Peppered moth and Brinsley Forde: Difference between pages

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Brinsley Allan Forde (born 16 October 1952, London [1]) is best known as the founding member of the reggae band, Aswad. Prior to this, he had been a child actor in the children's television series, Here Come the Double Deckers. He also starred as Wesley in the popular British sitcom, Please Sir!, and also in the feature film of the same series in 1971. He also appeared in the James Bond film, Diamonds Are Forever, as well as in Georgian House and Goodbye Charlie Brite.

In 1980 he starred in the film Babylon (directed by Franco Rosso), as "Blue" - a disenfranchised black youth who deejayed on a South London reggae soundsystem.

He presented the 6 Music radio shows Lively Up Yourself and Dub Bashment. He is a rastafarian.

External links

Please use a more specific IMDb template. See the documentation for available templates.
Brinsley Forde's "Dub Bashment" show website on BBC 6 Music
Brinsley Forde's "Lively Up Yourself" show website on BBC 6 Music
Forde mini-biography at the IMDb website

This Guyanese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This article about a reggae musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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+'''Brinsley Allan Forde''' (born [[16 October]] [[1952]], [[London]] [http://home.wanadoo.nl/daddy_akka/birth.htm]) is best known as the founding member of the [[reggae]] [[musical band|band]], [[Aswad]]. Prior to this, he had been a [[child actor]] in the children's [[television program|television series]], ''[[Here Come the Double Deckers]]''. He also starred as Wesley in the popular British [[sitcom]], ''[[Please Sir!]]'', and also in the feature [[film]] of the same series in [[1971 in film|1971]]. He also appeared in the [[James Bond]] film, ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'', as well as in ''Georgian House'' and ''Goodbye Charlie Brite''.
-{{Taxobox
-| name = Peppered moth
-| status = LC
-| image = Biston.betularia.7200.jpg
-| image_caption = ''Biston betularia betularia''{{Verify source|date=July 2007}} morpha ''typica''
-| image_width = 240px
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
-| classis = [[Insect]]a
-| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
-| familia = [[Geometer moth|Geometridae]]
-| genus = ''[[Biston (moth)|Biston]]''
-| species = '''''B. betularia'''''
-| binomial = ''Biston betularia''
-| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]]
-| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
-| subdivision =
-''B. b. betularia''<br />
-''B. b. cognataria''<br />
-''B. b. parva''
-}}
-The '''peppered moth''' (''Biston betularia'') is a temperate species of [[nocturnal|night-flying]] [[moth]]. [[Peppered moth evolution]] is often used by educators as an example of [[natural selection]].
+In 1980 he starred in the film ''[[Babylon (film)|Babylon]]'' (directed by Franco Rosso), as "Blue" - a disenfranchised black youth who [[deejay]]ed on a [[South London]] reggae [[soundsystem]].
-== Ecology and life cycle ==
-In Britain, the peppered moth is [[voltinism|univoltine]] (i.e. it has one generation per year), whilst in south-eastern North America it is bivoltine (two generations per year). The [[lepidoptera]]n [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] consists of four stages: ova (eggs), several [[larva]]l [[instar]]s ([[caterpillar]]s), [[pupa]]e, which overwinter live in the soil, and [[imago|imagines]] (adults). During the day, the moths typically rest on trees, where they are preyed on by birds.
+He presented the [[6 Music]] [[radio]] shows ''Lively Up Yourself'' and ''Dub Bashment''. He is a [[rastafari movement|rastafarian]].
-The caterpillar is a twig [[mimic]], varying in colour between green and brown. It goes into the soil late in the season, where it pupates in order to spend the winter. The imagines emerge from the pupae between late May and August, the males slightly before the females (this is common and expected from [[sexual selection]]). They emerge late in the day and dry their wings before flying that night.
-The males fly every night of their lives in search of females, whereas the females release [[pheromone]]s to attract males, only flying on the first night. Since the pheromone is carried by the wind, males tend to travel up the [[concentration gradient]], i.e., towards the source. During flight, they are subject to predation by [[bat]]s. The males guard the female from other males until she lays the eggs. The female lays about 2,000 pale-green ovoid eggs about 1&nbsp;mm in length into crevices in bark with her [[ovipositor]].
-===Resting behaviour===
-[[Image:Peppered_moth_resting_positions_1964-2000.png|thumb|230px|left|Figure 2a. Total number of observed moths = 59: Exposed trunk = 7; unexposed trunk = 7; trunk-branch joint = 23; branches = 22]]
-[[Image:Peppered_moth_resting_positions_2001-2003.png|thumb|230px|Figure 2b. Total number of observed moths = 23: Exposed trunk =1; unexposed trunk =1; trunk branch join = 3; branches thicker than 5 centimetres diameter = 10; branches and twigs less thick than 5 centimetres = 8]]
-A mating pair or a lone individual will spend the day hiding from predators, particularly birds. In the case of the former, the male stays with the female to ensure paternity. The best evidence for resting positions is given by data collected by the peppered moth researcher [[Michael Majerus]], and it is given in the accompanying charts. These data were originally published in Howlett and Majerus (1987), and an updated version published in Majerus (1998), who concluded that the moths rest in the upper part of the trees. Majerus notes:
