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Pomerania is a geographical region in northern [[Poland]] and [[Germany]], on the south coast of the [[Baltic Sea]]. In a wider sense, it extends to the [[Vistula]] River in the east and the [[Recknitz]] River in the west. However, the name Pomerania often refers only to the historical duchy (later province) of Pomerania, which until 1630 was ruled by members of the [[House of Pomerania]] (''Griffins, Greifen''), thus excluding the eastern regions of [[Pomerelia]], which until 1296 were ruled by members of the [[Samboriden]] (also ''House of Sobieslaw or Subislaw''). Regional rulers in various parts of [[Pomerania]] were generally known as ''Herzog'' ([[German language|German]]) or ''książę'' ([[Polish language|Polish]]), which in their case can generally be translated as [[duke]].
{{refimprove|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:IB 299 4to Tyr.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The god [[Týr]], identified with [[Mars (god)|Mars]], after whom Tuesday is named.]] <gallery>


== Overview ==
<gallery>
{{main|History of Pomerania}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:w70094.jpg||left|Glyph for [[Mars (god)|Mars]] and Tuesday. -->
</gallery>


=== 10th and 11th century - Dukes of the Slavic Pomeranian tribes ===
{{otheruses}}
'''Tuesday''' is the [[day of the week]] between [[Monday]] and [[Wednesday]].


During the early Middle Ages, Pomerania was settled by [[West Slavs|West Slavic tribes]], with [[Veleti|Veleti, later Liutizian tribes]] dwelling west and [[Pomeranians|Pomeranian tribes]] dwelling east of the [[Oder]] river. Little is known about the organisation and administration of the Pomeranians. As Polish dukes tried several times to subdue and mission parts of the Pomeranian settlement area, there are spare records of dukes in this area, but no records about the extension of their duchies or any dynastic relations.
==Origins of the name==


The first written record of any local Pomeranian ruler is the 1046 mention of [[Zemuzil, Duke of Pomerania|Zemuzil]] (in Polish literature also called ''Siemomysł'') at an imperial meeting. Another chronicle written in 1113 by [[Gallus Anonymus]] mentions several dukes of Pomerania: Swantibor, [[Gniewomir]], and an unnamed duke besieged in [[Kołobrzeg]] (Kolberg).
''See [[Days of the week]] for more on naming conventions.''


[[Image:800px-Administrative division of pomerania and hist ducal residences.PNG|thumb|right|400px|Location of the residence cities of the Dukes of Pomerania (blue) and Pomerelia (ocre) within the modern borders of [[Pomerania]]]]
===Planetary===
The name comes from [[Middle English]] ''Twisday'', from [[Old English language|Old English]] ''Tiwes dæg'', named after the [[Norse mythology|Nordic]] god [[Tyr]], who was the equivalent of the Roman war god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], and Greek god [[Ares]].


=== 12th and 13th century ===
In [[Latin]], it is called ''Martis dies'' which means "Mars's Day". In [[Romance languages]] except Portuguese, the word for "Tuesday" is similar to the Latin name: ''mardi'' in [[French language|French]], ''martes'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], ''martedì'' in [[Italian language|Italian]], ''dimarts'' in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], and ''marţi'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]].


In the 12th century, [[Poland]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]]'s [[Duchy of Saxony]] and [[Denmark]] conquered Pomerania, ending the tribal era. In three military campaigns of 1116, 1119, and 1121, most of Pomerania was conquered by the Polish duke [[Boleslaus III of Poland|Boleslaus III]].
The surviving Celtic languages preserve the Latin names,<ref>[http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/MB2/mb13.html MacBain, Alexander. An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language. Gairm Publications, 1982 reprint of 1896 original.]</ref> although none of these languages are descended from Latin. Tuesday is ''dé máirt'' in [[Irish language|Irish]], ''Meurzh'' in [[Breton language|Breton]],<ref>[http://www.dicts.info/2/breton-english.php?e=mc2 Dicts.info Breton to English to Breton Dictionary]</ref> ''dydd Mawrth'' in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]<ref>[http://www.geiriadur.net/ Welsh-English / English-Welsh On-line Dictionary, University of Wales, Lampeter]</ref> and ''Dimàirt'' in [[Scottish Gaelic]].<ref>[http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/MF2/mf04.html#MF.D MacFarlane, Malcolm. The School Gaelic Dictionary. Eneas MacKay, Stirling, 1912.] </ref><ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/129226/0055783.pdf English-Gaelic Parliamentary Dictionary, published by the Scottish Parliament, 2001.] </ref><ref>[http://smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/faclair/sbg/lorg.php Stòr-dàta Briathrachais Gàidhlig]</ref>


