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{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
:''For similar conflicts, see [[Sieges of Constantinople]] and [[Rus'-Byzantine Wars]]''.
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict|
{|style="align=right"
conflict=Siege of Constantinople by the Rus|
[[Image:Picasso Outside2.jpg|thumb|''Dejeuner sur l'Herbe'' by [[Pablo Picasso]]]]
image= [[Image:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg|right|300px]]|
[[Image:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 028.jpg|thumb|''At the Moulin Rouge: Two Women Waltzing'' by [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], 1892]]
caption= Greeks using their lethal fire, from the [[John Skylitzes|Madrid Skylitzes manuscript]].|
[[Image:The Scream.jpg|thumb|''[[The Scream]]'' by [[Edvard Munch]], 1893]]
partof=[[Rus'-Byzantine Wars]]|
[[Image:Chagall IandTheVillage.jpg|thumb|''I and the Village'' by [[Marc Chagall]], 1911]]
date=[[941]]|
[[Image:Duchamp Fountaine.jpg|thumb|''Fountain'' by [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[1917]]]]
place=[[Constantinople]] ([[Tsargrad]])|
[[Image:Campbells Soup Cans MOMA.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Campbell's Soup Cans]]'' 1962 Synthetic polymer paint on thirty-two canvases, Each canvas 20 x 16" (50.8 x 40.6 cm), by [[Andy Warhol]], [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York]]
result= Byzantine victory|
|}
combatant1=[[Byzantine Empire]]|
combatant2=[[Kievan Rus']]|
commander1=[[Romanus I Lecapenus]]|
commander2=[[Igor I of Kiev]]|
|strength1= 15 ships
|strength2= 1,000 ships
}} {{Campaignbox Russo-Byzantine Wars}}


'''Modern art''' is a general term used for most of the artistic work reckoned anywhere from the early [[17th century]] until the present time.<ref>Arnason 2003, Cahoone 2003, Childs 2000, Kolocotroni, Goldman, and Taxidou 1998, Frascina and Harrison 1982, Hunter, Jacobus, and Wheeler 2004, Dempsey 2002.</ref> (Recent art production is often called [[Contemporary art]] or [[Postmodern art]]). Modern art refers to the new approach to art which placed emphasis on representing emotions, themes, and various abstractions. Artists experimented with new ways of seeing, with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art, often moving further toward [[abstraction]].
The '''Rus'-Byzantine War''' of [[941]] took place during the reign of [[Igor of Kiev]].<ref>Some scholars have identified [[Oleg of Novgorod]] as the leader of the expedition, though according to traditional sources he had been dead for some time. ''See, e.g.,'' Golb 106-121; Mosin 309-325; Zuckerman 257-268; Christian 341-345.</ref> The [[Khazar Correspondence]] reveals that the campaign was instigated by the [[Khazars]], who wished revenge on the Byzantines after the persecutions of the [[Jew]]s undertaken by Emperor [[Romanus I Lecapenus]].


The notion of modern art is closely related to [[Modernism]].
The [[Rus' (people)|Rus']] and their allies, the [[Pechenegs]], disembarked on the northern coast of [[Asia Minor]] and swarmed over [[Bithynia]] in May 941.<ref>Sources give varying figures for the size of the Rus fleet. The number 10,000 ships appears in the [[Primary Chronicle]] and in Greek sources, some of which put the figure as high as 15,000 ships. [[Liudprand of Cremona]] wrote that the fleet numbered only 1,000 ships; Liudprand's report is based on the account of his step-father who witnessed the attack while serving as envoy at Constantinople. Modern historians find the latter estimate to be the most credible.</ref> As usual, they seemed to have been well informed that the imperial capital stood defenseless and vulnerable to attack: the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] fleet had been engaged against the Arabs in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], while the bulk of the imperial army had been stationed along the eastern borders.


==History of Modern art==
Lecapenus arranged a defense of [[Constantinople]] by having 15 retired ships outfit with throwers of [[Greek fire]] fore and aft. Igor, wishing to capture these Greek vessels and their crews but unaware of the fire-throwers, had his fleet surround them. Then, at an instant, the Greek-fire was hurled through tubes upon the Rus and their allies: [[Liudprand of Cremona]] wrote: "The Rus, seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire." The captured Rus were beheaded.
===Roots in the 19th century===


By the late 19th century, several movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: [[Impressionism]] and [[post-Impressionism]], as well as [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]].
The Byzantines thus managed to dispel the Rus' fleet but not to prevent the pagans from pillaging the hinterland of Constantinople, venturing as far south as [[Nicomedia]]. Many atrocities were reported: the Rus' were said to have crucified their victims and to have driven nails into their heads.


Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly [[Japonism|Japanese printmaking]], to the colouristic innovations of [[J. M. W. Turner|Turner]] and [[Delacroix]], to a search for more [[Realism (arts)|depiction of common life]], as found in the work of painters such as [[Jean-François Millet]]. At the time, the generally held belief was that art should be accurate in its depiction of objects, but that it should be aimed at expressing the ideal, or the domestic.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Thus the most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions, or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official government sponsored painters' unions, and governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.
In September [[John Tzimiskes]] and [[Bardas Phocas]], two leading generals, speedily returned to the capital, anxious to repel the invaders. The Kievans promptly transferred their operations to [[Thrace]], moving their fleet there. When they were about to retreat, laden with trophies, the Byzantine navy under [[Theophanes]] fell upon them.


Thus, breaking with idealization and depiction were not merely artistic statements, but decisions with social and economic results.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
Greek sources report that the Rus' lost their whole fleet in this surprise attack, so that only a handful of boats returned back to their bases in the [[Crimea]]. The captured prisoners were taken to the capital and beheaded. Khazar sources add that the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus|Rus' leader managed to escape]] to the [[Caspian Sea]], where he met his death fighting the Arabs.


These movements did not necessarily identify themselves as being associated with progress, or art artistic freedom, but instead argued, in the style of the times, that they represented [[universal value]]s and reality.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The Impressionists{{weaselinline}} argued that people do not see objects, but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light rather than in studios, and should capture the effects of light in their work.
These reports may have been exaggerated, because Igor was able to mount a new naval campaign against Constantinople as early as 944/945. The [[Chersonese]] Greeks alerted the emperor about the approaching Kievan fleet. This time, the Byzantines hastened to purchase peace and [[Rus'-Byzantine Treaty (945)|concluded a treaty]] with [[Kievan Rus]]. Its text is quoted in full in the [[Primary Chronicle]].

Impressionist artists formed a group to promote their work, which, despite internal tensions, was able to mount exhibitions.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}<!--The name of the group ought to be given, as well--> The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits: establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption, would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

[[Image:modern_art.jpg|Modern art]]

=== Early 20th Century ===
Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were [[Fauvism]], [[Cubism]], [[Expressionism]] and [[futurism (art)|Futurism]].

[[World War I]] brought an end to this phase, but indicated the beginning of a number of [[anti-art]] movements, such as [[Dada]] and the work of [[Marcel Duchamp]], and of [[Surrealism]]. Also, artist groups like [[de Stijl]] and [[Bauhaus]] were seminal in the development of new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design and art education.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

Modern art was introduced to the United States with the [[Armory Show]] in 1913, and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during [[World War I]].

===After [[World War II]]===

It was only after [[World War II]], though, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The [[1950s]] and [[1960s]] saw the emergence of [[Abstract Expressionism]], [[Color field painting]], [[Pop art]], [[Op art]], [[Hard-edge painting]], [[Minimal art]], [[Lyrical Abstraction]], [[Postminimalism]] and various other movements; in the late 1960s and the 1970s, [[Land art]], [[Performance art]], [[Conceptual art]] and [[Photorealism]] among other movements emerged.

Around that period, a number of artists and architects started rejecting the idea of "[[modernism|the modern]]" and created typically [[postmodern art|Postmodern]] works.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

Starting from the post-World War II period, fewer artists used [[painting]] as their primary medium{{Fact|date=February 2008}}; instead, larger [[installation art|installations]] and [[performance art|performances]] became widespread. Since the 1970s, [[new media art]] has become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as [[video art]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

==Art movements and artist groups==
''(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)''

Modern art

===19th century===

*[[Romanticism]] the [[Romantic movement]] - [[Francisco de Goya]], [[J. M. W. Turner]], [[Eugène Delacroix]]
*[[Realism (visual arts)|Realism]] - [[Gustave Courbet]], [[Camille Corot]], [[Jean-François Millet]]
*[[Impressionism]] - [[Edgar Degas]], [[Édouard Manet]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Alfred Sisley]]
*[[Post-impressionism]] - [[Georges Seurat]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Henri Rousseau]]
*[[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] - [[Gustave Moreau]], [[Odilon Redon]], [[James Ensor]]
*[[Les Nabis]] - [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Edouard Vuillard]], [[Félix Vallotton]]
*pre-[[Modernist]] [[Sculptors]] - [[Aristide Maillol]], [[Auguste Rodin]]

