Jump to content

Bachelor's degree and Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport: Difference between pages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
 
N380RM (talk | contribs)
36 edits
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Airport frame}}
{{missing citations|date=October 2007}}
{{Airport title
{{citations|date=October 2007}}
|name=Rio de Janeiro/Galeão<br>Antônio Carlos Jobim<br>International Airport
{{examplefarm}}
|nativename=Aeroporto Internacional do<br>Rio de Janeiro/Galeão<br>Antônio Carlos Jobim}}
{{tooshort}}
{{Airport image|airport_image=SBGL01.jpg|}}
{{Airport infobox|
IATA=GIG|
ICAO=SBGL|
type=Public/Military|
run by=[[Infraero]]|
closest town=Rio de Janeiro|
elevation_ft=28|
elevation_m=9|
coordinates={{coor dms|22|48|32|S|43|14|37|W|type:airport}}
}}
{{Runway title}}
{{Runway|
runway_angle=10/28|
runway_length_f=13,123|
runway_length_m=4,000|
runway_surface=[[Concrete]]|
}}
{{Runway|
runway_angle=15/33|
runway_length_f=10,433|
runway_length_m=3,180|
runway_surface=[[Asphalt]]|
}}
{{Airport end frame}}


'''Rio de Janeiro/Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport''' {{Airport codes|GIG|SBGL}} better known as '''Galeão International Airport''' is [[Rio de Janeiro]]'s major international [[airport]]. The second name of the airport is in honor of [[Brazil|Brazilian]] musician [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]].
A '''bachelor's degree''' is usually an [[undergraduate]] [[academic degree]] awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. It may also be the name of a postgraduate degree, such as a [[Bachelor of Civil Law]], the [[Bachelor of Music]], or the [[Bachelor of Philosophy]] (all granted by the [[University of Oxford]]).


Built in 1952 on [[Governador Island]], approximately twenty kilometres from the city center, by 1970 the airport was Brazil's major air-hub. In that year, its administration was assumed by [[Infraero]], an agency recently created by the Brazilian government. In 1977, at which time it was receiving all of Brazil's major international flights, the airport underwent a major renovation. For passengers bound for [[São Paulo]], Brazil's main domestic hub, then served only by the smaller [[Congonhas-São Paulo International Airport]], this meant taking at least one connecting flight &mdash; two connecting flights if their destination was anywhere else in the country.
== Honors degrees and academic distinctions ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Keele University]] -->
[[Image:Riodejaneiro-galeao2.jpg|left|350px]]
Under the [[England|English]], and those influenced by it, such as the [[USA|US American]], [[Canada|Canadian]], [[Ireland|Irish]], [[India]]n, [[Malaysia]]n, [[Malta|Maltese]], [[Sri Lanka]]n, [[Singapore]]an, and [[Hong Kong]], undergraduate degrees are differentiated either as ''pass degrees'' or as ''honours degrees'', the latter denoted by the appearance of "(Hons)" after the degree abbreviation. An honours degree generally requires a higher academic standard than a pass degree, and in [[Malta]], [[Singapore]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Scotland]], [[Sri Lanka]]n, [[South Africa]], and some Canadian universities an extra year of study. In Scotland, there also exist ''Designated Degrees''.
In 1985 the airport lost the title of the country's major international airport to [[São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport]], due to a drop in passengers to/from abroad. Nevertheless, Infraero built a second terminal on the site at a cost of US$600 million, which is capable of handling 7.5 million passengers annually, more than doubling the airport's capacity. Until 2004, passenger numbers had been stable at about 4.5 million per year, but this number has subsequently increased. In 2006, Galeão International Airport handled nearly 9 million passengers.


Galeão was Infraero's second-most idle and money-losing airport (after [[Confins International Airport]]), and was considered by many to be a waste of resources. At the time the new terminal was opened, Guarulhos was overloaded, operating at 102% of capacity, against 24% for Galeão. Infraero was criticized for not investing resources appropriately. However, since late 2004, most flights from the overloaded downtown Rio airport [[Santos Dumont Regional Airport]] were reassigned to Galeão, and it currently uses 57% of its capacity. The 10 million passengers mark is expected to be achieved in 2008.
=== Australia ===


The airport is also a second international hub for [[Varig]].
In some disciplines, Honours degrees are solely based on a high-level of academic achievement. In most disciplines, particularly or within shorter 3-year courses, Honours degrees require an additional year of study where degree candidates must complete an original [[research]] project and submit a [[thesis]], in addition to achieving a high-level of academic performance. Professional degrees such as Law, Engineering, Education, that often have a longer duration require the completion of a shorter research 'project.' Honours is awarded on the basis of the project and continued academic performance across the entire degree, as measured through a weighted-average. Honours degrees are denoted with "(Hons)" following the degree abbreviation, e.g. BSc(Hons).


==General information==
Undergraduate degrees may be awarded in five classes, with different terminology used by different universities:
*two terminals (in an elliptical format, with twelve jetways each) capable of handling 7.5 million passengers annually
* Honours Class I / First Class Honours – the highest level of academic achievement, with some universities awarding a [[University Medal]] to the highest-achieving graduates within this class
*[[2005]] &mdash; 8.6 million passengers
* Honours Class II Division 1 / Second Class Honours Division A
*[[2006]] &mdash; 8.75 million passengers
* Honours Class II Division 2 / Second Class Honours Division B
* Honours Class III / Third Class Honours
* Pass – awarded to all graduates other than those who have completed an Honours degree program


