Fast Ethernet and Turandot (Busoni): Difference between pages

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Turandot is a 1917 opera by Ferruccio Busoni, based on an earlier (1904/5, op.41) orchestral suite (see below). Like Puccini's later and more frequently performed work it has its origins in the play by Carlo Gozzi. Busoni prepared his own libretto, in German.

Roles

Adelma (mezzo-soprano)
Altoum (bass)
Barak (baritone)
The Queenmother of Samarkand (soprano)
Kalaf (tenor)
Pantalone (bass)
Tartaglia (bass)
Truffaldino (tenor)
Turandot (soprano)

Plot

The suite and opera are discussed by Ashbrook & Powers in ref. 1, as background to Puccini's work:-

Apparently Busoni prepared his own libretto, in German, from Gozzi's text. It had a simplified form with two Acts of two scenes each.

In the first scene Kalaf comes upon the picture discarded by an earlier executed suitor, and determines to win Turandot.
In the second scene Altoum the emperor complains of Turandot's intransigence. The Prince (Kalaf) says he would rather die than fail to win Turandot. Turandot enters with her maid Adelma who recognises the Prince, but remains silent The Prince correctly answers the three riddles, and challenges Turandot to discover his name and parentage; if she does so, he will depart.
Act 2 scene 1 begins with a version of Greensleeves (which Busoni thought had a Chinese sound!). Turandot confesses her mixed feelings for the Prince. Adelma says she knows the Prince's name, and will tell Turandot if she can have her freedom; Turandot agrees.
Act 2 scene 2. Turandot announces Kalaf's name to general consternation, and he makes ready to depart. But Turandot stops him, saying he has awakened her heart. The work closes with a final ensemble 'Was ist das alle Menschen bindet?' to which is the reply 'Die Liebe'.

Ashbrook & Powers note that several skillfull changes in the 'falling action' of the plot (Busoni's Act 2) enabled Busoni to avoid the pitfalls which plagued Puccini's attempt to set Act 3 of his version of the story.

Suite

The eight movements of the suite are:

1. The Execution, the City Gate and the Departure,

2. Truffaldino's March,

3. Altoum's March,

4. Turandot's March,

5. Turandot's Chamber,

6. Scene 5 / 6: Dance and Song,

7. Night Waltz,

8. Quasi - Funeral March and Finale alla Turca

and the suite as a whole (eg as recorded by Samuel Wong and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra on Naxos [1]) lasts some 40 minutes.

References

Ashbrook W & Powers H (1991) Puccini's Turandot: The End of the Great Tradition, Ch II, pp56-58, Princeton University Press

