 1942, the threat of attack seemed real; the city of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] was bombed, [[New Guinea]] invaded and Japanese [[reconnaissance aircraft]] overflew [[Auckland]] and [[Wellington]]—chased ineffectually by the RNZAF's [[Lewis gun]]-toting [[De Havilland Tiger Moth]]s. The New Zealand Government hurriedly formed 488's battle-experienced pilots into the RNZAF's first fighter unit. No. 14 Squadron formed under Squadron Leader [[J.N. MacKenzie]] at [[Masterton]] on [[25 April]] [[1942]], equipped with [[T-6 Texan|North American Harvards]] until [[Curtiss P-40|P-40 Kittyhawks]] could be obtained. |
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== Action against Japan == |
== Action against Japan == |
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The allied plan was for Americans to defeat the Japanese by island hopping north across the Pacific. This plan involved bypassing major Japanese bases, which would continue to operate in the allied rear. The RNZAF was given the job of operating against these bypassed Japanese units. At first, maritime patrol and bomber units moved into the Pacific. Then 15 Squadron with Kittyhawks. In April 1943, a year after forming, 14 Squadron moved to the rear base at [[Espiritu Santo|Santo]] to resume action against the Japanese. |
The allied plan was for the Americans to defeat the Japanese by island hopping north across the Pacific. This plan involved bypassing major Japanese bases, which would continue to operate in the allied rear. The RNZAF was given the job of operating against these bypassed Japanese units. At first, maritime patrol and bomber units moved into the Pacific. Then 15 Squadron with Kittyhawks. In April 1943, a year after forming, 14 Squadron moved to the rear base at [[Espiritu Santo|Santo]] to resume action against the Japanese. |
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For the remainder of the war 14 Squadron rotated between forward and rear bases in the Pacific and 6-week periods of home leave in New Zealand. On [[11 June]] |
For the remainder of the war 14 Squadron rotated between forward and rear bases in the Pacific and 6-week periods of home leave in New Zealand. On [[11 June]] [[1943]], 14 Squadron moved to the forward base of [[Guadalcanal]]—on its first contact with the enemy, the following day, six Japanese aircraft were destroyed. The 5 RNZAF P-40 squadrons went on to claim 99 Japanese aircraft, (subsequent, possibly partisan, research raised the figure to a round 100). No. 14 Squadron claimed more than its share of this total and one of its pilots, [[Geoff Fisken]], was the top scoring Commonwealth ace in the Pacific (although half his victories were acquired with 243 Squadron). The squadron was deployed to different bases in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]] as demanded. |
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In November 1943 14 Squadron moved for the first time to [[New Georgia]]. In February 1944 to [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], in December [[Green Island, Papua New Guinea|Green Island]] and in July 1945 [[Emirau]]. In 1944 14 Squadron became one of 13 RNZAF squadrons re-equipped with [[Vought F4U Corsair]]s, but by this time the Japanese fighters had been all but eliminated and the unit was increasingly used to attack ground targets. It was about to re-equip with [[P-51 Mustang]]s when Japan surrendered but at the end of the war the P-51s were re-allocated to territorial units. In March 1946, 14 Squadron went to Japan as part of the occupation force. Concerns about breaching the terms under which the Vought F4U Corsairs were supplied resulted in plans to re-equip the unit with [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mk XIVs but America waived these conditions and No. 14 took its Corsairs to Japan, |
In November 1943 14 Squadron moved for the first time to [[New Georgia]]. In February 1944 to [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], in December [[Green Island, Papua New Guinea|Green Island]] and in July 1945 [[Emirau]]. In 1944 14 Squadron became one of 13 RNZAF squadrons re-equipped with [[Vought F4U Corsair]]s, but by this time the Japanese fighters had been all but eliminated and the unit was increasingly used to attack ground targets. It was about to re-equip with [[P-51 Mustang]]s when Japan surrendered but at the end of the war the P-51s were re-allocated to territorial units. In March 1946, 14 Squadron went to Japan as part of the occupation force. Concerns about breaching the terms under which the Vought F4U Corsairs were supplied resulted in plans to re-equip the unit with [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mk XIVs but America waived these conditions and No. 14 took its Corsairs to Japan, staying until November 1948. |
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A P-40 flown in action by Fisken and two other New Zealand aces has been restored to flying condition and is privately owned in New Zealand. |
A P-40 flown in action by Fisken and two other New Zealand aces has been restored to flying condition and is privately owned in New Zealand. |
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== Cyprus and Vampires == |
== Cyprus and Vampires == |
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On return from Japan, the squadron |
