Philip II of Macedon and Russian pound: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Philip II of Macedon CdM.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Philip II of [[Macedon]]: victory medal (''niketerion'') struck in [[Tarsus]], 2nd c. BC ([[Cabinet des Médailles]], [[Paris]]).]] |
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'''Philip II of [[Macedon]]''' ([[382 BC|382]]–[[336 BC]]; in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], ''Φίλιππος'' = ''φίλος'' (friend) + ''ίππος'' ([[horse]]), transliterated ''Philippos'') was [[List of kings of Macedon|king]] from [[359 BC]] until his assassination. He was father of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] III, [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip]] III and possibly [[Ptolemy I Soter]], the founder of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]. |
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==Life== |
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Born in [[Pella]], Philip was the youngest son of [[Amyntas III of Macedon|King Amyntas III]] and [[Eurydice II of Macedon|Eurydice]]. In his youth, (c. 368 – 365 BC) Philip was a hostage in [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], which was the leading city of [[Greece]] during the [[Theban hegemony]]. While a captive there, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from [[Epaminondas]], was involved in a [[pederasty|pederastic relationship]] with [[Pelopidas]] and lived with [[Pammenes of Thebes|Pammenes]], who was an enthusiastic advocate of the [[Sacred Band of Thebes]]. In [[364 BC]], Philip returned to Macedonia. The deaths of Philip's elder brothers, [[Alexander II of Macedon|King Alexander II]] and [[Perdiccas III of Macedon|Perdiccas III]], allowed him to take the throne in [[359 BC]]. Originally appointed [[regent]] for his infant nephew [[Amyntas IV of Macedon|Amyntas IV]], who was the son of Perdiccas III, Philip managed to take the kingdom for himself that same year. |
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Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonian greatness brought him early success. He had however first to re-establish a situation which had been greatly worsened by the defeat against the [[Illyrians]] in which King Perdiccas himself had died. The [[Paionians]] and the [[Thracians]] had sacked and invaded the Eastern regions of the country, while the [[Athens|Athenians]] had landed at [[Methoni, Pieria|Methoni]], on the coast, a contingent under a Macedonian pretender called [[Argaeus]]. Using diplomacy, Philip pushed back Paionians and Thracians promising tributes, and crushed the 3,000 Athenians hoplites (359). Momentarily free from his opponents, he concentrated in strengthening his internal position and, above all, his army. His most important innovation was doubtless the introduction of the [[phalanx]] infantry corps, armed with the famous [[sarissa]], an exceedingly long spear which was intended mostly to counter cavalry (at the time, the most important army corps in Macedon). |
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Philip had married Audata, grand-granddaughter of the Illyrian king of [[Dardania]], [[Bardyllis]]. However, this did not prevent him to march against them in 358, crushing them in a ferocious battle in which some 7,000 Illyrians died (357). By this move, Philip established his authority inland as far as [[Lake Ohrid]]. |
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He also used the [[Social War (357-355 BC)|Social War]] as an opportunity for expansion. He agreed with the Athenians, who had been so far unable to conquer [[Amphipolis]], which commanded the [[Gold mining|gold mines]] of [[Mount Pangaion]], to lease it to them after its conquest, in exchange of [[Pidna]] (lost by Macedon in 363). However, after conquering Amphipolis, he kept both the cities (357). As Athens declared war against him, he allied with the [[Chalcidian League]] of [[Olynthus]]. He subsequently conquered [[Potidaea]], this time keeping his word and ceding it to the League in 356. One year before Philip had married the [[Epirus (region)|Epirote]] princess [[Olympias]], who was the daughter of the king of the [[Molossians]]. |
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In [[356 BC]], Philip also conquered the town of [[Crenides]], on [[Thasos]] island, and changed its name to [[Philippi]]: he established a powerful garrison there to control its mines, which granted him much of the gold later used for his campaigns. In the meantime, his general [[Parmenio]] defeated the Illyrians again. Also in [[356]] Alexander was born, and Philip's race horse won in the Olympics. In 355-354 he besieged [[Methone]], the last city on the [[Thermaic Gulf]] controlled by Athens. During the siege, Philip lost an eye. Despite the arrival of two Athenians fleets, the city fell in 354. Philip also attacked [[Abdera, Thrace|Abdera]] and Maronea, on the [[Thrace|Thracian]] sea-board (354-353). |
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[[Image:Philip_macedon_coin.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Celtic coin, copy from a gold [[stater]] of Philip II with portrait of [[Apollo]].]] |
