Politics of Georgia (country) and Tsinghua University: Difference between pages

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Tsinghua University (Pinyin: Qinghua Daxue; Traditional: 清華大學; Simplified: 清华大学; Wade-Giles Ch'ing Hua Ta Hsueh) is one of the most prestigious universities in China.

History

Tsinghua University was established in Beijing in 1911 on the site of a former royal garden, and was funded by an idemnity which China paid the United States after the Boxer Rebellion. It was at first a preparatory school for those who were sent by the government to study in the United States. In 1925, a four-year university section was established.

When the war broke between China and Japan in 1937, Qinghua University with other two universities (Beijing University and Nankai University) merged to form the Southwest Associated University in Kunming. After the war, Tsinghua moved back to Beijing and resumed its operation.

After the Chinese Civil War, Tsinghua University was divided into Tsinghua University in Beijing and National Tsing Hua University (Hsinchu, Taiwan). Both claim to be the successor of the original Tsinghua University, an issue that was significant in the awarding of the Boxer Rebellion indemity which was ultimately given to the school in Taiwan.

In 1952, Tsinghua University was readjusted and became a multidisciplinary polytechnic university with an emphasis on training engineers.

Present

As of the end of 2000, Tsinghua University had eight colleges and 43 departments, 44 research institutes, nine engineering research centers, and 163 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories. The university offers 37 bachelor's degree programs, 107 master's degree programs and 64 Ph.D. programs.

In 2001, Tsinghua University was ranked as the best university in China (simultaneously with Beijing University).

Famous alumni:

External links

Official website (English version)