-<blockquote>[[Creationist]] critics of the peppered moth have often pointed to a statement made by Clarke ''et al''. (1985): "... In 25 years we have only found two ''betularia'' on the tree trunks or walls adjacent to our traps, and none elsewhere". The reason now seems obvious. Few people spend their time looking for moths up in the trees. That is where peppered moths rest by day.</blockquote>
-From their original data, Howlett and Majerus (1987) concluded that peppered moths generally rest in unexposed positions, using three main types of site. Firstly, a few inches below a branch-trunk joint on a tree trunk where the moth is in shadow; secondly, on the underside of branches and thirdly on foliate twigs. The above data would appear to support this.
-Further support for these resting positions are given from experiments watching captive moths taking up resting positions in both males (Mikkola, 1979; 1984) and females (Liebert and Brakefield, 1987).
-Majerus et al (2000) have shown that peppered moths are cryptically camouflaged against their backgrounds when they rest in the boughs of trees. It is clear that in human visible [[wavelength]]s, ''typica'' are camouflaged against [[lichen]]s and ''carbonaria'' against plain [[bark]]. However, birds are capable of seeing [[ultraviolet]] light that humans cannot see. Using an ultraviolet-sensitive video camera, Majerus et al showed that ''typica'' reflect ultraviolet light in a speckled fashion and are camouflaged against [[crustose lichens]] common on branches, both in ultraviolet and human-visible wavelengths. However, ''typica'' are not as well camouflaged against [[foliose lichens]] common on tree trunks; though they are camouflaged in human wavelengths, in ultraviolet wavelengths, foliose lichens do not reflect ultraviolet light.
-During an experiment in [[Cambridge]] over the seven years 2001-2007 Majerus noted the natural resting positions of peppered moths, and of the 135 moths examined over half were on tree branches, mostly on the lower half of the branch, 37% were on tree trunks, mostly on the north side, and only 12.6% were resting on or under twigs.<ref name=swedentalk>{{cite web |url=http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Research/Majerus/Swedentalk220807.pdf |title=The Peppered Moth: The Proof of Darwinian Evolution |accessdate=2007-09-09 |author=Michael E. N. Majerus |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=August 2007
- |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref><ref name=indy>{{cite web |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/sci_tech/article2893896.ece |title=Moth study backs classic 'test case' for Darwin's theory - Independent Online Edition > Sci_Tech |accessdate=2007-09-09 |author=Steve Connor, Science Editor |date=25 August 2007 |format= |work= |publisher=The Independent |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref>
-== Morphs ==
-{{further|[[Polymorphism (biology)]]}}
-There are several [[melanism|melanic]] and non-melanic [[morph (zoology)|morph]]s of the peppered moth. A particular morph can be indicated in a standard way by following the species name in the form "morpha ''morph name''". In Britain, the typical white speckled morph is known as morpha ''typica'', the melanic morph is morpha ''carbonaria'', and the intermediate [[phenotype]] is morpha ''insularia''. These are controlled genetically.
-At present, the [[molecular genetics]] and [[biochemistry]] of the melanism in this species remains unknown. True (2003) has reviewed this and suggests work based on [[candidate gene]]s from other insects such as the fruit fly, ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]''.
-It is a common mistake to confuse the name of the morph with that of the [[species]] or [[subspecies]], hence mistakes such as "''Biston carbonaria''" and "''Biston betularia carbonaria''". This might lead to the erroneous belief that [[speciation]] was involved in the observed evolution of the peppered moth. This is not the case; individuals of each morph can breed and produce fertile offspring with individuals of all other morphs; hence there is only one peppered moth species.
-In Europe, there are three morphs: morpha ''typica'', the typical white morph (also known as "morpha ''betularia''"), morpha ''carbonaria'', the melanic black morph (also previously known as "morpha ''doubledayaria''"), and morpha ''medionigra'', an intermediate semi-melanic morph. European breeding experiments have shown that in ''Biston betularia betularia'', the [[allele]] for melanism producing morpha ''carbonaria'' is controlled by a single [[locus (genetics)|locus]]. The melanic allele is dominant to the non-melanic allele. This situation is, however, somewhat complicated by the presence of three other alleles that produce indistinguishable morphs of morpha ''medionigra''. These are of intermediate dominance, but this is not complete (Majerus, 1998).
-In North America, the melanic black morph is morpha ''swettaria''. In ''Biston betularia cognataria'', the melanic allele (producing morpha ''swettaria'') is similarly dominant to the non-melanic allele. There are also some intermediate morphs. In [[Japan]], no melanic morphs have been recorded; they are all morpha ''typica''.
-== Evolution ==
-{{Main|Peppered moth evolution}}
-[[Image:Biston.betularia.7200.jpg|thumb|260px|''Biston betularia betularia''{{check|date=August 2007}}  morpha ''typica'', the white-bodied peppered moth.]]
-[[Image:Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg|thumb|260px|''Biston betularia betularia''{{Verify source|date=August 2007}} morpha ''carbonaria'', the black-bodied peppered moth.]]