On return from Japan, the squadron briefly operated [[de Havilland Mosquito]]es, converting pilots to the fighter bomber role. No.14 Squadron re-equipped with sixteen [[De Havilland Vampire]] jets in 1952. It was based in [[Cyprus]] from 1952 to 1955 as part of a [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] [[peace keeping force]] in the area, although the unit travelled within Europe and Africa, providing a [[flypast]] on [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]'s accession, and being in [[Kenya]] at the time of the [[Mau Mau]] action. A Vampire in 14 Squadron colours is preserved in the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum's Wigram wing. |
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== Singapore and Venoms == |
== Singapore and Venoms == |
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== Advanced trainers == |
== Advanced trainers == |
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No. 14 Squadron took up the role of advanced training. It briefly operated a small number (up to 4) of two-seat [[A-4 Skyhawk]]s and two-seat Vampires before re-equipping with 16 [[BAC Strikemaster]]s in 1972. The Stikemasters were replaced by eighteen [[Aermacchi MB 339]]CBs in 1991. A Strikemaster is preserved in 14 Squadron colours at the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum's Ohakea wing; 5 more are held in storage. Several others remain airworthy in private ownership outside |
No. 14 Squadron took up the role of advanced training. It briefly operated a small number (up to 4) of two-seat [[A-4 Skyhawk]]s and two-seat Vampires before re-equipping with 16 [[BAC Strikemaster]]s in 1972. The Stikemasters were replaced by eighteen [[Aermacchi MB 339]]CBs in 1991. A Strikemaster is preserved in 14 Squadron colours at the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum's Ohakea wing; 5 more are held in storage. Several others remain airworthy in private ownership outside New Zealand. |
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== Disbanded == |
== Disbanded == |
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New Zealand's defence budget was pressured by involvement in [[East Timor]], and a decade of failing to match inflationary costs. The price of maintaining fast jets was increasingly criticised by Treasury and left wing political parties. On election of a Labour government, the purchase of 28 [[F16]]s was scrapped, and the existing A4s and Aermacchis retired. Together with the other RNZAF fast jet units, No 14 Squadron was disbanded on [[13 December]] |
New Zealand's defence budget was pressured by involvement in [[East Timor]], and a decade of failing to match inflationary costs. The price of maintaining fast jets was increasingly criticised by Treasury and left wing political parties. On election of a Labour government, the purchase of 28 [[F16]]s was scrapped, and the existing A4s and Aermacchis retired. Together with the other RNZAF fast jet units, No 14 Squadron was disbanded on [[13 December]] [[2001]]. A contract to sell the 17 surviving Aermacchis was signed in September 2005. The purchaser is a private US pilot training firm, which announced it will continue to operate them in their RNZAF squadron colours, sans national markings. |
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== Sources == |
== Sources == |
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Revision as of 14:53, 23 March 2007
14 Squadron RNZAF was a squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force.
New Zealand Fighters before 1941
Until World War II, New Zealand's air force concentrated on training, transport and maritime attack. The vast distance of the Pacific Ocean seemed a defence against attack by air. Until 1938, only a handful of record breaking air flights had flown to New Zealand, where they were required to land and refuel, suggesting that an enemy attack could not both get to, attack, and then return from a mission to New Zealand. The New Zealand Permanent Air Force operated token numbers of Bristol Fighters and Gloster Grebes. As far as operations overseas went, it was assumed New Zealand would be embedded within Britain's Royal Air Force. In Europe, this was the case. During the 1930s New Zealanders had joined the RAF through RAF scholarships, and in the opening years of World War II, the RNZAF produced many more pilots for the RAF, including fighter pilots. The first allied ace, "Cobber' Kain, was a New Zealander. Nos 485(NZ), 486(NZ), and (later) 488 NZ fighter squadrons fought in Europe. However there were no fighter units in New Zealand when war broke out with Japan.
488 Squadron
In response to the rising threat from Japan, the pilots of 488(NZ) fighter squadron arrived in Singapore in November 1941, where they received Brewster Buffalos. Together with RAAF and RAF Buffalo units, including 453 Squadron, (which was also largely manned by New Zealanders), they provided the Commonwealth's only fighter force in the region. While the Japanese army advanced down Peninsular Malaysia, these squadrons fought a desperate and unsuccessful defence. The Japanese were better trained and more numerous, and as numbers dwindled, the squadrons' aircraft eventually came to be amalgamated within 488 Squadron, before in January 1942 on the eve of Singapore's surrender 488 Squadron was withdrawn to Batavia (now Jakarta) and then New Zealand.
14 Squadron forms
In 1942, the threat of attack seemed real; the city of Darwin was bombed, New Guinea invaded and Japanese reconnaissance aircraft overflew Auckland and Wellington—chased ineffectually by the RNZAF's Lewis gun-toting De Havilland Tiger Moths. The New Zealand Government hurriedly formed 488's battle-experienced pilots into the RNZAF's first fighter unit. No. 14 Squadron formed under Squadron Leader J.N. MacKenzie at Masterton on 25 April 1942, equipped with North American Harvards until P-40 Kittyhawks could be obtained.