===Early 20th century (before WWI)===

*[[Art Nouveau]] & variants - [[Jugendstil]], [[Modern Style]], [[Modernisme]] - [[Aubrey Beardsley]], [[Alphonse Mucha]], [[Gustav Klimt]],
*[[Art Nouveau]] [[Architecture]] & [[Design]] - [[Antoni Gaudí]], [[Otto Wagner]], [[Wiener Werkstätte]], [[Josef Hoffmann]], [[Adolf Loos]], [[Koloman Moser]]
*[[Fauvism]] - [[André Derain]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Maurice de Vlaminck]]
*[[Expressionism]] - [[Oskar Kokoschka]], [[Edvard Munch]], [[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Die Brücke]] - [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]]
*[[Der Blaue Reiter]] - [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Franz Marc]]
*[[Cubism]] - [[Georges Braque]], [[Pablo Picasso]]
*[[Orphism]] - [[Robert Delaunay]], [[Jacques Villon]]
*[[Synchromism]] - [[Stanton MacDonald-Wright]], [[Morgan Russell]]
*Pre-[[Surrealism]] - [[Giorgio de Chirico]], [[Marc Chagall]]
*[[Futurism (art)|Futurism]] - [[Giacomo Balla]], [[Umberto Boccioni]], [[Carlo Carrà]]
*[[Vorticism]] - [[Wyndham Lewis]]
*[[Russian avant-garde]] - [[Kasimir Malevich]], [[Natalia Goncharova]], [[Mikhail Larionov]]
*[[Sculpture]] - [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Constantin Brancusi]]
*[[Photography]] - [[Pictorialism]], [[Straight photography]]

===WWI to WWII===
*[[Dada]] - [[Jean Arp]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Max Ernst]], [[Francis Picabia]], [[Kurt Schwitters]]
*[[Synthetic Cubism]] - [[Georges Braque]], [[Juan Gris]], [[Fernand Léger]], [[Pablo Picasso]]
*[[Pittura Metafisica]] - [[Giorgio de Chirico]], [[Carlo Carrà]]
*[[De Stijl]] - [[Theo van Doesburg]], [[Piet Mondrian]]
*[[Expressionism]] - [[Egon Schiele]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]], and [[Chaim Soutine]]
*[[New Objectivity]] - [[Max Beckmann]], [[Otto Dix]], [[George Grosz]]
*[[Figurative painting]] - [[Henri Matisse]], [[Pierre Bonnard]]
*[[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]] - [[Naum Gabo]], [[László Moholy-Nagy]], [[El Lissitzky]], [[Kasimir Malevich]], [[Alexander Rodchenko]], [[Vladimir Tatlin]]
*[[Surrealism]] - [[Jean Arp]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Max Ernst]], [[René Magritte]], [[André Masson]], [[Joan Miró]], [[Marc Chagall]]
*[[Bauhaus]] - [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Paul Klee]]
*[[Sculpture]] - [[Alexander Calder]], [[Alberto Giacometti]], [[Gaston Lachaise]], [[Henry Moore]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Julio Gonzalez]]
*[[Scottish Colourists]] - [[Francis Cadell (artist)|Francis Cadell]], [[Samuel Peploe]], [[George Hunter (painter)|Leslie Hunter]], [[John Duncan Fergusson]]
*[[Suprematism]] - [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Aleksandra Ekster]], [[Olga Rozanova]], [[Nadezhda Udaltsova]], [[Anna Kagan]], [[Ivan Kliun]], [[Lyubov Popova]], [[Nikolai Suetin]], [[Ilya Chashnik]], [[Lazar Khidekel]], [[Nina Genke-Meller]], [[Ivan Puni]], [[Ksenia Boguslavskaya]]