This article about an opera or opera-related subject is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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+{{for|the opera by [[Giacomo Puccini]]|Turandot}}
-In [[computer network]]ing, '''Fast Ethernet''' is a collective term for a number of [[Ethernet]] standards that carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s, against the original Ethernet speed of 10 Mbit/s. Of the 100 megabit Ethernet standards 100baseTX is by far the most common and is supported by the vast majority of Ethernet hardware currently produced. Full duplex fast Ethernet is sometimes referred to as "200 Mbit/s" though this is somewhat misleading as that level of improvement will only be achieved if traffic patterns are symmetrical. Fast Ethernet was introduced in 1995<ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=30223&arnumber=1388753&count=1&index=0 IEEE 802.3u-1995]</ref> and remained the fastest version of Ethernet for three years before being superseded by [[gigabit Ethernet]].<ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=15117&arnumber=690946&count=11&index=0 The 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Standard] was published in July 1998.</ref>
+'''Turandot''' is a 1917 opera by [[Ferruccio Busoni]], based on an earlier (1904/5, op.41) orchestral suite (see below). Like [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]'s later and more frequently performed [[Turandot|work]] it has its origins in the play by [[Carlo Gozzi]]. Busoni prepared his own libretto, in [[German language|German]].
-A fast Ethernet adapter can be logically divided into a [[Media Access Control|media access controller]] (MAC) which deals with the higher level issues of medium availability and a physical layer interface (PHY). The MAC may be linked to the PHY by a 4 bit 25 MHz synchronous parallel interface known as [[Media Independent Interface|MII]]. Repeaters (hubs) are also allowed and connect to multiple PHYs for their different interfaces.
+==Roles==
-The MII interface may (rarely) be an external connection but is usually a connection between ICs in a network adapter or even within a single IC. The specs are written based on the assumption that the interface between MAC and PHY will be MII but they do not require it.
+*Adelma ([[mezzo-soprano]])
+*Altoum ([[bass (vocal range)|bass]])
+*Barak ([[baritone]])
+*The Queenmother of Samarkand ([[soprano]])
+*Kalaf ([[tenor]])
+*Pantalone (bass)
+*Tartaglia (bass)
+*Truffaldino (tenor)
+*Turandot (soprano)
+==Plot==
-The MII interface fixes the theoretical maximum data bit rate for all versions of fast Ethernet to 100 Mbit/s. The [[data signaling rate]] actually observed on real networks is less than the theoretical maximum, due to the necessary header and trailer (addressing and error-detection bits) on every [[Frame (telecommunications)|frame]], the occasional "lost frame" due to noise, and time waiting after each sent frame for other devices on the network to finish transmitting.
+The suite and opera are discussed by Ashbrook & Powers in ref. 1, as background to Puccini's work:-
-==Copper==
-[[Image:3Com 3c905-tx NIC.jpg|300px|thumb|right|3Com 3c905-TX 100BASE-TX [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] network interface card]]
+Apparently Busoni prepared his own libretto, in German, from Gozzi's text. It had a simplified form with two Acts of two scenes each.
-'''100BASE-T''' is any of several '''Fast Ethernet''' standards for [[twisted pair cable]]s, including: 100BASE-TX (100 Mbit/s over two-pair [[Category 5 cable|Cat5]] or better cable), 100BASE-T4 (100 Mbit/s over four-pair [[Category 3 cable|Cat3]] or better cable, defunct), 100BASE-T2 (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat3 or better cable, also defunct). The segment length for a 100BASE-T cable is limited to {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} (as with [[10BASE-T]] and [[gigabit Ethernet]]).  All are or were standards under [[IEEE 802.3]] (approved 1995).
+*In the first scene Kalaf comes upon the picture discarded by an earlier executed suitor, and determines to win Turandot.
+* In the second scene Altoum the emperor complains of Turandot's intransigence. The Prince (Kalaf) says he would rather die than fail to win Turandot. Turandot enters with her maid Adelma who recognises the Prince, but remains silent The Prince correctly answers the three riddles, and challenges Turandot to discover his name and parentage; if she does so, he will depart.
+*Act 2 scene 1 begins with a version of ''[[Greensleeves]]'' (which Busoni thought had a Chinese sound!). Turandot confesses her mixed feelings for the Prince. Adelma says she knows the Prince's name, and will tell Turandot if she can have her freedom; Turandot agrees.