Action against Japan
The allied plan was for the Americans to defeat the Japanese by island hopping north across the Pacific. This plan involved bypassing major Japanese bases, which would continue to operate in the allied rear. The RNZAF was given the job of operating against these bypassed Japanese units. At first, maritime patrol and bomber units moved into the Pacific. Then 15 Squadron with Kittyhawks. In April 1943, a year after forming, 14 Squadron moved to the rear base at Santo to resume action against the Japanese.
For the remainder of the war 14 Squadron rotated between forward and rear bases in the Pacific and 6-week periods of home leave in New Zealand. On 11 June 1943, 14 Squadron moved to the forward base of Guadalcanal—on its first contact with the enemy, the following day, six Japanese aircraft were destroyed. The 5 RNZAF P-40 squadrons went on to claim 99 Japanese aircraft, (subsequent, possibly partisan, research raised the figure to a round 100). No. 14 Squadron claimed more than its share of this total and one of its pilots, Geoff Fisken, was the top scoring Commonwealth ace in the Pacific (although half his victories were acquired with 243 Squadron). The squadron was deployed to different bases in the South Pacific as demanded.
In November 1943 14 Squadron moved for the first time to New Georgia. In February 1944 to Bougainville, in December Green Island and in July 1945 Emirau. In 1944 14 Squadron became one of 13 RNZAF squadrons re-equipped with Vought F4U Corsairs, but by this time the Japanese fighters had been all but eliminated and the unit was increasingly used to attack ground targets. It was about to re-equip with P-51 Mustangs when Japan surrendered but at the end of the war the P-51s were re-allocated to territorial units. In March 1946, 14 Squadron went to Japan as part of the occupation force. Concerns about breaching the terms under which the Vought F4U Corsairs were supplied resulted in plans to re-equip the unit with Supermarine Spitfire Mk XIVs but America waived these conditions and No. 14 took its Corsairs to Japan, staying until November 1948.
A P-40 flown in action by Fisken and two other New Zealand aces has been restored to flying condition and is privately owned in New Zealand.
Cyprus and Vampires
On return from Japan, the squadron briefly operated de Havilland Mosquitoes, converting pilots to the fighter bomber role. No.14 Squadron re-equipped with sixteen De Havilland Vampire jets in 1952. It was based in Cyprus from 1952 to 1955 as part of a Commonwealth peace keeping force in the area, although the unit travelled within Europe and Africa, providing a flypast on Queen Elizabeth II's accession, and being in Kenya at the time of the Mau Mau action. A Vampire in 14 Squadron colours is preserved in the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum's Wigram wing.
Singapore and Venoms
In May 1955 14 Squadron moved to Singapore and re-equipped with sixteen De Havilland Venoms, a swept wing development of the Vampire. No. 14 Squadron operated from Singapore against Indonesian-backed communist insurgents in what is now Malaysia until relieved by No.75 Squadron RNZAF English Electric Canberras in May 1958.
A privately owned Venom still flies in 14 Squadron colours.
Ohakea and Canberras
After receiving nine B(I)12 and two T.13 English Electric Canberras at Ohakea in 1959, 14 Squadron deployed to Singapore in September 1964 to defend Singapore and Malaysia at the end of the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, (following in the footsteps of No. 75 Squadron RNZAF's Canberra B.2s). No 14 Squadron operated from RAF Tengah with detachments to Labuan (North Borneo) October/November 1964, RAF Gong Kedak (Malayan Peninsular) June 1965 and RAF Kai Tak (Hong Kong) October 1966. The Squadron returned to Ohakea in November 1966. The Canberras were phased out of service in July 1970 and sold to the Indian Air Force. One is stored at Wigram awaiting restoration.
Advanced trainers
No. 14 Squadron took up the role of advanced training. It briefly operated a small number (up to 4) of two-seat A-4 Skyhawks and two-seat Vampires before re-equipping with 16 BAC Strikemasters in 1972. The Stikemasters were replaced by eighteen Aermacchi MB 339CBs in 1991. A Strikemaster is preserved in 14 Squadron colours at the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum's Ohakea wing; 5 more are held in storage. Several others remain airworthy in private ownership outside New Zealand.
Disbanded
New Zealand's defence budget was pressured by involvement in East Timor, and a decade of failing to match inflationary costs. The price of maintaining fast jets was increasingly criticised by Treasury and left wing political parties. On election of a Labour government, the purchase of 28 F16s was scrapped, and the existing A4s and Aermacchis retired. Together with the other RNZAF fast jet units, No 14 Squadron was disbanded on 13 December 2001. A contract to sell the 17 surviving Aermacchis was signed in September 2005. The purchaser is a private US pilot training firm, which announced it will continue to operate them in their RNZAF squadron colours, sans national markings.
Sources
- Ewing, Ross & MacPherson, Ross The History of New Zealand Aviation 1986, Heinemann, Singapore
- Horn Alex, Wings over the Pacific, The RNZAF in the Pacific Air War, 1992, Random Century, Auckland.
- New Zealand Fighter Pilots museum
- New Zealand World War II Official History - 14 Squadron