=== England, Wales and Northern Ireland ===
==Airlines and destinations==
*[[Aerolineas Argentinas]] (Buenos Aires-Ezeiza)
The degrees awarded carry a designation related to the broad subject area such as BA, BSc, BEng etc. The majority of Bachelor's degrees are now honours degrees. Prior to the mid 20th century all candidates would take an Ordinary degree, and then be selected to go on for a final year for the Honours degree. Now this may be reduced to two either by direct second year entry (for people who have done [[foundation degree]]s or changed subject or similar) or by doing compressed courses (which are being piloted by several newer universities).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4918652.stm "Two-year Honours Degrees Offered:] The 'fast-track' Degrees Will Be Piloted at Five Universities". ''[[BBC News]]'', [[April 18]], [[2006]], accessed [[October 8]], [[2007]]: "Students in England can do honours degrees in two years, under new 'fast track' plans to save time and money."</ref>. For funding reasons (funding for undergraduate programs is automatic, funding for postgraduate programs is not) it is becoming increasingly common to skip the Bachelor's stage entirely and go straight to [[Masters degree|Masters]] level on a four year (five year if with industrial experience) course (which often shares the first three years with the equivalent Bachelor's course).
*[[Air Europa]] (Madrid)

*[[Air France]] (Paris-Charles de Gaulle)
''Honours degrees'' are of a superior academic standard. However the practice of writing 'Hons' as part of the degree designation is unofficial and is considered by many as an affectation. An Honours degree is always awarded in one of four classes depending upon the marks gained in the final assessments and examinations. The top students are awarded a first class degree, the next best, an upper second class degree (usually referred to as a 2:1), the next a lower second class degree (usually referred to as a 2:2), and those with the lowest marks gain a third class degree. An ''Ordinary'' or ''unclassified'' degree (which does not give the graduate the right to add '(Hons)') may be awarded if a student has completed the full honours degree course but hasn't obtained the total required passes sufficient to merit a third-class honours degree. Alternatively a degree may be denied honours if the student has had to retake courses. An ordinary degree usually requires 300 CATS points whereas an honours degree requires 360 CATS points. It is possible to be awarded an ordinary degree with distinction if the average of the 300 CATS points is 70%+.
*[[American Airlines]] (Miami, New York-JFK)

*[[Avianca]] (Bogotá)
For a detailed explanation of the classification system see [[British undergraduate degree classification]].
**[[Avianca]] operated by [[OceanAir]] (Brasília, Fortaleza, Juazeiro do Norte, Petrolina, Salvador, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Recife)

*[[BRA Transportes Aéreos]]
''Ordinary degrees'' are unclassified degrees awarded to all students who have completed the course and obtained sufficient marks to pass the final assessments and examinations. Ordinary degree courses usually have lower entry requirements than Honours degree courses. Although Ordinary degree courses are often considered to be easier than Honours degree courses, this is not always the case, and much depends on the university attended and the subject being studied. Some modern universities offer the opportunity for Ordinary degree students to transfer to an Honours degree course in the same subject if an acceptable standard is reached after the first or second year of study.
*[[British Airways]] (London-Heathrow)

*[[Continental Airlines]] (Houston-Intercontinental)
===Scotland===
*[[Copa Airlines]] (Panama City)

*[[Delta Air Lines]] (Atlanta)
At the five [[Ancient universities of Scotland|Scottish Ancients]] (St Andrews, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee), undergraduate degrees are differentiated as either ''Designated Degrees'' or ''Honours Degrees''.
*[[Gol Transportes Aéreos|Gol]] (Aracaju, Asunción, Belém, Belo Horizonte-Confins, Belo Horizonte-Pampulha, Belém, Boa Vista, Brasília, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Campina Grande, Campo Grande, Caxias do Sul, Chapecó, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Córdoba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Goiânia, Ilhéus, Imperatriz, Joinville, João Pessoa, Juazeiro do Norte, Lima, Londrina, Macapá, Maceió, Manaus, Marabá, Maringá, Montevideo, Natal, Navegantes, Palmas, Panama City, Petrolina, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Porto Velho, Recife, Riberião Preto, Rio Branco, Rosario, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Salvador, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santarém, Santiago, São José do Rio Preto, São Luís, Teresina, Uberlândia, Vitória)

*[[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]] (Madrid)
An Honours degree (( Master of Arts MA (Hons) for arts/social sciences or BSc (Hons) for sciences)) is awarded for students who have completed four years at university - two years at ''sub-honours'' level, studying a variety of different subjects, and two years at ''honours'' level studying one subject in depth, usually including a dissertation in the final year. Honours degrees are further subdivided in classes. These are first class, upper second class (2:1) and lower second class (2:2).
*[[LAN Airlines]] (Santiago de Chile)

**[[LANExpress]] (Santiago de Chile)
A ''designated degree'' (MA or BSc) is awarded to students who have completed three years at university studying a variety of related subjects. The first two years of both a ''Designated Degree'' and an ''Honours Degree'' are identical, but candidates for the ''Designated Degree'' study in less depth in their final year, and often over a wider variety of subjects. Candidates for the ''Designated Degree'' do not usually complete a dissertation. A Scottish ''Designated Degree'' is different from an English ''Pass Degree'' even though both are denoted ''BSc'' Bachelor of Science.
*[[Livingston]] (Milan-Malpensa, Porto Seguro)