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Involved in the [[Third Sacred War|Sacred War]] which had broken out in Greece, in the summer 353 he invaded [[Thessaly]], defeating 7,000 [[Phocians]] under the brother of [[Onomarchus]]. The latter however defeated Philip in the two succeeding battles. Philip returned to Thessaly the next summer, this time with an army of 20,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry including all Thessalian troops. In the [[Battle of Crocus Field]] 6,000 Phocians fell, while 3,000 were taken as prisoners and later drowned. This battle granted Philip an immense prestige, as well the free acquisition of [[Pherae]]. Philip was also ''tagus'' of [[Thessaly]], and he claimed as his own [[Magnesia]], with the important harbour of [[Gulf of Pagasae|Pagasae]]. Philip did not attempt to advance into central Greece because the Athenians, unable to arrive in time to defend Pagasae, had occupied Thermopylae. |
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Hostilities with Athens did not yet take place, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonian party which Philip's gold created in [[Euboea]]. From 352 to [[346 BC]], Philip did not again come south. He was active in completing the subjugation of the [[Balkan]] hill-country to the west and north, and in reducing the Greek cities of the coast as far as the Hebrus ([[Maritza]]). to the chief of these coastal cities, Olynthus, Philip continued to profess friendship until its neighboring cities were in his hands. |
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In [[349 BC]], Philip started the siege of Olynthus, which, apart from its strategic position, housed his relatives Arrhidaeus and Menelaus, pretenders to the Maceodian throne. Olynthus had at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. The latter, however, did nothing to help the city, its expeditions hold back by a revolt in [[Euboia]] (probably paid by Philip's gold). The Macedonian king finally took Olynthus in [[348 BC]] and razed the city to the ground. The same fate was inflicted to other cities of the Chalcidian peninsula. |
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In 346 BC, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and the Phocians, but his wars with Athens continued intermittently. |
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Macedon and the regions adjoining it having now been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his [[Olympic games]] at [[Dion, Greece|Dium]]. In [[347 BC]], Philip advanced to the conquest of the eastern districts about the Hebrus, and compelled the submission of the [[Odrysian kingdom|Thracian]] prince [[Cersobleptes]]. Meanwhile, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip, in [[346 BC]], again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly. With key Greek city-states in submission, Philip turned to [[Sparta]]; he sent them a message, "You are advised to submit without further delay, for if I bring my army into your land, I will destroy your farms, slay your people, and raze your city." Their reply was "If." Philip and Alexander would both leave them alone. Later, the Macedonian arms were carried across Epirus to the [[Adriatic Sea]]. In [[342 BC]], Philip led a great military expedition north against the [[Scythians]], conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, ''Philippoupolis'' (modern [[Plovdiv]]). |
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In [[340 BC]], Philip started the siege of [[Perinthus]]. Philip began another siege in [[339 BC]] of the city of [[Byzantium]]. After unsuccessful sieges of both cities, Philip's influence all over Greece was compromised. |
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However, Philip successfully reasserted his authority in the Aegean by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] in [[338 BC]]. He erected a memorial of a marble lion to the [[Sacred Band of Thebes]] for their bravery that still stands today. Philip created and led the [[League of Corinth]] in [[337 BC]]. Members of the League agreed never to wage war against each other, unless it was to suppress [[revolution]]. Philip was elected as leader (''[[hegemon]]'') of the army of invasion against the [[Persian Empire]]. In [[336 BC]], when the invasion of Persia was in its very early stage, Philip was assassinated, and was succeeded on the throne of Macedon by his son [[Alexander The Great|Alexander III]]. |
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==Assassination== |
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[[Image:PhilipII-of-macedon-plovdiv-imagesfrombulgaria.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Statue of Philip II in [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]].]] |
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The murder happened in October of 336 BC, at [[Vergina|Aegae]], the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon. The court had gathered there for the celebration of the marriage between [[Alexander of Epirus]] and Philip's daughter [[Cleopatra of Macedonia|Cleopatra]]. While the king was entering unprotected into the town's theatre (highlighting his approachability to the Greek diplomats present), he was killed by [[Pausanias of Orestis]], one of Philip's seven bodyguards. The assassin immediately tried to escape and reach his associates who were waiting for him with horses at the entrance of Aegae. He was pursued by three of Philip's bodyguards and died by their hands. |
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The reasons for Pausanias' assassination of Phillip are difficult to fully expound, since there was controversy already among ancient historians. The only contemporary account in our possession is that of [[Aristotle]], who states rather tersely that Philip was killed because Pausanias had been offended by the followers of [[Attalus (general)|Attalus]], the king's father-in-law. |