==== Pomerelian duchies (1116-1294) - Samborides ====
The [[English language|English]] and [[Scandinavia]]n names are derived from the [[Norse mythology|Nordic]] god [[Týr]] ([[Old English language|Old English]] ''Tiw''):


[[Pomerelia]] with [[Gdańsk]] (Danzig) was put under Polish control, ruled by the [[Samborides]] dynasty until 1294.
*[[Old Frisian]]: ''tîesdei''
**[[West Frisian|Modern West Frisian]]: ''tiisdei''
*[[Old English language|Old English]]: ''tíwesdæg''
**[[Anglo-Norman]]:
**[[Middle English]]: ''tíesdæi, tywesdai, twysday''
**[[Early Modern English]]: ''towesday, Twesdaie, Tyisday, Tiseday,''
**[[Modern English]]: ''Tuesday''
*[[Old High German]]: ''zîestag''
**[[Middle High German]]: ''zîstag''
**[[Alemannic German]]: ''ziischtig''
*[[Old Norse]]: ''týrsdagr''
**[[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Tisdag''
**[[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Tirsdag''
**[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''Tirsdag'' or ''Tysdag''
**[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Týsdagur''


==== Duchy of Pomerania (1121-1630) and Schlawe-Stolp (1121-1227) - House of Pomerania ====
The [[German language|German]] word ''Dienstag'', as well as [[Low German]] ''Dingsdag, Deensdag'' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''Dinsdag'' (from the 13th century, MHG ''dinsdag, dinsedag, dincetag, dinstag, dingstag'') is probably due to interpretation as ''dies judicii'' ([[thing (assembly)|thing]] day) or ''dies census'' in [[popular etymology]] ([[German Dictionary|Grimm]]). Another possibility is direct derivation from the god referred to by the Romans as ''[[Mars Thingsus]]'', the god of the [[thing (assembly)|Thing]],<ref>[http://www.roman-britain.org/places/vercovicium.htm VERCOVICIVM, Hadrian's Wall Fort and Settlement] retrieved April 14, 2008</ref> who could likely be Tyr, as well.<ref>Temporini, Hildegard and Wolfgang Haase. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Walter de Gruyter, 1986. ISBN 3-11-010050-9. Page 77. [http://books.google.ca/books?id=24V88LbLUL4C&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=thincsus&source=web&ots=9jgfL0qk_I&sig=x2JCIbQs4rUa9uo-yDRVEsMg0W4&hl=en]</ref>


In [[Pomerania proper]], Polish influence vanished in the next decade. The Stolp ([[Słupsk]]) and (Schlawe ([[Sławno]]) areas (''lands of (Länder) Schlawe-Stolp'' )were ruled by [[Ratibor I]] and his descendants (''Ratiboriden'' sideline of the Griffin [[House of Pomerania]]) until the Danish occupation of Schlawe and extinction of the line in 1227.
The speech of [[Altbayern|Old Bavaria]], also from the 13th century, used ''ertag'' (''erihtag, erehtag, erchtag, erichtag, erntag''), from which [[Jacob Grimm]] in ''[[Deutsche Mythologie]]'' postulated ''[[ᛠ|Ear]]'' as an epithet of ''Ziu''.<ref>Grimm 1875–78, {{Fact|date=January 2008}}<!--Cite volume and page number-->.</ref>