+*Act 2 scene 2. Turandot announces Kalaf's name to general consternation, and he makes ready to depart. But Turandot stops him, saying he has awakened her heart. The work closes with a final ensemble 'Was ist das alle Menschen bindet?' to which is the reply 'Die Liebe'.
+Ashbrook & Powers note that several skillfull changes in the '[[falling action]]' of the plot (Busoni's Act 2) enabled Busoni to avoid the pitfalls  which plagued Puccini's attempt to set Act 3 of his version of the story.
-In the early  days of Fast Ethernet, much vendor advertising centered on claims by competing standards that "ours will work better with existing cables than theirs."  In practice, it was quickly discovered that few existing networks actually met the assumed standards, because 10-megabit Ethernet was very tolerant of minor deviations from specified electrical characteristics and few installers ever bothered to make exact measurements of cable and connection quality; if Ethernet worked over a cable, it was deemed acceptable. Thus most networks had to be rewired for 100-megabit speed whether or not there had supposedly been CAT3 or CAT5 cable runs. The vast majority of common implementations or installations of 100BASE-T are done with 100BASE-TX.
+==Suite==
-===100BASE-TX===<!-- This section is linked from [[Xbox]] -->
+The eight movements of the suite are:
-{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
+:1. The Execution, the City Gate and the Departure,
-|+ [[RJ-45]] Wiring ([[TIA/EIA-568-B]] T568B)
+:2. Truffaldino's March,
-! Pin !! Pair !! Wire !! Color
+:3. Altoum's March,
-|-
+:4. Turandot's March,
-| 1 || 2 || 1
+:5. Turandot's Chamber,
-| [[Image:Wire white orange stripe.svg|60px|Pair 2 Wire 1]] white/orange
+:6. Scene 5 / 6: Dance and Song,
-|-
+:7. Night Waltz,
-| 2 || 2 || 2
+:8. Quasi - Funeral March and Finale alla Turca
-| [[Image:Wire orange.svg|60px|Pair 2 Wire 2]] orange
-|-
-| 3 || 3 || 1
-| [[Image:Wire white green stripe.svg|60px|Pair 3 Wire 1]] white/green
-|-
-| 4 || 1 || 2
-| [[Image:Wire blue.svg|60px|Pair 1 Wire 2]] blue
-|-
-| 5 || 1 || 1
-| [[Image:Wire white blue stripe.svg|60px|Pair 1 Wire 1]] white/blue
-|-
-| 6 || 3 || 2
-| [[Image:Wire green.svg|60px|Pair 3 Wire 2]] green
-|-
-| 7 || 4 || 1
-| [[Image:Wire white brown stripe.svg|60px|Pair 4 Wire 1]] white/brown
-|-
-| 8 || 4 || 2
-| [[Image:Wire brown.svg|60px|Pair 4 Wire 2]] brown
-|}
+and the suite as a whole (eg as recorded by Samuel Wong and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra on Naxos [http://www.classicsonline.com/catalogue/product.aspx?pid=3994]) lasts some 40 minutes.
-'''100BASE-TX''' is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, and runs over two pairs of [[Category 5 cable|category 5]] or above cable (a typical category 5 cable contains 4 pairs and can therefore support two 100BASE-TX links).  Like [[10BASE-T]], the proper pairs are the orange and green pairs ([[canonical]] second and third pairs) in [[TIA/EIA-568-B]]'s termination standards, T568A or T568B. These pairs use pins 1, 2, 3 and 6.
-In T568A and T568B, wires are in the order 1, 2, 3, 6, 4, 5, 7, 8 on the modular jack at each end.  The color-order would be green/white, green, orange/white, blue, blue/white, orange, brown/white, brown for T568A, and orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown for T568B.
-Each [[network segment]] can have a maximum distance of {{convert|100|m|ft|-1}}.  In its typical configuration, 100BASE-TX uses one pair of twisted wires in each direction, providing 100 Mbit/s of throughput in each direction ([[full-duplex]]). See [[IEEE 802.3]] for more details.
-The configuration of 100BASE-TX networks is very similar to 10BASE-T. When used to build a [[local area network]], the devices on the network (computers, printers etc.) are typically connected to a [[Network hub|hub]] or [[Network switch|switch]], creating a [[star network]]. Alternatively it is possible to connect two devices directly using a [[Ethernet crossover cable|crossover cable]].
-With 100BASE-TX hardware, the raw bits (4 bits wide clocked at 25 MHz at the MII) go through [[4B5B]] binary encoding to generate a series of 0 and 1 symbols clocked at 125 MHz [[symbol rate]]. The 4B5B encoding provides DC equalization and spectrum shaping (see the standard for details){{Fact|date=August 2007}}.  Just as in the 100BASE-FX case, the bits are then transferred to the physical medium attachment layer using [[NRZI]] encoding. However, 100BASE-TX introduces an additional, medium dependent sublayer, which employs [[MLT-3]] as a final encoding of the data stream before transmission, resulting in a maximum "fundamental frequency" of 31.25 MHz. The procedure is borrowed from the ANSI X3.263 [[FDDI]] specifications, with minor discrepancies.<ref name="mlt3">"The 100BASE-TX PMD (and MDI) is specified by incorporating the FDDI TP-PMD standard, ANSI X3.263: 1995 (TP-PMD), by reference, with the modifications noted below." (section 25.2 of IEEE802.3-2002).</ref>