===After WWII===
*[[Figurative art|Figuratifs]] - [[Bernard Buffet]], [[Jean Carzou]], [[Yves Brayer]], [[Maurice Boitel]], [[Pierre-Henry]], [[Daniel du Janerand]], [[Jean Monneret]], [[Gaston Sébire]], [[Louis Vuillermoz]], [[Claude-Max Lochu]]
*[[Abstract art]] -
*[[Sculpture]] - [[Henry Moore]], [[David Smith (sculptor)|David Smith]], [[Tony Smith (sculptor)|Tony Smith]], [[Alexander Calder]], [[Isamu Noguchi]], [[Alberto Giacometti]], [[Sir Anthony Caro]], [[Jean Dubuffet]], [[Isaac Witkin]], [[René Iché]], [[Marino Marini]], [[Louise Nevelson]]
*[[Abstract expressionism]] - [[Willem de Kooning]], [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Hans Hofmann]], [[Franz Kline]], [[Robert Motherwell]], [[Clyfford Still]]
*[[Art brut]] - [[Adolf Wölfli]], [[August Natterer]], [[Ferdinand Cheval]], [[Madge Gill]]
*[[Arte Povera]] - [[Jannis Kounellis]], [[Luciano Fabro]], [[Mario Merz]], [[Piero Manzoni]],
*[[Color field painting]] - [[Barnett Newman]], [[Mark Rothko]], [[Sam Francis]], [[Morris Louis]], [[Helen Frankenthaler]]
*[[Tachisme]] - [[Jean Dubuffet]], [[Pierre Soulages]], [[Hans Hartung]]
*[[COBRA (avant-garde movement)|COBRA]] - [[Pierre Alechinsky]], [[Karel Appel]], [[Asger Jorn]]
*[[Dau-al-Set]] - founded in [[Barcelona]] by poet/artist [[Joan Brossa]], - [[Antoni Tàpies]], [[Enrique Tábara]], [[Antonio Saura]]
*[[Geometric abstraction]] - [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Nadir Afonso]]
*[[Hard-edge painting]] - [[Ellsworth Kelly]], [[Al Held]], [[Ronald Davis]]
*[[Kinetic art]] - [[George Rickey]]
*[[Land art]] - [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude|Christo]], [[Richard Long (artist)|Richard Long]], [[Robert Smithson]]
*[[Les Automatistes]] - [[Claude Gauvreau]], [[Jean-Paul Riopelle]], [[Pierre Gauvreau]], [[Fernand Leduc]], [[Jean-Paul Mousseau]], [[Marcelle Ferron]]
*[[Minimal art]] - [[Agnes Martin]], [[Dan Flavin]], [[Donald Judd]], [[Sol LeWitt]], [[Richard Serra]]
*[[Postminimalism]] - [[Eva Hesse]], [[Bruce Nauman]], [[Hannah Wilke]], [[Lynda Benglis]]
*[[Lyrical Abstraction]] - [[Ronnie Landfield]], [[Sam Gilliam]], [[Larry Zox]], [[Dan Christensen]]
*[[Neo-figurative|Neo-figurative art]] - [[Fernando Botero]], [[Antonio Berni]]
*[[Neo-expressionism]] - [[Georg Baselitz]], [[Anselm Kiefer]], [[Francesco Clemente]], [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]]
*[[New realism]] - [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude|Christo]], [[Yves Klein]], [[Pierre Restany]]
*[[Op art]] - [[Victor Vasarely]], [[Bridget Riley]], [[Richard Anuszkiewicz]]
*[[Outsider art]] - [[Howard Finster]], [[Grandma Moses]], [[Bob Justin]]
*[[Photorealism]] - [[Audrey Flack]], [[Chuck Close]], [[Duane Hanson]], [[Richard Estes]], [[Malcolm Morley]]
*[[Pop art]] - [[Richard Hamilton (artist)|Richard Hamilton]], [[Keith Haring]], [[David Hockney]], [[Robert Indiana]], [[Jasper Johns]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Andy Warhol]], [[Ed Ruscha]]
*[[Postwar]] [[Europe]]an [[figurative painting]] - [[Lucien Freud]], [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]], [[Frank Auerbach]]
*[[Shaped canvas]] - [[Frank Stella]], [[Kenneth Noland]], [[Robert Mangold]]
*[[Soviet art]] - [[Alexander Deineka]], [[Alexander Gerasimov]], [[Ilya Kabakov]], [[Komar & Melamid]], [[Alexandr Zhdanov]], [[Leonid Sokov]]


[[Image:Modern-art.jpg‎]]

==Important Modern art exhibitions and museums==

:For a comprehensive list see ''[[Museums of modern art]]''.
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

=== Belgium ===
*[[SMAK]], [[Ghent]], [[Belgium]]

=== Ecuador ===
*[[Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo]], [[Guayaquil]]

=== France ===
*[[Centre Georges Pompidou]], [[Paris]]

=== Germany===
*[[documenta]], [[Kassel]] ([[Germany]]), a five-yearly exhibition of modern and contemporary art
*[[Museum Ludwig]], [[Cologne]]
*[[Pinakothek der Moderne]], [[Munich]]

=== Italy ===
*[[Venice Biennial]], [[Venice]]

=== Mexico ===
*[[Museo de Arte Moderno]], [[Mexican Federal District|México D.F.]]