The western areas, stretching from Kolberg ([[Kołobrzeg]]) to Stettin (Szczecin) were ruled by Ratibor's brother [[Wartislaw I]] and his descendants ([[House of Pomerania]], also called Griffins) until the 1630s. Wartislaw managed to conquer vast territories west of the [[Oder]] river, an area inhabited by [[Veleti|Liutizian]] tribes weakened by past warfare, and included these territories into his ''Duchy of Pomerania''. This duchy was in the 12th and 13th centuries centered around the strongholds of Stettin and [[Demmin]] and co-ruled from there by Wartislaws successors. After the 1147 [[Wendish crusade]] and the 1164 [[Battle of Verchen]], the duchy joined [[Henry the Lion]]'s [[Duchy of Saxony]], and in 1181 the dukes took their duchy as a fief from the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Barbarossa]]. The duchy remained in the Empire, although [[Denmark]] managed to take control of the southern Baltic including the Duchy of Pomerania from the 1180s until the 1227 [[Battle of Bornhöved]].
In most of the Indian Languages as well as Nepali and Urdu the word for Tuesday is ''Mangalwar'', with ''Mangala'' being the ''Sanskrit'' name for the planet Mars.


From the 13th century, the duchy was set under pressure by its southern neighbor, the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]. In the 1236 [[Treaty of Kremmen]] and the 1250 [[Treaty of Landin]], the duchy lost its western and southern areas (from Circipania to [[Uckermark]]) to Brandenburg and the dukes had to accept Brandenburg inheritance of the duchy.
===Numerical===
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] uses numbers instead of pagan names and so their word for "Tuesday" is ''terça-feira'' (the third day).


==== Principality of Rügen (1168-1325) - House of Wizlaw ====
The [[Russian language|Russian]] word for "Tuesday" is ''vtórnik,'' meaning "second"; that is, counting Tuesday as the second day of the week.


{{main|Rani (Slavic tribe)}}
[[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]] traditionally referred to Tuesday as "Third Day" eschewing the [[Paganism|pagan]] origin of the English name "Tuesday". This has also been the custom in Iceland since about the 11th century when [[Jón Ögmundsson]] changed it to Þriðjudagur, meaning "Third Day".{{Fact|date=January 2008}}


The island of [[Rügen]] and the surrounding areas between the [[Recknitz]], [[Peene]] and [[Ryck]] rivers were the settlement area of the West Slavic [[Rani (Slavic tribe)|Rani (or Rujani) tribe]], that was subdued by a [[Denmark|Danish]] and [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxon]] expedition in 1168. The Griffin dukes of Pomerania aided this expedition as they were Saxon vassals at this time. After the successful expedition, the local Rani dynasty (known in German as ''Wizlawiden'', that is the House of Wizlaw) became Princes of Rügen in a now Danish principality. In the 1180s, the Griffins were sent by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] to take the principality for the empire, yet, Denmark turned out to succeed in the conflict and subdued most of the Southern Baltic instead. The border between Pomerania-Demmin and Rügen varied and was subject to ongoing conflict. In 1325, the last prince of Rügen, [[Wizlaw III]], died without male heirs and the principality was claimed by both [[Mecklenburg]] and the Duchy of Pomerania. After the following two wars for Rügen inheritance, Rügen was integrated into the Duchy of Pomerania.
==Religious observances==
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. Tuesdays are dedicated to [[Saint]] [[John the Baptist]]. The [[Octoechos (liturgy)|Octoechos]] contains [[hymn]]s on this theme, arranged in an eight-week cycle, that are chanted on Tuesdays throughout the year. At the end of [[Divine Services]] on Tuesday, the [[dismissal]] begins with the words: "May Christ our True God, through the [[intercession]]s of his most-pure [[Theotokos|Mother]], of the honorable and glorious [[Prophet]], [[Forerunner]] and [[baptism|Baptist]] John…"


=== 14th to 17th century - Growth and partitions of the Griffin duchy ===
==Cultural references==
In the [[Greeks|Greek]] world, Tuesday (the day of the week of the [[Fall of Constantinople]]) is considered an unlucky day. The same is true in the [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking world, where a proverb runs: ''En martes, ni te cases ni te embarques'', meaning, "On Tuesday, neither get married nor begin a journey." For both Greeks and Spanish-speakers, the 13th of the month is considered unlucky if it falls on Tuesday, instead of [[Friday the 13th|Friday]]. In [[Judaism]], on the other hand, Tuesday is considered a particularly lucky day, because in the first chapter of [[Genesis]] the paragraph about this day contains the phrase "it was good" twice.