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+[[zh:&#28165;&#21326;&#22823;&#23398;]]
-[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] has been a democratic republic since the presidential elections and constitutional referendum of October 1995. The President is elected for a term of 5 years; his constitutional successor is the Chairman of the Parliament.
+'''Tsinghua University''' ([[Pinyin]]: '''Qinghua Daxue'''; [[Traditional Chinese|Traditional]]: &#28165;&#33775;&#22823;&#23416;; [[Simplified Chinese|Simplified]]: &#28165;&#21326;&#22823;&#23398;; [[Wade-Giles]] '''Ch'ing Hua Ta Hsueh''') is one of the most prestigious universities in [[China]].
-The Georgian state is highly centralized, except for the autonomous regions of [[Abkhazia]] and [[Ajaria]], which are to be given special autonomous status once Georgia's territorial integrity is restored. Those regions were subjects of special autonomies during Soviet rule and the legacy of that influence remains. In most locations local elections took place on [[November 15]], 1998, marking the first elections under the 1995 constitution. Candidates from 11 political parties and two political blocks presented candidates.
+==History==
-'''Political conditions'''<br>
-Since surviving assassination attempts in August 1995 and February 1998 by reactionary forces opposed to reform, President Shevardnadze has consolidated his leadership and moved ahead with an ambitious and courageous reform agenda. Elections on November 5, 1995, described as the freest and fairest in the Caucasus or Central Asia, gave him the presidency and resulted in a progressive parliament led by sophisticated reformers.
+Tsinghua University was established in [[Beijing]] in [[1911]] on the site of a former royal garden, and was funded by an idemnity which China paid the United States after the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. It was at first a preparatory school for those who were sent by the government to study in the [[United States]]. In [[1925]], a four-year university section was established.
-The Abkhaz separatist dispute absorbs much of the government's attention. While a cease-fire is in effect, more than 230,000 [[internally displaced person]]s (IDPs) who were driven from their homes during the conflict constitute a vocal lobby. The government has offered the region considerable autonomy in order to encourage a settlement that would allow the IDPs, the majority of whom are ethnic Georgians from the Gali region, to return home, but the Abkhaz insist on virtual independence.
+When the war broke between China and [[Japan]] in [[1937]], Qinghua University with other two universities ([[Beijing University]] and [[Nankai University]]) merged to form the [[Southwest Associated University]] in [[Kunming]]. After the war, Tsinghua moved back to Beijing and resumed its operation.
-Currently, Russian peacekeepers, under the authority of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], are stationed in Abkhazia, along with [[UN observer]]s, but both groups have recently had to restrict their activities due to increased mining and guerrilla activity. Negotiations have not resulted in movement toward a settlement. Working with [[France]], [[U.K.]], [[Germany]], and [[Russia]] and through the [[United Nations]] and the [[OSCE]], the U.S. continues to encourage a comprehensive settlement consistent with Georgian independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. The UN observer force and other organizations are quietly encouraging grassroots cooperative and confidence-building measures in the region.
+After the [[Chinese Civil War]], Tsinghua University was divided into '''Tsinghua University''' in Beijing and [[National Tsing Hua University]] ([[Hsinchu]], [[Taiwan]]).  Both claim to be the successor of the original Tsinghua University, an issue that was significant in the awarding of the Boxer Rebellion indemity which was ultimately given to the school in Taiwan.
-The parliament has instituted wideranging political reforms supportive of higher [[human rights]] standards, but problems persist, largely as a result of the unwillingness of certain law enforcement and criminal justice officials to support constitutionally mandated changes. Mistreatment of detainees is a significant and continuing problem, as is corruption within certain state agencies and monopolies. In 1998, increased citizen awareness of civil rights and democratic values has provided an increasingly effective check on the excesses of law enforcement agencies.
+In [[1952]], Tsinghua University was readjusted and became a multidisciplinary polytechnic university with an emphasis on training engineers.
-'''Political Parties'''<br>
-There are 11 main political parties and two political blocks in Georgia. Of these, four are pro-government and seven are opposition parties. The [[Citizens Union of Georgia]] (CUG), a pro-government party formed in late 1993, is dominated by young reformers but also includes Soviet bureaucrats connected to Shevardnadze from his days as leader of Soviet Georgia. The CUG's name recognition, financial support, and organization give it a distinct advantage over the other political parties.
+==Present==
-The National Democratic Party represents the opposition in parliament. The party was formed in 1981 and has strong name recognition throughout most of the country. The Union of Democratic Revival is a vehicle in Tbilisi for political representation of the Ajarian region. The Abkhaz faction remains vocal and influential in pushing for resolution for the Abkhaz conflict.
+As of the end of [[2000]], Tsinghua University had eight colleges and 43 departments, 44 research institutes, nine engineering research centers, and 163 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories. The university offers 37 bachelor's degree programs, 107 master's degree programs and 64 Ph.D. programs.
-== Government ==
-<b>Country name:</b>
-<br><i>conventional long form:</i>
-none
-<br><i>conventional short form:</i>