-The evolution of the peppered moth over the last two hundred years has been studied in detail. Originally, the vast majority of peppered moths had light coloration, which effectively [[camouflage]]d them against the light-colored trees and lichens which they rested upon. However, due to widespread pollution during the [[Industrial Revolution]] in England, many of the lichens died out, and the trees which peppered moths rested on became blackened by [[soot]], causing most of the light-colored moths, or ''typica'', to die off due to predation. At the same time, the dark-colored, or melanic, moths, ''carbonaria'', flourished because of their ability to hide on the darkened trees.<ref name="miller">{{cite web |author=Ken Miller |date=August 1999 |url=http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/evol/Moths/moths.html |title=The peppered moth: an update |publisher=[[Brown University]]}}</ref>
-Since then, with improved environmental standards, light-colored peppered moths have again become common, but the dramatic change in the peppered moth's population has remained a subject of much interest and study, and has led to the coining of the term "industrial melanism" to refer to the genetic darkening of species in response to pollutants. As a result of the relatively simple and easy-to-understand circumstances of the adaptation, the peppered moth has become a common example used in explaining or demonstrating [[natural selection]] to laypeople and classroom students.<ref name="globalchange">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/labs/peppered_moth/pepperedmoth.html |title=A modelling exercise for students using the peppered moth as its example}}</ref>
-The first ''carbonaria'' morph was recorded by Edleston in Manchester in 1848, and over the subsequent years it increased in frequency. Predation experiments, particularly by [[Bernard Kettlewell]], established that the agent of selection was birds who preyed on the morpha ''carbonaria'' morph.
-[[Creationism|Creationists]] such as [[Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)|Jonathan Wells]] have criticized the use of peppered moth melanism as an example of evolution in action. Wells alleges that peppered moth studies, and in particular Kettlewell's experiments, were erroneous and fraudulent in his book ''[[Icons of Evolution]]''. However, although various errors and oversights have been found in early experiments on peppered moth evolution, subsequent experiments and observations have confirmed the phenomenon and its initial explanation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB601.html |title=The peppered moth story |publisher=Index to Creationist Claims: CB601 |author=Marc Isaak |date=[[2005-05-02]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB601_2_3.html |publisher=Index to Creationist Claims: CB601.2.3 |title=Peppered moths affected by mutagens |author=Marc Isaak |date=[[2003-09-10]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB601_2_2.html |publisher=Index to Creationist Claims: CB601.2.2 |title=Dark peppered moths unexpectedly common in areas |author=Marc Isaak |date=[[2003-09-10]]}}</ref>
-== Further reading ==
-* ''[[Melanism: Evolution in Action]]'' (1998) by [[Michael Majerus]] is the definitive reference on this work, which provides an introduction to evolutionary theory as well as describing the peppered moth case study.
-== References ==<!-- Anim.Behav.62: 349–368 -->
-<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
 ==External links==
+*{{imdb|id=285941|name=Brinsley Forde}}
-{{commons|Biston betularia}}
+*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/shows/dub_bashment/ Brinsley Forde's "Dub Bashment" show website on BBC 6 Music]
-* [http://www.evowiki.org/wiki.phtml?title=Peppered_moth More on the peppered moth as an example of evolution]
+*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/shows/brinsley_forde/ Brinsley Forde's "Lively Up Yourself" show website on BBC 6 Music]
-* [[Bruce Grant]] has written several papers on melanism in the peppered moth which are listed on [http://bsgran.people.wm.edu his home page].
+*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0285941/bio Forde mini-biography] at the [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] [[website]]
-* Online lecture: [http://www.streaming.mmu.ac.uk/cook/ "The rise and fall of the melanic Peppered Moth"] presented by Laurence Cook.
-* {{cite web |url=http://www.talkreason.org/articles/moonshine.cfm |title=Talk Reason: arguments against creationism, intelligent design, and religious apologetics |accessdate=2007-09-10 |author=Matt Young |date= |work=Moonshine: Why the Peppered Moth remains an Icon of Evolution |publisher=Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}
-*{{cite web |url=http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Research/Majerus/Darwiniandisciple.doc |title=The Peppered moth: decline of a Darwinian disciple |accessdate=2007-09-10 |author=Michael Majerus |authorlink=Michael Majerus |coauthors= |date=2004 |format=.doc |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}
-{{pepperedmoth}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Forde, Brinsley}}
-[[Category:Peppered moth| ]]
-[[Category:Geometridae]]
+[[Category:1952 births]]
+[[Category:Guyanese musicians]]
+[[Category:Living people]]
+[[Category:English male singers]]
+[[Category:English guitarists]]
+[[Category:Reggae musicians]]
+[[Category:British reggae musicians]]
+[[Category:English Rastafarians]]
+[[Category:Guyanese-English people]]
+{{Guyana-bio-stub}}
-[[de:Birkenspanner]]
+{{reggae-musician-stub}}
-[[fr:Phalène du bouleau]]
-[[id:Biston betularia]]
-[[nl:Peper-en-zoutvlinder]]
-[[pl:Krępak nabrzozak]]
-[[uk:П'ядун березовий]]