[[Image:Bistum Cammin 1400.PNG|thumb|400px|The Duchy of Pomerania (yellow) in 1400, P.-Stettin and P.-Wolgast are indicated; purple: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin|Diocese of Cammin (BM. Cammin)]] and the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order state]]; orange: [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]; pink: duchies of [[Mecklenburg]]]]After the last duke of Demmin had died in 1264, and the 1236 territorial losses left Demmin at the westernmost edge of the Duchy of Pomerania, [[Wolgast]] arose as the new residence besides Stettin. In the course of the 14th century, Pomerania succeded in the wars for [[Rügen]] inheritance, expanding the duchy northwest to [[Barth]]. In the East, the duchy gained control over the Schlawe-Stolp and later also the Lauenburg ([[Lebork]]) and Bütow ([[Bytow]]) areas. In 1531, when [[Reformation]] reached Pomerania, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin|Diocese of Cammin]] areas around Kolberg ([[Kolobrzeg]]) came under control of the dukes, too. In the [[Thirty Years War]], [[Sweden]] occupied Pomerania. The 1637 death of the last Griffin duke [[Bogislaw XIV]] and the 1648 [[Peace of Westphalia]] marked the end of the duchy. [[Farther Pomerania]] came to [[Brandenburg]] and Hither or [[Western Pomerania]] to Sweden, both later making up the [[Prussia]]n [[Province of Pomerania]].
In the [[Thai solar calendar]], the day is named for the [[Pali]] word for the planet Mars, which also means "Ashes of the Dead" [http://www.thai-language.com/id/131679]; the color associated with Tuesday is [[pink]].


In the folk rhyme ''[[Monday's Child]]'', "Tuesday's child is full of grace".


==Duchy of Pomerania==
In business, particularly office work, studies have shown that Tuesday is usually the most productive day of the week.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/01/07/daily55.html Tuesday is most productive day - Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal:<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some of these people consider Tuesday to be their least favorite day, because they are not as relaxed as Monday (due to the weekend preceding it), yet they still have most of the work week ahead of them.


[[image:Wappen_Pommern.svg|right|thumb|100px|The [[Pomerania]]n [[Griffin]]]]
==Common occurences==
===United States and Canada===
Tuesday is the usual day for [[election]]s in the [[United States]]. Federal elections take place on the Tuesday after the first Monday in [[November]]; this date was established by a law of [[1845]] for [[U.S. presidential election|presidential elections]] (specifically for the selection of the [[U.S. Electoral College|Electoral College]]), and was extended to elections for the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in [[1875]] and for the [[United States Senate|Senate]] in 1914. Tuesday was the earliest day of the week which was practical for polling in the early nineteenth century: citizens might have to travel for a whole day to cast their vote, and would not wish to leave on [[Sunday]] which was a day of worship for the great majority of them.


Wartislaw I was the first definite known member of the [[House of Pomerania]], which ruled the duchy, with its extended territories, until 1637 when the ducal dynasty went extinct in the male line. They became vassals of [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]] (1164), and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (1181). The duchy was temporarily partitioned into the petty principalities of [[Szczecin|Stettin]], [[Wolgast]], [[Barth, Germany|Barth]], [[Darłowo|Rügenwalde]], [[Demmin]], [[Słupsk|Stolp]], and [[Stargard]].
In the United States and Canada, most [[home video]] and audio releases for purchase or rental occur on Tuesdays. Since this policy began, there have been very few exceptions to this common release day.{{Facts|date=August 2007}}