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Fifty years later, the historian [[Cleitarchus]] expanded and embellished the story. Centuries later, this version was to be narrated by [[Diodorus Siculus]] and all the historians who used Cleitarchus. In the sixteenth book of Diodorus' history, Pausanias had been a lover of Philip, but became jealous when Philip turned his attention to a younger man, also called Pausanias. His taunting of the new lover caused the youth to throw away his life, which turned his friend, Attalus, against Pausanias. Attalus took his revenge by inviting Pausanias to dinner, getting him drunk, then subjecting him to sexual assault. |
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When Pausanias complained to Philip the king felt unable to chastise Attalus, as he was about to send him to Asia with Parmenion, to establish a bridgehead for his planned invasion. He had also married Attalus's niece, or daughter, [[Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon|Eurydice]]. Rather than offend Attalus, Phillip attempted to mollify Pausanius by elevating him within the Bodyguard. Pausanias' desire for revenge seems to have turned towards the man who had failed to avenge his damaged honour; so he planned to kill Philip, and some time after the alleged rape, while Attalus was already in Asia fighting the Persians, put his plan in action. Other historians (e.g., [[Junianus Justinus|Justin]] 9.7) suggested that Alexander and/or his mother [[Olympias]] were at least privy to the intrigue, if not themselves instigators. The latter seems to have been anything but discreet in manifesting her gratitude to Pausanias, if we accept [[Junianus Justinus|Justin]]'s report: he tells us that the same night of her return from exile she placed a crown on the assassin's corpse and erected a tumulus to his memory, ordering annual sacrifices to the memory of Pausanias. |
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Many modern historians have observed that all the accounts are improbable. In the case of Pausanias, the stated motive of the crime hardly seems adequate. On the other hand, the implication of Alexander and Olympias seems specious: to act as they did would have required brazen effrontery in the face of a military machine personally loyal to Philip. What appears to be recorded in this are the natural suspicions that fell on the chief beneficiaries of the murder; their actions after the murder, however sympathetic they might appear (if actual), cannot prove their guilt in the deed itself. Further convoluting the case is the possible role of propaganda in the surviving accounts: Attalus was executed in Alexander's consolidation of power after the murder; one might wonder if his enrollment among the conspirators was not for the effect of introducing political expediency in an otherwise messy purge (Attalus had publicly declared his hope that Alexander would not succeed Philip, but rather that a son of his own niece Eurydice, recently married to Philip and brutally murdered by Olympias after Philip's death, would gain the throne of Macedon). |
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[[Image:Philipos B'.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Statue of Philip II in [[Thessaloniki]], capital of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] in [[Greece]].]] |
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==Marriages== |
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The dates of Philip's multiple marriages and the names of some of his wives are contested. Below is the order of marriages offered by Athenaeus, 13.557b-e: |
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* Audata, the daughter of Illyrian King [[Bardyllis]]. Mother of [[Cynane]]. |
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* Phila, the sister of [[Derdas]] and Machatas of [[Elimeae]]. |
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* [[Nicesipolis]] of Pherae, Thessaly, mother of [[Thessalonica of Macedon|Thessalonica]]. |
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* [[Philinna]] of Larissa, mother of Arrhidaeus later called [[Philip III of Macedon]]. |
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* Myrtale or Polyxena of Epirus, mother of Alexander the Great and [[Cleopatra of Macedonia|Cleopatra]]. Philip renamed her [[Olympias]]. |
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* [[Meda of Odessa]], daughter of the king Cothelas, of [[Thrace]]. |
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* Cleopatra, daughter of Hippostratus and niece of general [[Attalus of Macedonia]]. Philip renamed her [[Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon]]. |
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==Archaeological findings== |
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[[Image:Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The entrance to the "Great Tumulus" Museum at [[Vergina]].]] |
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[[Image:Phillip_Museum.jpg|thumb|190px|right|The Golden Larnax, at the Archaeological Museum of [[Thessaloniki]], may contain the remains of King Philip II.]] |
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On [[November 8]], [[1977]], Greek archaeologist [[Manolis Andronikos]] found, among other royal tombs, an unopened tomb at [[Vergina]] in the Greek prefecture of [[Imathia Prefecture|Imathia]]. The finds from this tomb were later included in the traveling exhibit ''The Search for Alexander'' displayed at four cities in the [[United States]] from [[1980]] to [[1982]]. Initially identified as belonging to Philip II, [[Eugene Borza]] and others have suggested that the tomb actually belonged to Philip's son, [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip Arrhidaeus]]. Disputations often relied on contradictions between "the body" or "skeleton" of Philip II and reliable historical accounts of his life (and injuries). |