*[[Mexicana]] (Mexico City) (Starts March 19,2008)
===United States===
*[[PLUNA]] (Madrid, Montevideo)
Almost all [[United States|U.S.]] universities and colleges award bachelor's degrees with honors -- usually "cum laude" (with honor/praise), "magna cum laude" (with great honor/praise), the occasionally seen "maxima cum laude" (with maximal honor/praise), and "summa cum laude" (with highest honor/praise) -- degrees without honors are awarded "rite."{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Requirements for such notations of honors generally include minimum [[Grade Point Average]]s (GPA), with the highest average required for the "summa" distinction. In the case of a few schools, a senior [[thesis]] for degrees in the [[humanities]], and [[laboratory]] [[research]] for "[[hard science]]" degrees is also required. A notable exception is the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], which does not have a dean's list, cum laude recognition, or undergraduate honors subjects. Some schools require students to pass comprehensive exams in order to receive a bachelor's degree.
*[[TAM Linhas Aéreas]] (Belém, Belo Horizonte-Confins, Brasília, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Campinas, Curitiba, Florianopolis, Foz do Iguaçu, Londrina, Campo Grande, Fortaleza, João Pessoa, Maceió, Manaus, Milan-Malpensa, Natal, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Recife, Salvador, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Vitoria)

*[[TAM Mercosur]] (Asunción, Buenos Aires)
A special class of baccalaureate degrees is awarded to students who complete all the requirements of a General Honors Program to which the designation "with Honors" is reserved and added to the degree. If the student has completed the requirements for an "Honors" degree only in a particular discpline (e.g., English language and literature), the degree is designated accordingly (e.g., B.A. with Honors in English). The requirements for either degree usually requires completion of particular Honors seminars and a written Honors thesis in the major subject.
*[[TAAG Angola Airlines]] (Luanda)

*[[TAP Portugal]] (Lisbon, Porto)
Bachelors' degrees typically require four years of full-time study, although some programs (such as Engineering) usually take five, and some universities and colleges allow ambitious students to complete them in less time. Some U.S. colleges and universities have a separate academic track known as an "honors" or "scholars" program, generally meant for the top students (based on GPA) of the school and offering more challenging courses or more individually-directed seminars or research projects in lieu of the standard [[core curriculum]]. The students are awarded the same bachelor's degree as students in the regular course, but with the notation "[[in cursu honorum]]." Usually, the above "laude" honors are separate from the notation for this honors course, but a student in the honors course generally must maintain grades at least worthy of the "cum laude" notation anyway.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Hence, a student from such a school might receive a diploma ''Artium Baccalaureatum rite'' or ''Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude'' in the regular course, or ''Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in cursu honorum'', for instance.
*[[United Airlines]] (Washington-Dulles)

*[[Varig]] (Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Frankfurt, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Vitória, Recife)
As of 2003, one in four U.S. adults (25 percent) had attained at least a bachelor’s degree, the highest percentage ever.<ref name=USCB>[[United States Census Bureau]], {{PDFlink|[http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf "Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003" (P20–550)]|86.8&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 88885 bytes -->}}, accessed [[September 1]], [[2006]].</ref>
*[[WebJet Linhas Aéreas]] (Brasília, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Salvador, Belo Horizonte-Confins, Belo Horizonte-Pampulha)

==English-speaking world==
===BA, AB, BS, BSc, SB, ScB===
Today, the most common undergraduate degrees given are the ''[[Bachelor of Arts]]'' (''Artium Baccalaureus'') (BA, AB) and the ''[[Bachelor of Science]]'' (''Scientiæ Baccalaureus'') (BS, BSc, SB, ScB). Originally, in the universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[Trinity College Dublin]] all undergraduate degrees were in the Faculty of Arts, hence the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Since the late [[19th century]], most universities in the English-speaking world have followed the practice of the [[University of London]] in dividing undergraduate degree subjects into the two broad categories of [[arts]] and [[sciences]], awarding the degree of Bachelor of Science to students of the latter category of subjects.

In the United States, many colleges (particularly what are known as "liberal arts colleges") and universities award the BA for all "academic" subjects (whether [[English studies|English]] or [[Chemistry]]) &mdash; often these colleges and colleges within universities only offer academic (rather than pre-professional) courses. Schools that have professional training ("Police Science", "Finance", "Nursing", and so on) often reserve the BS degree for these subjects. Some schools award the BA for humanities academic courses and the BS for courses in the natural sciences; in some cases a student may choose between a BA course of study and a BS course of study in the same subject at the same college (for example, at the [[University of Chicago]]). At least two American schools ([[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]) and the four service academies ([[United States Military Academy]], [[United States Naval Academy]], [[United States Air Force Academy]] and [[United States Coast Guard Academy]]) award the BS for all subjects, including, e.g., Literature.

===BS, BA Econ===
The Bachelor of Economics is a degree awarded to students who have completed a course of study in the field of economics. Courses typically last three years, but may last as long as six.

===BAI, BEng, BE, BESc, BASc, BSc(Eng)===
The ''[[Bachelor of Engineering]]'' (''Baccalaureus in Arte Ingeniaria'') degree or the ''[[Bachelor of Applied Science]]''[http://ece.uwaterloo.ca] degree is a professional degree awarded to students who have completed the three or four year course of study in [[engineering]]. There are more specific variants for many subfields, such as the BSEE degree (''Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering''). The [[BAI]] is awarded by the [[University of Dublin]] ([[Trinity College Dublin]]).

===BArch===
The ''[[Bachelor of Architecture]]'' is a professional degree awarded to students who complete the five year course of study in the field.

===BAvn===
The ''[[Bachelor of Aviation]]'' is awarded to students who complete a four year course of study in the field.

===BBA===
The [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] is awarded to students who complete the three to four years course of study in business administration, usually majoring in a specific field of business administration such as [[economics]], [[entrepreneurship]], [[finance]], [[marketing]], [[management]], etc.

===BD===

The [[Bachelor of Divinity]] is awarded for a courses taken in the study of [[divinity (academic discipline)|divinity]] or related disciplines, such as [[theology]] or, rarely, [[religious studies]]. In some universities it is a first degree, in others it is a higher degree. In order to bring clarity, several universities have retitled it to [[Master of Divinity]].