-===100BASE-T4===<!-- This section is linked from [[Ethernet over twisted pair]] -->
-'''100BASE-T4''' was an early implementation of Fast Ethernet.  It requires four twisted copper pairs, but those pairs were only required to be category 3 rather than the category 5 required by TX. One pair is reserved for transmit, one for receive, and the remaining two will switch direction as negotiated. A very unusual [[8B6T]] code is used to convert 8 data bits into 6 base-3 digits (the signal shaping is possible as there are three times as many 6-digit base-3 numbers as there are 8-digit base-2 numbers). The two resulting 3-digit base-3 symbols are sent in parallel over 3 pairs using 3-level [[pulse-amplitude modulation]] (PAM-3).
-===100BASE-T2===<!-- This section is linked from [[Ethernet over twisted pair]] -->
-{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
-! Symbol !! Line signal level
-|-
-| 000 || 0
-|-
-| 001 || +1
-|-
-| 010 || -1
-|-
-| 011 || -2
-|-
-| 100(ESC) || +2
-|}
-In '''100BASE-T2''', the data is transmitted over two copper pairs, 4 bits per symbol. First, a 4 bit symbol is expanded into two 3-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on a [[linear feedback shift register]]; see the standard for details. This is needed to flatten the bandwidth and emission spectrum of the signal, as well as to match transmission line properties. The mapping of the original bits to the symbol codes is not constant in time and has a fairly large period (appearing as a pseudo-random sequence). The final mapping from symbols to PAM-5 line modulation levels obeys the table on the right.
-==Fiber==
-===100BASE-FX===
-'''100BASE-FX''' is a version of Fast Ethernet over [[optical fibre]]. It uses a 1300 [[nanometre|nm]] near-[[infrared]] (NIR) light [[wavelength]] transmitted via two strands of optical fibre, one for receive(RX) and the other for transmit(TX). Maximum length is {{convert|400|m|ft|-1}} for [[half-duplex]] connections (to ensure [[Collision#Telecommunications|collisions]] are detected) or {{convert|2|km|ft|-2}} for full-duplex over [[multimode optical fiber]].  Longer distances are possible when using [[single-mode optical fiber]]. 100BASE-FX uses the same 4B5B encoding and NRZI line code that 100BASE-TX does. 100BASE-FX should use [[SC connector|SC]], [[ST connector|ST]], or [[MIC connector|MIC]] connectors with SC being the preferred option.<ref>802.3-2005 section 26.4.1</ref>
-BASE-FX is not compatible with [[10BASE-FL]], the 10 MBit/s version over optical fibre.
-===100BASE-SX===
-'''100BASE-SX''' is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fibre. It uses two strands of multi-mode optical fibre for receive and transmit.  It is a lower cost alternative to using 100BASE-FX, because it uses short wavelength optics which are significantly less expensive than the long wavelength optics used in 100BASE-FX.  100BASE-SX can operate at distances up to {{convert|300|m|ft|-1}}.
-BASE-SX uses the same wavelength as 10BASE-FL, the 10 MBit/s version over optical fibre. Unlike 100BASE-FX, this allows 100BASE-SX to be backwards-compatible with 10BASE-FL.
-Because of the shorter wavelength used (850 nm) and the shorter distance it can support, 100BASE-SX uses less expensive optical components (LEDs instead of lasers) which makes it an attractive option for those upgrading from 10BASE-FL and those who do not require long distances.
-===100BASE-BX===
-'''100BASE-BX''' is a version of Fast Ethernet over a single strand of optical fibre (unlike 100BASE-FX, which uses a pair of fibres).  Single-mode fibre is used, along with a special multiplexer which splits the signal into transmit and receive wavelengths.
-==See also==
-*[[IEEE 802.3]]
-*[[Gigabit Ethernet]]
-*[[10 gigabit Ethernet]]
-*[[100 gigabit Ethernet]]
-*[[List of device bandwidths]]
 ==References==
+Ashbrook W & Powers H (1991) ''Puccini's Turandot: The End of the Great Tradition'', Ch II, pp56-58, Princeton University Press
-{{reflist}}
-{{FOLDOC}}
-==External links==
-* [http://www.cs.bsu.edu/homepages/peb/cs637/ethernet/100mbps.htm Common 100 Mbit/s Hardware Variations]
-* [http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/lan/ethernet/origins.shtml Origins and History of Ethernet]
-* [http://www.fols.org/resources/sx_whitepaper0200.cfm 100BASE-SX Fast Ethernet proposal site]
-[[Category:Ethernet]]
+[[Category:German-language operas]]
+[[Category:Operas by Ferruccio Busoni]]
+[[Category:Operas]]
+{{opera-stub}}
-[[es:Fast Ethernet]]
-[[fr:100BASE-T4]]
-[[id:Fast Ethernet]]
-[[it:Fast Ethernet]]
-[[lt:Fast Ethernet]]
-[[hu:100Base-FX]]
-[[ja:100メガビット・イーサネット]]
-[[pl:Fast Ethernet]]
-[[pt:Fast Ethernet]]
-[[uk:Fast Ethernet]]