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==References== |
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*{{1911}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/persons/per01295.htm#0 A family tree focusing on his ancestors] |
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*[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jamesdow/s060/f000137.htm A family tree focusing on his descedants] |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/home.html Plutarch: Life of Alexander] |
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*[http://88.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PH/PHILIP_KINGS_OF_MACEDONIA_.htm 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:Philip (kings of Macedonia)] |
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*[http://www.livius.org/phi-php/philip/philip_ii.htm Philip II of Macedonia] biography by Jona Lendering on [http://livius.org/ Livius: ''Articles in Ancient History''] |
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*[http://pothos.org Pothos.org], [http://pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=53&keyword_id=9&title=Death%20of%20Philip:%20Murder%20or%20Assassination? Death of Philip: Murder or Assassination?] |
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*[http://virtualreligion.net/iho/philip2_mac.html Philip II of Macedon] entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith |
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{{start box}} |
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{{succession box |
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|title = [[King of Macedon]] |
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|before = [[Amyntas IV of Macedon|Amyntas IV]] |
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|after = [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III]] |
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|years = 359–336}} |
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{{end box}} |
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{{MacedonKings}} |
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{{Link FA|de}} |
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{{Link FA|fi}} |
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[[Category:382 BC births]] |
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[[Category:336 BC deaths]] |
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[[Category:Macedonian monarchs]] |
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[[Category:Alexander the Great]] |
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[[Category:Murdered kings]] |
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[[ar:فيليبوس الثاني المقدوني]] |
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[[bs:Filip II Makedonski]] |
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[[bg:Филип II (Македония)]] |
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[[ca:Filip II de Macedònia]] |
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[[cs:Filip II. Makedonský]] |
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[[da:Philip II af Makedonien]] |
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[[de:Philipp II. (Makedonien)]] |
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[[et:Philippos II]] |
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[[el:Φίλιππος Β']] |
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[[es:Filipo II de Macedonia]] |
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[[fa:فیلیپ دوم مقدونی]] |
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[[fr:Philippe II de Macédoine]] |
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[[fy:Filippus II]] |
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[[gl:Filipo II de Macedonia]] |
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[[ko:마케도니아의 필리포스 2세]] |
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[[hr:Filip II. Makedonski]] |
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[[it:Filippo II di Macedonia]] |
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[[he:פיליפוס השני]] |
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[[la:Philippus II (Macedonum rex)]] |
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[[lv:Filips II (Maķedonija)]] |
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[[mk:Филип II Македонски]] |
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[[nl:Philippus II van Macedonië]] |
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[[ja:ピリッポス2世]] |
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[[no:Filip II av Makedonia]] |
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[[pl:Filip II Macedoński]] |
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[[pt:Filipe II da Macedónia]] |
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[[ru:Филипп II Македонский]] |
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[[sk:Filip II. (Macedónia)]] |
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[[sr:Филип II Македонски]] |
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[[sh:Filip II Makedonski]] |
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[[fi:Filippos II]] |
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[[sv:Filip II av Makedonien]] |
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[[tr:II. Filip]] |
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[[zh:腓力二世 (马其顿)]] |
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