===BDes===
The [[Bachelor of Design]] is awarded to those who complete the four years course of study in the Design, usually majoring in a specific field of Design.

===BFA===
The [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] is a specialised degree awarded for courses of study in fine arts, frequently by an "arts school" or conservatory, although it is equally available at a significant number of traditional colleges and universities.

===BI===
The Bachelor of Innovation™ (BI) is a family of degrees focused on the multi-disciplinary aspects of the innovation process. There are BI majors in Business Administration, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Computer Security as well as Game Design and Development. In addition to the major component, similar to the BS in the associated field, the BI has a common core in innovation, a cross-disciplinary core and a strong experiential component. The degree is offered only by [[University of Colorado at Colorado Springs]].

===BIS ([[Bachelor of Integrated Studies]])===
The Bachelor of Integrated Studies is an interdisciplinary bachelor's degree offered by several universities in the United States and Canada that allows students to design a customized and specific course of study to best suit their educational and professional objectives. Generally, this degree is sponsored by two or more departments within the university. Schools which confer the BIS degree include [[Pittsburg State University]], [[Weber State University]], [[Ferris State University]], and the [[University of New Brunswick]], among others.

===BJ===
The ''[[Bachelor of Journalism]]'' degree is a professional degree awarded to students who have studied journalism at a four-year accredited university. Not all universities, however, grant this degree. In the United States, schools tend to offer the BA or BS with a major in Journalism instead.
Some Universities offer BA instead because of the fact that BJ sounds ridiculous Blow Job

===BKin, BPE, BHK, BHPE, BSc Kin===
The Bachelor of Kinesiology degree is an undergraduate degree in the field of human movement and kinetics. Some schools still offer it under the aegis of a School of Physical Education (BPE or BHPE), although "Kinesiology" or "Human Kinetics" is currently the more popular accepted term for the discipline.

===BL Arch===<!-- This section is linked from [[Texas Tech University College of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources]] -->
The ''[[Bachelor of Landscape Architecture]]'' is awarded to students who complete the five year course of study in the field.

===BLA, ABL, BGS or BSGS===
The ''[[Bachelor of Liberal Arts]]'', ''[[Bachelor of General Studies]]'' or [[Bachelor of Science in General Studies]] is sometimes awarded to students who major in the [[liberal arts]] and interdisciplinary studies..

===BMedSc/BBiomedSc===
The title BMedSc is granted to students who have qualified in the field of [[Biomedical Science]] and [[Medical Science]]. Such universities that offer this course are the [[University of Birmingham]] in [[UK]] and [[UNSW]], the [[University of Sydney]], [[Flinders University]], [[Monash University]] and the [[University of Melbourne]] in [[Australia]].

===BM or BMus===
The [[Bachelor of Music]] degree is an undergraduate degree in [[music]] at most conservatories in the U.S.

===BNSc===
The Bachelor of Nursing Science (either BNSc or BScN) is a four year undergraduate degree that prepares students for a career in Nursing, subject to completion of exams in their area of residence to gain "registered nurse" status. Sometimes referred to as BSN - Bachelor of Science in Nursing

=== BPharm ===
The ''[[Bachelor of Pharmacy]]'' was the principal [[academic degree]] for the practice of [[pharmacy]] in the United states, however, most colleges of pharmacy have phased out the degree in favor of the [[PharmD]] also known as the ''[[Doctor of Pharmacy]]'' degree.

===BPhil===
The ''[[Bachelor of Philosophy]]'' degree is either an undergraduate or graduate degree; generally, it entails independent research, or a thesis/capstone project.

===BS in Ed===
The ''Bachelor of Science in Education'' is a four-year undergraduate degree offered by many US colleges and universities for those preparing to be licensed as [[education|teachers]]. Variants include the BEd, BA Ed, BAT (''Bachelor of Arts for Teaching''), and BST. Preparatory to the MS in Ed, this degree is most often taken by those interested in early childhood, elementary level, and special education, or by those planning to be school administrators. Secondary level teachers -- for high school students -- often major in their subject area, as History or Chemistry or Mathematics, instead, with a minor in education.

===BSc Ed===
The Bachelor of Science and/with Education is a degree awarded to students who complete the four to five year course of study in the field of science (major and minor in biology, chemistry, physics, math) and Education, it is the combination of degree in science and education course(sometimes refer to double degree programs BSc + BEd = BSc Ed). Although notionally BSc and BEd are two degrees, they must be taken together. Very few universities in the world that offer this course cause this course need collaboration of Faculty/School of Science and Faculty of Education. It’s to make sure that the teacher not only can work in education institution but also industrial area that related to science. In Malaysia, it is one of the toughest admittance degree for the students get into it. Students not only need a distinction result but also need to go through psychology test, tough interview and demo of teaching. Students who already get these courses will be given a full scholarship by Minister of Education. Upon graduation, the students will straight away get offer job by government and private institution due to deep understanding of specific science and professional teaching training. Graduates also can work in other based science related industries. Bachelor of Science ''and'' Education is totally different from Bachelor of Science ''in'' Education.
{{see|Bachelor of Science in Education}}

=== BSPH ===
The ''[[Bachelor of Science in Public Health]]'' is a four year undegraduate degree that prepares students for careers in the public, private, or non-profit sector in areas such as public health, environmental health, health administration, epidemiology, or health policy and planning.

===BSL===
The ''[[Bachelor of Science in Law]]'' is a special-purpose degree that allows someone who has some prior studies but not achieved a bachelor's degree, resume their education and pursue the study of law towards an eventual [[Juris Doctor]] degree.

===LLB===
The ''[[Bachelor of Laws]]'' is the principal [[academic degree]] in law in most [[common law]] countries other than the United States, where it has been replaced by the [[Juris Doctor]] degree.