=== Netherlands===
*[[Stedelijk Museum]], [[Amsterdam]]

=== Spain ===
*[[Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona]], [[Barcelona]]
*[[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]], [[Madrid]]

=== Sweden ===
*[[Moderna Museet]],[[Stockholm]]

=== U.K. ===
*[[Tate Modern]], [[London]]

=== U.S.A. ===
*[[High Museum]], [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
*[[Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Boston, MA]]
*[[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]], [[Buffalo, NY]]
*[[Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Chicago]]
*[[Walker Art Center]], [[Minneapolis]]
*[[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York]]
*[[Guggenheim Museum]], [[New York]] & [[Venice]], Italy; more recent filiations in [[Berlin]] (Germany), [[Bilbao]] (Spain) & [[Las Vegas, Nevada]]
*[[Whitney Museum of American Art]], [[New York]]
*[[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], [[San Francisco]]

</div>

==See also==
*[[Modernism]]
*[[List of modern artists]]
*[[Contemporary art]]
*[[Postmodern art]]
*[[Art periods]]
*[[Modern architecture]]
*[[Art manifesto]]
*[[History of painting]]
*[[Western painting]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
<references/>


==References==
==References==
* Arnason, H. H. 2003. ''History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography''. Fourth Edition, rev. by Marla F. Prather, after the third edition, revised by Daniel Wheeler. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., and Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-8109-3439-6 ISBN 0131833138
*Christian, David. ''A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia'', Vol. 1. Blackwell, 1998.
* Cahoone, Lawrence E. 2003. ''From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology''. Second edition. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies 2. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
*[[Golb, Norman]] and [[Omeljan Pritsak]]. ''Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century.'' Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.
* Childs, Peter. 2000. ''Modernism''. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19647-7 (cloth) ISBN 0-415-19648-5 (pbk)
*Kendrick, Thomas D. ''A History of the Vikings''. Courier Dover Publications, 2004. ISBN 0-486-43396-X.
* Dempsey, Amy. 2002. ''Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements''. New York: Harry A. Abrams. ISBN 0810941724
*Logan, Donald F. ''The Vikings in History'' 2nd ed. Routledge, 1992. ISBN 0-415-08396-6
* Frascina, Francis, and Charles Harrison (eds.) 1982. ''Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology''. Published in association with The Open University. London: Harper and Row, Ltd. Reprinted, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, Ltd.
*Mosin, V. "Les Khazars et les Byzantins d'apres l'Anonyme de Cambridge." ''Revue des Études Byzantines'' 6 (1931): 309-325.
* Hunter, Sam, John Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler. 2004. ''Modern Art''. Revised and Updated 3rd Edition. New York: The Vendome Press [Pearson/Prentice Hall]. ISBN 0-13-189565-6 (cloth) 0-13-150519-X (pbk)
*[[Fyodor Uspensky|Uspensky, Fyodor]]. ''The History of the Byzantine Empire'', vol. 2. Moscow: Mysl, 1997.
* Kolocotroni, Vassiliki, Jane Goldman, and Olga Taxidou (eds.). 1998. ''Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45073-2 (cloth) ISBN 0-226-45074-0 (pbk)
*[[Zuckerman, Constantine]]. "On the Date of the Khazar’s Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus [[Oleg]] and [[Igor]]." ''Revue des Études Byzantines'' 53 (1995): 237-270.
* Mueller-Yao, Marguerite. 1985. ''Der Einfluss der Kunst der chinesischen Kalligraphie auf die westliche informelle Malerei'', Koeln, Koenig, ISBN 3-88375-051-4 (pbk)

== External links ==
*[http://www.artpromote.com/modern.shtml Modern Art Resources], semi-commercial

{{Westernart}}


[[Category:941]]
[[Category:Modern art| Modern art]]
[[Category:10th century conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars involving Kievan Rus]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Naval warfare]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Vikings]]
[[Category:Sieges of Constantinople|941]]


[[ar:فن حديث]]
[[es:Guerra Rus-Bizantina (941)]]
[[bg:Съвременно изкуство]]
[[ru:Русско-византийская война 941—944 годов]]
[[de:Moderne Kunst]]
[[el:Μοντέρνα τέχνη]]
[[es:Arte moderno]]
[[fr:Art moderne]]
[[gl:Arte moderna]]
[[io:Modern arto]]
[[he:אמנות מודרנית]]
[[nl:Moderne kunst]]
[[pt:Arte moderna]]
[[sl:Moderna umetnost]]
[[th:ศิลปะสมัยใหม่]]
[[tr:Modern sanat]]
[[zh:现代艺术]]