-[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
-<br><i>local long form:</i>
-none
-<br><i>local short form:</i>
-Sak'art'velo
-<br><i>former:</i>
-Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
-<p><b>Data code:</b>
-GG
-<p><b>Government type:</b>
-republic
+In [[2001]], Tsinghua University was ranked as the best university in China (simultaneously with Beijing University).
-<p><b>Capital:</b>
-[[Tbilisi|T'bilisi]]
+Famous alumni:
-<p><b>Administrative divisions:</b>
+*[[Qian Zhongshu]] - writer
-rayons (raionebi, singular - raioni), 9 cities* (k'alak'ebi, singular - k'alak'i), and 2 autonomous republics** (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); [[Abashis]], [[Abkhazia]] or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika** ([[Sokhumi]]), [[Adigenis]], [[Ajaria]]** ([[Batumi]]), [[Akhalgoris]], [[khalk'alak'is]], [[Akhalts'ikhis]], [[Akhmetis]], [[Ambrolauris]], [[Aspindzis]], [[Baghdat'is]], [[Bolnisis]], [[Borjomis]], [[Chiatura]]*, [[Ch'khorotsqus]], [[Ch'okhatauris]], [[Dedop'listsqaros]], [[Dmanisis]], [[Dushet'is]], [[Gardabanis]], [[Gori]]*, [[Goris]], [[Gurjaanis]], [[Javis]], [[K'arelis]], [[Kaspis]], [[Kharagaulis]], [[Khashuris]], [[Khobis]], [[Khonis]], [[Kutaisi]]*, [[Lagodekhis]], [[Lanch'khut'is]], [[Lentekhis]], [[Marneulis]], [[Martvilis]], [[Mestiis]], [[Mts'khet'is]], [[Ninotsmindis]], [[Onis]], [[Ozurget'is]], [[P'ot'i]]*, [[Qazbegis]], [[Qvarlis]], [[Rust'avi]]*, [[Sach'kheris]], [[Sagarejos]], [[Samtrediis]], [[Senakis]], [[Sighnaghis]], [[T'bilisi]]*, [[T'elavis]], [[T'erjolis]], [[T'et'ritsqaros]], [[T'ianet'is]], [[Tqibuli]]*, [[Ts'ageris]], [[Tsalenjikhis]], [[Tsalkis]], [[Tsqaltubo]]*, [[Vanis]], [[Zestap'onis]], [[Zugdidi]]*, [[Zugdidis]]
+*[[Zhu Rongji]] - [[Premier of of the People's Republic of China]]
-<br><i>note:</i>
+*[[Hu Jintao]] - [[President of the People's Republic of China]]
-administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
+== External links ==
-<p><b>Independence:</b>
+* [http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng/index.htm Official website] (English version)
-[[April 9|9 April]] [[1991]] (from [[Soviet Union]])
-<p><b>National holiday:</b>
-Independence Day, [[May 26|26 May]] ([[1991]])
-<p><b>Constitution:</b>
-adopted [[October 17|17 October]] [[1995]]
-<p><b>Legal system:</b>
-based on civil law system
-<p><b>Suffrage:</b>
-years of age; universal
-<p><b>Executive branch:</b>
-<br><i>chief of state:</i>
-President [[Eduard Shevardnadze|Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze]] (previously elected chairman of the Government Council [[March 10|10 March]] [[1992]], Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman of Parliament [[October 11|11 October]] [[1992]]; president since [[November 26|26 November]] [[1995]]); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
-<br><i>head of government:</i>
-President Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (previously elected chairman of the Government Council [[March 10]], [[1992]], Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman of Parliament [[October 11]], [[1992]]; president since [[November 26]], [[1995]]); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
-<br><i>cabinet:</i>
-Cabinet of Ministers
-<br><i>elections:</i>
-president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held [[November 5|5 November]] 1995 (next to be held [[April 9]], [[2000]])
-<br><i>election results:</i>
-Eduard Shevardnadze elected president; percent of vote - Eduard Shevardnadze 74%
-<p><b>Legislative branch:</b>
-unicameral Supreme Council (commonly referred to as Parliament) or Umaghiesi Sabcho (235 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
-<br><i>elections:</i>
-last held [[Octoeber 31|31 October]] [[1999]] (next to be held NA [[2003]])
-<br><i>election results:</i>
-percent of vote by party - CUG 41.85%, AGUR 25.65%, IWSG 7.8%, all other parties received less than 7% each; seats by party - CUG 130, AGUR 59, IWSG 15, [[Abkhaz]] deputies 12, independents 14, other 5
-<p><b>Judicial branch:</b>
-Supreme Court, judges elected by the Supreme Council on the president's recommendation; Constitutional Court
-<p><b>Political parties and leaders:</b>
-[[Citizen's Union of Georgia]] or CUG [Eduard Shevardnadze]; [[Georgian United Communist Party]] or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE, chairman]; [[Greens Party]] [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; [[Industry Will Save Georgia]] or IWSG [Georgi Topadze]; Labor Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; [[National Democratic Party]] or NDP [Irina SARISHVILI-CHANTURIA]; [[National Independent Party]] or NIP [Irakli TSERETELI, chairman]; [[People's Party]] [Mamuka GIORGADZE]; [[Socialist Party, Georgia|Socialist Party]] or SPG [Vakhtang RCHEULISHVILI]; [[Union for "Revival" Party]] or AGUR [Alsan ABASHIDZE]; [[Union of Traditionalist]]s or UGT [Akaki ASATIANI]; [[United Republican Party]] or URP [Nodar NATADZE, chairman]
-<p><b>Political pressure groups and leaders:</b>
-Georgian refugees from [[Abkhazia]] (Abkhaz faction in Georgian Parliament); separatist elements in the breakaway region of Abkhazia; supporters of the late ousted President [[Zviad Gamsakhurdya|Zviad GAMSAKHURDYA]] remain a source of opposition
-<p><b>International organization participation:</b>
-[[BSEC]], [[Customs Cooperation Council|CCC]], [[Council of Europe]] (guest), [[CIS]], [[EAPC]], [[EBRD]], [[ECE]], [[FAO]], [[IAEA]], [[IBRD]], [[ICAO]], [[IDA]], [[IFAD]], [[IFC]], [[IFRCS]], [[ILO]], [[IMF]], [[International Maritime Organization]], [[Inmarsat]], [[Interpol]], [[IOC]], [[IOM]] (observer), [[ISO]] (correspondent), [[ITU]], [[OPCW]], [[OSCE]], [[PFP]], [[UN]], [[UNCTAD]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNIDO]], [[UPU]], [[WHO]], [[WIPO]], [[WMO]], [[WToO]], [[WTrO]] (applicant)
-<p>
-<p><b>Flag description:</b>
-maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below
-:''See also :'' [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]