=== Other ===
There are many other specialised Bachelor's degrees offered. Some are in very specialised areas, like the five-year BID or BSID degree in [[industrial design]]. Others are offered only at a limited number of universities, such as [[Stanford University]]'s BAS (''Bachelor of Arts and Sciences'') degree for students completing two Arts and Sciences majors, one of which would ordinarily lead to the BA while the other would ordinarily lead to the BS, but who are receiving only one degree. At many institutions one can only complete a two-degree program if the bachelors degrees to be earned are of different types; e.g., one could earn a BA in [[philosophy]] and a BS ChE in [[chemical engineering]] simultaneously, but a person studying philosophy and English would receive only a single BA with the two majors. Rules on this vary considerably, however. The [[Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]] has awarded Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service (BSFS) since its inception in 1919.

== Asia Pacific ==
The education systems in Asian countries are largely patterned after the western models.

=== India ===
In India, arts, commerce and science colleges provide three year bachelor's degrees (BA, BSc, BBA, BCom, etc.). Generally these programs are of three years duration and begin after secondary school year 12. After successful completion of these programs, a Bachelor's degree is awarded by the respective university to which the college is affiliated.

Engineering and medical colleges provide 4 to 5 years degree programs for bachelor's degree ([[Bachelor of Engineering In India|BE]], BArch, [[Bachelor of Engineering In India|BTech]], MBBS) that also begin after secondary school year 12. The Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) degree program is of 5 years duration.

Eligibility :
50% 12th (science) / You can go for degree after diploma engineering(direct 2nd year intake)

===Pakistan===
In [[Pakistan]], Universities and Colleges award three and four years degree in Science (B.S, B.Sc, BCS, BBA,BBIT ,B.COM etc.)and two to fours years degree in Arts (B.A, B.Com, etc.). Engineering Universities provided 4 years degree program for bachelor’s. Medical colleges have 5 year degree programme. In law education there is 3 years LLB degree after 2 years of BA, so total 5 years study. All of these programs begin after higher secondary school year 12 (12 year education).

===Philippines===
In the Philippines, where the term "course" is commonly used to refer to a bachelor's degree, several undergraduate categories exist - the two most common degrees awarded being Bachelor of Science (BS) and Bachelor of Arts (AB or BA). Specializations ("majors") in economics, business administration, radiologic technology, nursing, architecture and engineering fall under Science in most colleges and universities. The latter two specializations require five years of schooling, in contrast to the standard of four years. Other common degrees are Bachelor in Education (BEd), and Bachelor of Laws (LLB, a graduate degree). Being patterned after the United States, all universities and colleges offer graduation with honors - cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude.

===Japan===
Institutes of higher learning in Japan provide four years of college education leading to a bachelor's degree which is referred to as "''gakushi''", e.g., Gakushi in Economics. Some institutes offer six-year programs leading to a professional degree.

===Malaysia===
Institutes of higher learning in Malaysia provides a three & four years of education leading to a B.Sc Hons Degree. There are also twinning programme with Australian and UK universities.

==Europe==
Bachelor's degrees exist in almost every country in Europe. However, these degrees were only recently introduced in some [[Continental Europe]]an countries, where Bachelor's degrees were unknown before the [[Bologna process]].
===France===
The bachelor's degree, called ''[[Baccalauréat]]'', is the first academical degree. It allows the student to matriculate at the university. The ''baccalauréat'' is prepared at the lycée, and can be considered a secondary education terminal degree.
===Germany===
Bachelor's degrees, called ''Bakkalaureus'', originally existed in Germany, but were abolished up until [[1820]] as part of educational reforms at this time. The [[Magister]] degree, originally a graduate degree, became the new first degree after five years of study. In [[1899]] a second first degree, the [[Diplom]], was introduced when the ''[[Technische Hochschule]]n'' received university status.
However, in [[1998]] a new educational legislation reintroduced the Bachelor's degree (first degree after 3 to 4 years of study) in Germany. Today these degrees can be called either ''Bakkalaureus'' or ''Bachelor'' (in accordance with federal law) but the English term is more common. The traditional degrees will be abolished by 2010.

===Austria===
The historical situation in Austria is very similar to the situation in Germany. The traditional first degrees are also the ''Magister'' and the ''Diplom''. A new educational legislation in [[2002]] reintroduced the Bachelors degree also in Austria, but these degrees are generally called ''Bakkalaureus.''

===Switzerland===
Similarly to Austria and Germany, Switzerland does not have a tradition of Bachelor degrees. The traditional first degrees were the [[Licentiate]] and the ''Diplom''. Bachelor's and graduate Master's degrees replaced the old degrees in [[2003]].

===Netherlands===
In 2004, the Dutch degree system was changed to abide to international standards. Former degrees such as the ''baccalaureus'' (bc. for Bachelor), ''doctorandus'' (prefix abbreviated to drs.; it corresponds to MA or MSc), ''ingenieur'' (ing. for those having graduated from an [[university of applied science]] and ir. for those having graduated from university), ''meester in de rechten'' (mr.; it corresponds to LL.M.) and ''doctor'' (dr.; it corresponds to Ph.D) are still granted along with their international equivalents.

Bachelor's degrees are granted by both accredited colleges and universities. For colleges after four years of education a bachelor's degree is obtained (e.g. B.Com., B.Eng. but no B.A. or B.Sc.). For universities after three years of education a degree is granted (B.A., B.Sc. and LL.B.)