Revision as of 15:20, 3 March 2008

For other uses, see Modern art (disambiguation).
Dejeuner sur l'Herbe by Pablo Picasso
At the Moulin Rouge: Two Women Waltzing by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1892
The Scream by Edvard Munch, 1893
I and the Village by Marc Chagall, 1911
Fountain by Marcel Duchamp, 1917
Campbell's Soup Cans 1962 Synthetic polymer paint on thirty-two canvases, Each canvas 20 x 16" (50.8 x 40.6 cm), by Andy Warhol, Museum of Modern Art, New York

Modern art is a general term used for most of the artistic work reckoned anywhere from the early 17th century until the present time.[1] (Recent art production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art). Modern art refers to the new approach to art which placed emphasis on representing emotions, themes, and various abstractions. Artists experimented with new ways of seeing, with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art, often moving further toward abstraction.

The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism.

History of Modern art

Roots in the 19th century

By the late 19th century, several movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: Impressionism and post-Impressionism, as well as Symbolism.

Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking, to the colouristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. At the time, the generally held belief was that art should be accurate in its depiction of objects, but that it should be aimed at expressing the ideal, or the domestic.[citation needed] Thus the most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions, or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official government sponsored painters' unions, and governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.

Thus, breaking with idealization and depiction were not merely artistic statements, but decisions with social and economic results.[citation needed]

These movements did not necessarily identify themselves as being associated with progress, or art artistic freedom, but instead argued, in the style of the times, that they represented universal values and reality.[citation needed] The Impressionists[weasel words] argued that people do not see objects, but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light rather than in studios, and should capture the effects of light in their work.

Impressionist artists formed a group to promote their work, which, despite internal tensions, was able to mount exhibitions.[citation needed] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits: establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption, would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.[citation needed]

Modern art

Early 20th Century

Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism and Futurism.

World War I brought an end to this phase, but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada and the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Also, artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus were seminal in the development of new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design and art education.[citation needed]

Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913, and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.

After World War II

It was only after World War II, though, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[citation needed] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Pop art, Op art, Hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, Postminimalism and various other movements; in the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art and Photorealism among other movements emerged.

Around that period, a number of artists and architects started rejecting the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[citation needed]

Starting from the post-World War II period, fewer artists used painting as their primary medium[citation needed]; instead, larger installations and performances became widespread. Since the 1970s, new media art has become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[citation needed]

Art movements and artist groups

(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)

Modern art

19th century

Early 20th century (before WWI)

WWI to WWII

After WWII


File:Modern-art.jpg

Important Modern art exhibitions and museums

For a comprehensive list see Museums of modern art.

Belgium

Ecuador

France

Germany

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

Spain

Sweden

U.K.

U.S.A.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Arnason 2003, Cahoone 2003, Childs 2000, Kolocotroni, Goldman, and Taxidou 1998, Frascina and Harrison 1982, Hunter, Jacobus, and Wheeler 2004, Dempsey 2002.

References

  • Arnason, H. H. 2003. History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. Fourth Edition, rev. by Marla F. Prather, after the third edition, revised by Daniel Wheeler. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., and Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-8109-3439-6 ISBN 0131833138
  • Cahoone, Lawrence E. 2003. From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Second edition. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies 2. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
  • Childs, Peter. 2000. Modernism. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19647-7 (cloth) ISBN 0-415-19648-5 (pbk)
  • Dempsey, Amy. 2002. Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements. New York: Harry A. Abrams. ISBN 0810941724
  • Frascina, Francis, and Charles Harrison (eds.) 1982. Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Published in association with The Open University. London: Harper and Row, Ltd. Reprinted, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, Ltd.
  • Hunter, Sam, John Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler. 2004. Modern Art. Revised and Updated 3rd Edition. New York: The Vendome Press [Pearson/Prentice Hall]. ISBN 0-13-189565-6 (cloth) 0-13-150519-X (pbk)
  • Kolocotroni, Vassiliki, Jane Goldman, and Olga Taxidou (eds.). 1998. Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45073-2 (cloth) ISBN 0-226-45074-0 (pbk)
  • Mueller-Yao, Marguerite. 1985. Der Einfluss der Kunst der chinesischen Kalligraphie auf die westliche informelle Malerei, Koeln, Koenig, ISBN 3-88375-051-4 (pbk)
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