In the 12th to 14th centuries, the Duchy of Pomerania was gradually [[Germanization|Germanized]] and settled with Germans during the [[Ostsiedlung]]. Later, the western part became known as [[Hither Pomerania]] (''Vorpommern'') and the eastern part [[Further Pomerania]] (''Hinterpommern''). After the death of Duke [[Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw XIV]], the duchy was partitioned into [[Swedish Pomerania]] (Vorpommern) and a [[Brandenburg-Prussia]]n [[Province of Pomerania]] (Hinterpommern, in 1720 and 1815 Vorpommern, too). The rulers of Brandenburg-Prussia, later [[ Kingdom of Prussia | Kings of Prussia]] and [[ German Empire|Emperors of Germany]] still used the title "Duke of Pomerania" until 1918.
==Astrology==
{{unreferencedsection|date=January 2008}}
In Italian, Tuesday is "Martedi", associating it with the planet [[Mars]] and the signs [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] and [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]]. Tuesday is also associated with the dwarf planet [[Pluto]]. People born on this day show the qualities of Mars, Aries, Scorpio, and Pluto. This marries Tuesday with ideas of strife, battles to be won and pressing issues and jobs to get sorted. It is not a day to relax. This same meaning can be seen in the Spanish "Martes" and the English "Tuesday" ("Tyr's day.") In [[India]], Tuesday is called "Mangalvar", for the [[Jyotiṣa|Vedic]] planet ''[[Mangala]]'' or Mars. So as this day is called ''Mangal'' in [[Urdu]]. Tuesday is considered one of most inauspicious weekday in [[Indian subcontinent]]. Wedding, oath-taking, assuming office, starting business are usually avoid on Tuesday, because of natural malevolence associated with [[Mars]].


<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 15px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 15px; background: #ffffef; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">
==Named days==
*[[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Black Tuesday]], in the [[United States]], refers to [[October 29]], [[1929]], part of the great Stock Market Crash of 1929. This was the Tuesday after Black Thursday. The crash is said to have marked the start of the [[Great Depression]].
*[[Patch Tuesday]] is the second Tuesday of every month when [[Microsoft]] releases patches for their products. Some [[system administrators]] call this day Black Tuesday.
*[[Shrove Tuesday]] (also called [[Mardi Gras]] - ''fat Tuesday'') precedes the first day of [[Lent]] in the Western [[Christian calendar]].
*[[Super Tuesday]] is the day many American states hold their presidential [[primary election]]s.
*In certain circles of key [[New York City]] [[influencers]], Tuesday is also the new [[Thursday]].


==Sources==
====Dukes====
* Grimm, Jacob. 1875–78. ''Deutsche Mythologie''. Fourth ed., curated by Elard Hugo Meyer, 3 vols. Berlin: F. Dümmler. Reprinted Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1965.


*1121-1135 [[Wartislaw I]]
==References==
*1135-1155 [[Ratibor I]], ancestor of the ''Ratiboriden'' sideline of the [[House of Pomerania]] that ruled [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Sławno/Schlawe|Schlawe]]</tr>
{{reflist}}
</div>


From 1155, the duchy was co-ruled by the dukes of Stettin and Demmin.
{{Days of the week}}
{{Wiktionary}}


<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; background: #ffffef; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">
[[Category:Tuesday| ]]
[[Category:Days of the week]]
[[Category:Eastern liturgy]]


*1155-1187 [[Bogislaw I]] (Stettin) and his brother [[Kasimir I]] (Demmin, †1180)
[[af:Dinsdag]]
*1187-1220 [[Bogislaw II]] (Stettin) and his brother [[Kasimir II]] (Demmin, †1219)
[[als:Dienstag]]
*1220-1278 [[Barnim I|Barnim I the Good]] (Stettin) and [[Wartislaw III]] (Demmin, ↑1264)
[[am:ማክሰኞ]]
</div>
[[ang:Tīwesdæg]]

[[ar:ثلاثاء]]
After [[Wartislaw III]] died heirless in 1264, [[Barnim I]] became sole duke of the whole duchy. After Barnim's death, the duchy was to be ruled by his sons [[Barnim II, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim II]], [[Otto I, Duke of Pomerania|Otto I]] and [[Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw IV]]. The first years, Bogislaw, being the eldest, ruled in place of his too young brothers, too. In 1295, after Barnim's death, the duchy was partitioned in a northern duchy ([[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Wolgast]], ruled by Bogislaw), and a southern duchy ([[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin)|Stettin]], ruled by Otto).
[[frp:Demârs]]