Whether a bachelor's degree is granted by a college or university makes a lot of difference. B.A.'s from a university grant 'immediate' entry into a master's programme (and are usually considered a formality to allow students entering foreign universities master's programmes), bachelor degrees from a college require an extra 'bridge year' (often called a 'pre-master' year) to be allowed into a master's programme, since university bachelors are already tutored in research fields, whereas college bachelors are not. Granted degrees may be used as suffixes (Jan Jansen B.Sc.). Note: the English prefix 'Mr.' corresponds in Dutch with the official, and protected prefix 'mr.', meaning a 'meester in de rechten', i.e. a Master of Law, or the English equivalent LL.M.

===Denmark===
The Bachelor degree was re-introduced at universities in Denmark in 1993, after the original degree baccalaureus was abandoned in 1775. The bachelor degree is awarded after 3 years of study at a university. Two bachelor degrees are used at university level today:
* ''Bachelor of Science'' (''BSc''), awarded to students with main focus on scientific, medical or technical areas.
* ''Bachelor of Arts'' (''BA''), awarded to students with main focus on humanistic, theological or jurisprudence areas.

The bachelor degree has also been used since the late 1990s in a number of areas like nursing and teaching. Usually referred to as a ''profession-bachelor'' these degrees usually requieres 4 years of study at a college. These bachelor degrees do not grant automatic access to a university master's program, as opposed to the traditional bachelor degrees awarded by universities.

===Italy===<!-- This section is linked from [[Lode (degree)]]. See [[WP:MOS#Section management]] -->
Since the [[Bologna Process]] the old Italian five years [[laurea]] system is no longer in use. The BA level corresponds today to the "Laurea" (its name has been "Laurea Triennale" for a short time after reform), which has a normative time to completion of three years (notice that in Italy students graduate from high school at the age of 19) and grants the access to postgraduate degrees (the equivalent of Master Degree being "Laurea Magistrale", even though its name after reform has been "Laurea Specialistica" for a short time). In order to graduate, students must complete 180 credits and write a thesis. Graduation marks go from 66 to 110 (for some important Universities such as Politechnics the maximum mark awarded is 100). According to each faculty internal ruling a ''lode'' (distinction) may be assigned to candidates with a 110/110 mark for recognition of the excellence of the thesis. BA and MA graduates in Italy are addressed as ''Dottore'' (for a man) or ''Dottoressa'' (for a woman).

==Commonwealth of Independent States==
The [[specialist degree]] ({{lang-ru|специалист}}) was the first academic distinction in the [[Soviet Union]]. In the early 1990s, ''bakalavr'' (Bachelor's) degrees were introduced in all the countries of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], except [[Turkmenistan]]. However, the Specialist Degree continues to be the most frequently awarded degree in [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Ukraine]], and ''bakalavr'' degrees are still relatively rare.

Since late 90's many universities in the former USSR award 'diplom bakalavra' (bachelor's diploma) after the first four years of 'basic higher education', 'diplom spetsialista' (specialist diploma) after the first five years of 'full higher education', and 'diplom magistra' (master's diploma) after six years.

==Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery==

In countries following British tradition, (the [[University of Malta]] is an exception) medical students pursue an undergraduate medical education and receive [[Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery|Bachelors degrees in Medicine and Surgery]] (MB BChir or BM BCh or MB ChB or MB BS).

This was historically taken at Oxford and Cambridge universities after the initial BA degree, and in Oxford and Cambridge the BA is still awarded for the initial three years of medical study, with the BM BCh or MB BChir being awarded for the subsequent clinical stage of training. Some British universities give a bachelor's degree in science, or medical science, mid-way through the medical course, and most allow students to intercalate a year of more specialised study for a Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Medical Science (BMedSci) or Bachelor of Medical Biology (BMedBiol) degree with honours.

Although notionally MB and BChir are two degrees, they must be taken together, and by convention entitle the bearer to use the title of ''[[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]''. In some [[Ireland|Irish]] universities a third degree, Bachelor of the Art of Obstetrics (BAO), is added.

The other non-university qualifications allowing registration as a medical practitioner, most of which are no longer granted in the UK, also conferred the courtesy title of "doctor."

==New bachelor's degrees==

The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are perhaps alone today in awarding the B.A. for all undergraduate degrees. Almost all American universities award B.A. and B.S. degrees, excepting many small liberal arts colleges (e.g. [[Hamilton College]]). However, in many universities over the last hundred years the range of bachelor's degrees has expanded enormously, especially in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[India]] and [[South Africa]].

Some of these new degrees and their abbreviations include:

* A.L.B. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Liberal Arts]]
* B.A.A. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Applied Arts]]
* B.A.A.S &mdash; [[Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences]]
* B.A.E. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Arts and Economics]]
* B.A.S. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Architectural Studies]]
* B.A.Sc. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Applied Science]]
* B.A.Tech. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Applied Technology]]
* B.A.T. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Art & Technology]]
* B.Acy. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Accountancy]]
* B.AgrSc &mdash; [[Bachelor of Agricultural Science]]
* B.App.Fin. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Applied Finance]]
* B.App.Sc. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Applied Science]]
* B.As. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Asian Studies]]
* B.A.Econ. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Economics]]
* BEc &mdash; [[Bachelor of Economics]] common in the Netherlands for applied economic studies and accountancy
* B.Arch. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Architecture]]
* B.B.A. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Business Administration]]
* B.B.E. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Built Environment]]
* B.B.NSc. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Behavioural Neuroscience]]
* B.Bus &mdash; [[Bachelor of Business]]
* B.C.A. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Commerce and Administration]]
* B.Ch. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Surgery]] (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
* B.CIS &mdash; [[Bachelor of Computer Information Systems]]
* B.COT &mdash; [[Bachelor of Computer Operations Technology]]
* B.Comm. or B.Com. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
* B.Comn. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Communication]]
* B.Comp. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Computing]]
* B.C.S. or B.CompSc. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Computer Science]]
* B.C.M.&mdash; [[Bachelor of Computer and Mathematical Sciences]]
* B.Des. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Design]] (Visual design discipline)
* B.Econ.&Fin. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Economics and Finance]]
* B.Econ.Sc &mdash; [[Bachelor of Economic Science]]
* B.Ed. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Education]]
* B.E.S. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Environmental Studies]]
* B.En.D. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Environmental Design]]
* B.Eng. or B.E. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Engineering]]
* B.F.A. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]]
* B.Fin. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Finance]]
* B.G.S. &mdash; [[Bachelor of General Studies]]
* B.H.A. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Humanities and Arts]]
* B.H.M. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Hotel Management]]
* B.H.Sc &mdash; [[Bachelor of Health Sciences]]
* B.InfTech. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Information Technology]]
* B.InfSci. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Information Science]]
* B.IntSt. &mdash; [[Bachelor of International Studies]]
* B.I.T. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Information Technology]]
* B.I.S. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Integrated Studies]]
* B.J. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Journalism]] (see the [[Missouri School of Journalism|University of Missouri School of Journalism]])
* B.Lang. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Languages]]
* B.L.S. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Liberal Studies]]
* B.M. or M.B. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Medicine]] (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
* BMASc. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Military Arts and Sciences]] (used at Royal Military College of Canada)
* BMgmt. &mdash; Bachelor of [[Management]]
* BMS. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Management Studies]], ([[University of Mumbai]],[[India]])
* BMS. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Maritime Studies]]
* BMSc. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Medical Science]]
* B.Math. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Mathematics]] (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
* B.M.E. or B.M.Ed. &mdash; Bachelor of Music Education (usually offered with an [[Instrument]]al or [[Choir|Choral]]/[[Singing|Vocal]] Emphasis)
* B.Mus. or Mus.B. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Music]] (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
* B.M.M.S — [[Bachelor of Multimedia Studies]]
* B.Ost &mdash; [[Bachelor of Osteopathy]]
* B.Optom &mdash; [[Bachelor of Optometry]]
* B.P.A. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Professional Arts]] (Athabasca University, Canada)
* B.P.A.P.M. (Hons); [[Bachelor of Public Affairs and Policy Management]] (used at [[Carleton University]])
* B.P.Ed. or B.P.E. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Physical Education]]
* B.ProdDes; [[Bachelor of Product Design]]
* B.Pharm. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Pharmacy]]
* B.Physio. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Physiotherapy]] ([[University of Newcastle, Australia]])
* B.Psych &mdash; [[Bachelor of Psychology]] (Commonwealth Usage, Particularly Australia)
* B.P.S. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Professional Studies]] (University of Mary Washington, Virginia)
* B.R.E. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Religious Education]]
* B.S. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Surgery]] (Commonwealth usage, usually as part of a MB BS)
* B.S.BME &mdash; [[Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering]]
* B.S.E. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Engineering
* B.SE. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Software Engineering]] (used at [[McGill University]], [[Bahria University]] and the [[University of Waterloo]])
* B.S.S.E. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Systems Engineering
* B.Soc.Sc. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Social Sciences]] (used at the [[University of Ottawa]], [[University of Manchester]])
* B.S.b &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Biology
* B.S.B. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Business
* B.S.C.J. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice]]
* B.S.E.E. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
* B.S.E.E.T. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology
* B.S.F. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Forestry
* B.S.F.E. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Forest Engineering ([[University of New Brunswick]])
* B.S.F.S. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service (used by the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]])
* B.S.M. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Management (used at [[The University of Akron]],and perhaps others)
* B.S.S.E. &mdash; Bachelor of Science in Science Education
* B.S.W. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Social Work]]
* B.Tech. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Technology]]
* B.Theol &mdash; [[Bachelor of Theology]]
* B.T.L. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Talmudic Law]]
* B.Tour. &mdash; [[Bachelor of Tourism]]
* BVisCom &mdash; [[Bachelor of Visual Communication]]

A full list of [[British degree abbreviations]] is also available.

== References ==
<references/>

== See also ==
* [[Academic degree]]
* [[Associate's degree]]
* [[Bologna process]] - European [[harmonisation]].
* [[Degrees of the University of Oxford]]
* [[Doctorate]]
* [[Double degree]]
* [[Engineer's degree]]
* [[Master's degree]]
* [[Validation]]
* [[Undergraduate education]]


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=213 Rio de Janeiro/Galeão - Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport] (official site, in English)
*[http://www.elearners.com/online-degrees/bachelor/ "Accredited Online Bachelor Degree"] – Elearners.com commercial site with featured online bachelor degree programs.
* {{WAD|SBGL}}
*''[http://www.bachelorsdegreeonline.com/ Bachelor Degrees Online]'' – An extensive review of accredited schools offering a Bachelors degree online.
*[http://www.direct.gov.uk/EducationAndLearning/QualificationsExplained/QualificationsExplainedArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=10039021&chk=BqbNyl "Education and Learning: Bachelors Degrees: Qualifications Explained"] – ''direct.gov.uk'' Government site in the [[United Kingdom]] listing qualifications for Bachelors degrees in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].
*[http://education-portal.com/article_directory/Glossary_of_Bachelor%27s_Degree_Programs.html "Glossary of Bachelor's Degree Programs Organized by Program"] – An overview of bachelor degrees provided by ''Education Portal'' (''education-portal.com'').

{{Academic degrees}}


[[Category:Bachelor's degrees| ]]
[[Category:Airports in Brazil]]
[[Category:Rio de Janeiro (state)]]


[[de:Flughafen Rio de Janeiro-Antônio Carlos Jobim]]
[[cs:Bakalář]]
[[es:Aeropuerto Internacional de Galeão]]
[[da:Bachelor]]
[[fr:Aéroport international Antônio Carlos Jobim]]
[[de:Bachelor]]
[[id:Bandar Udara Internasional Antonio Carlos Jobim]]
[[et:Bakalaureus]]
[[ja:アントニオ・カルロス・ジョビン国際空港]]
[[es:Licenciatura]]
[[pl:Port lotniczy Rio de Janeiro-Galeão]]
[[fr:Bachelor]]
[[pt:Aeroporto Internacional do Rio de Janeiro]]
[[id:Sarjana]]
[[sv:Galeão International Airport]]
[[it:Bachelor]]
[[he:בוגר אוניברסיטה]]
[[nl:Bachelor]]
[[ja:学士]]
[[no:Bachelorgrad]]
[[pl:Bakałarz]]
[[pt:Bacharelato]]
[[ru:Бакалавр]]
[[fi:Alempi korkeakoulututkinto]]
[[sv:Kandidatexamen]]
[[uk:Бакалавр]]
[[wa:Bachot]]
[[zh:學士]]

Revision as of 00:44, 28 November 2007

Template:Airport frame Template:Airport title Template:Airport image Template:Airport infobox Template:Runway title Template:Runway Template:Runway Template:Airport end frame

Rio de Janeiro/Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (IATA: GIG, ICAO: SBGL) better known as Galeão International Airport is Rio de Janeiro's major international airport. The second name of the airport is in honor of Brazilian musician Antônio Carlos Jobim.

Built in 1952 on Governador Island, approximately twenty kilometres from the city center, by 1970 the airport was Brazil's major air-hub. In that year, its administration was assumed by Infraero, an agency recently created by the Brazilian government. In 1977, at which time it was receiving all of Brazil's major international flights, the airport underwent a major renovation. For passengers bound for São Paulo, Brazil's main domestic hub, then served only by the smaller Congonhas-São Paulo International Airport, this meant taking at least one connecting flight — two connecting flights if their destination was anywhere else in the country.

File:Riodejaneiro-galeao2.jpg

In 1985 the airport lost the title of the country's major international airport to São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, due to a drop in passengers to/from abroad. Nevertheless, Infraero built a second terminal on the site at a cost of US$600 million, which is capable of handling 7.5 million passengers annually, more than doubling the airport's capacity. Until 2004, passenger numbers had been stable at about 4.5 million per year, but this number has subsequently increased. In 2006, Galeão International Airport handled nearly 9 million passengers.

Galeão was Infraero's second-most idle and money-losing airport (after Confins International Airport), and was considered by many to be a waste of resources. At the time the new terminal was opened, Guarulhos was overloaded, operating at 102% of capacity, against 24% for Galeão. Infraero was criticized for not investing resources appropriately. However, since late 2004, most flights from the overloaded downtown Rio airport Santos Dumont Regional Airport were reassigned to Galeão, and it currently uses 57% of its capacity. The 10 million passengers mark is expected to be achieved in 2008.

The airport is also a second international hub for Varig.

General information

  • two terminals (in an elliptical format, with twelve jetways each) capable of handling 7.5 million passengers annually
  • 2005 — 8.6 million passengers
  • 2006 — 8.75 million passengers

Airlines and destinations

  • Aerolineas Argentinas (Buenos Aires-Ezeiza)
  • Air Europa (Madrid)
  • Air France (Paris-Charles de Gaulle)
  • American Airlines (Miami, New York-JFK)
  • Avianca (Bogotá)
    • Avianca operated by OceanAir (Brasília, Fortaleza, Juazeiro do Norte, Petrolina, Salvador, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Recife)
  • BRA Transportes Aéreos
  • British Airways (London-Heathrow)
  • Continental Airlines (Houston-Intercontinental)
  • Copa Airlines (Panama City)
  • Delta Air Lines (Atlanta)
  • Gol (Aracaju, Asunción, Belém, Belo Horizonte-Confins, Belo Horizonte-Pampulha, Belém, Boa Vista, Brasília, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Campina Grande, Campo Grande, Caxias do Sul, Chapecó, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Córdoba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Goiânia, Ilhéus, Imperatriz, Joinville, João Pessoa, Juazeiro do Norte, Lima, Londrina, Macapá, Maceió, Manaus, Marabá, Maringá, Montevideo, Natal, Navegantes, Palmas, Panama City, Petrolina, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Porto Velho, Recife, Riberião Preto, Rio Branco, Rosario, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Salvador, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santarém, Santiago, São José do Rio Preto, São Luís, Teresina, Uberlândia, Vitória)
  • Iberia (Madrid)
  • LAN Airlines (Santiago de Chile)
  • Livingston (Milan-Malpensa, Porto Seguro)
  • Mexicana (Mexico City) (Starts March 19,2008)
  • PLUNA (Madrid, Montevideo)
  • TAM Linhas Aéreas (Belém, Belo Horizonte-Confins, Brasília, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Campinas, Curitiba, Florianopolis, Foz do Iguaçu, Londrina, Campo Grande, Fortaleza, João Pessoa, Maceió, Manaus, Milan-Malpensa, Natal, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Recife, Salvador, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Vitoria)
  • TAM Mercosur (Asunción, Buenos Aires)
  • TAAG Angola Airlines (Luanda)
  • TAP Portugal (Lisbon, Porto)
  • United Airlines (Washington-Dulles)
  • Varig (Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Frankfurt, São Paulo-Congonhas, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Vitória, Recife)
  • WebJet Linhas Aéreas (Brasília, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Salvador, Belo Horizonte-Confins, Belo Horizonte-Pampulha)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor%27s_degree&oldid=174260727"