[[ast:Martes]]
After 200 years of partition, the duchy was reunited for a short period when all her parts were inherited by [[Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw X]].
[[az:Çərşənbə axşamı]]

[[bn:মঙ্গলবার]]
<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; background: #ffffef; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">
[[be-x-old:Аўторак]]

[[bar:Ertig]]
*1478-1523 [[Bogislaw X]]
[[bs:Utorak]]
*1523-1531 [[George I, Duke of Pomerania|George I]] and [[Barnim XI the Pious]]
[[br:Meurzh (deiz)]]
</div>
[[bg:Вторник]]

[[ca:Dimarts]]
Partitioned in [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin)|Stettin]], [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Barth|Barth]], [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Wolgast]] and [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Rügenwalde (Darłowo)|Rügenwalde]]
[[cv:Ытларикун]]

[[ceb:Martes]]
<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 15px;background: #ffffef; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">
[[cs:Úterý]]

[[co:Marti]]
*1625-1637 [[Bogislaw XIV]]
[[cy:Dydd Mawrth]]
</div>
[[da:Tirsdag]]

[[de:Dienstag]]
(from 1637 western part of Pomerania inc. Stettin to Sweden: [[Swedish Pomerania]])
[[et:Teisipäev]]
(1637-1657 counties of Lauenburg/Lebork and Bütow/Bytow to Poland, next to Brandenburg)
[[el:Τρίτη]]
(from 1648 eastern part of Pomerania to [[Brandenburg]])
[[myv:Вастаньчи]]

[[es:Martes]]
=== Duchy of Demmin ===
[[eo:Mardo]]

[[eu:Astearte]]
(to 1156 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]])
[[ee:Brãɖagbe]]

[[fa:سه‌شنبه]]
<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 15px;background: #ffffef; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">
[[fo:Týsdagur]]

[[fr:Mardi]]
====Dukes====
[[fy:Tiisdei]]

[[fur:Martars]]
*1156-1180 [[Casimir I, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir I]]
[[ga:Máirt]]
*1180-1184 [[Wartislaw II, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw II]]
[[gd:Di-Màirt]]
*1184-1219/20 [[Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir II]]
[[gl:Martes]]
*1219/20-1264 [[Wartislaw III]]
[[ko:화요일]]
</div>
[[hy:Երեքշաբթի]]

[[hi:मंगलवार]]
After the 1236 loss of most of [[Circipanes|Circipania]] (to [[Mecklenburg]]) and the [[Burg Stargard|Stargard]] area (the latter [[Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], to [[Brandenburg]]) and Wartislaw III's death, Pomerania-Demmin was 1264 inherited and incorporated into the [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin)|Duchy of Stettin]]
[[hr:Utorak]]

[[id:Selasa]]
=== Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin) ===
[[ia:Martedi]]
(to 1160 part of the [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]])
[[is:Þriðjudagur]]

[[it:Martedì]]
<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 15px;background: #ffffef; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">
[[he:יום שלישי]]

[[jv:Anggara]]
====Dukes====
[[kn:ಮಂಗಳವಾರ]]

[[ka:სამშაბათი]]
*1155-1187 [[Bogislaw I]]
[[kk:Сейсенбі]]
*1187-1220 [[Bogislaw II]]
[[kw:Dy' Meurth]]
*1278-1295 [[Barnim II]], [[Otto I, Duke of Stettin|Otto I]], [[Bogislaw IV]]
[[ky:Шейшемби]]
*1295-1344 [[Otto I, Duke of Stettin|Otto I]]
[[sw:Jumanne]]
*1344-1368 [[Barnim III]]
[[ht:Madi]]
*1368-1372 [[Casimir III, Duke of Stettin|Casimir III]]
[[ku:Sêşem]]
*1372-1404 [[Swantibor I]], [[Bogislaw VII]]
[[lad:Martes]]
*1404-1413 [[Swantibor I]]
[[lo:ວັນອັງຄານ]]
*1413-1428 [[Otto II, Duke of Stettin|Otto II]], [[Casimir V]]
[[la:Dies Martis]]
*1428-1435 [[Casimir V]]
[[lv:Otrdiena]]
*1435-1451 [[Joachim I, Duke of Stettin|Joachim I]]
[[lb:Dënschdeg]]
*1451-1464 [[Otto III, Duke of Stettin|Otto III]]
[[lt:Antradienis]]
*1464-1474 [[Erik II, Duke of Stettin|Erik II]]
[[lmo:Mardí]]
*1474-1523 [[Bogislaw X]]
[[hu:Kedd]]
*1523-1531 [[George I, Duke of Stettin|George I]], [[Barnim IX]]
[[mk:Вторник]]
*1531-1569 [[Barnim XI]]
[[ms:Selasa]]
*1569-1600 Johann Friedrich
[[nah:Huītzilōpōchtōnal]]
*1600-1603 [[Barnim X]]
[[nl:Dinsdag]]
*1603-1606 [[Bogislaw XIII]]
[[nds-nl:Diensdag]]
*1606-1618 [[Phillip II]] [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_%28ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_szczeci%C5%84ski%29]
[[ne:मंगलवार]]
*1618-1620 [[Frank I, Duke of Stettin|Frank I]]
[[ja:火曜日]]
*1620-1625 [[Bogislaw XIV]]
[[nap:Marterì]]

[[no:Tirsdag]]
</div>
[[nn:Tysdag]]
(from 1625 part of united [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]])
[[nrm:Mardi]]

[[oc:Dimars]]
=== Duchy of Wolgast ===
[[uz:Seshanba]]

[[km:អង្គារ]]
In 1295, the [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]] was divided roughly by the [[Peene]] and [[Ihna]] rivers, with the areas north of these rivers ruled by Bogislaw IV became Pomerania-Wolgast, whereas Otto I received Pomerania-Stettin south of these rivers.
[[pms:Màrtes]]

[[nds:Dingsdag]]
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[[pl:Wtorek]]

[[pt:Terça-feira]]
====Dukes====
[[ksh:Dinnßdaach]]

[[ro:Marţi]]
*1295-1309 [[Bogislaw IV]]
[[qu:Atipachaw]]
*1309-1326 [[Wartislaw IV]]
[[ru:Вторник]]
*1326-1365 [[Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw V]], [[Wartislaw V]] and [[Barnim VI]]
[[sco:Tysday]]
*1365-1368 [[Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw V]] and [[Wartislaw V]]
[[sq:E marta]]
*1368-1376 [[Bogislaw VI]] and [[Wartislaw IV]] (?)
[[simple:Tuesday]]
*1376-1393 [[Bogislaw VI]]
[[cu:Въторьникъ]]
*1393-1394 [[Wartislaw VI]]
[[sl:Torek]]
*1394-1405 [[Barnim VI]]
[[so:Talaado]]
*1405-1451 [[Barnim VII]] and [[Wartislaw IX]]
[[sr:Уторак]]
*1451-1457 [[Wartislaw IX]]
[[sh:Utorak]]
*1457-1474 [[Erich II]]
[[su:Salasa]]
*1474-1478 [[Wartislaw X]]
[[fi:Tiistai]]

[[sv:Tisdag]]
*1478-1523 [[Bogislaw X]] (all Pomerania)
[[tl:Martes]]
*1523-1531 [[Barnim IX]] and [[George I, Duke of Pomerania]]
[[ta:செவ்வாய் (கிழமை)]]

[[tt:Sişämbe]]
*1532-1560 [[Phillip I of Pomerania-Wolgast|Philip I]]
[[th:วันอังคาร]]
*1567-1569 [[Bogislaw XIII]], [[Ernest Louis]], [[John]] and [[Barnim X]]
[[vi:Thứ Ba]]
*1569-1592 [[Ernest Louis]]
[[tpi:Tunde]]
*1592-1625 [[Phillip II Julius]]
[[tr:Salı]]
</div>
[[bug:Salasa]]

[[uk:Вівторок]]
(from 1625 part of united [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]])
[[ur:منگل]]

[[vec:Marti]]
=== Duchy of Barth ===
[[fiu-vro:Tõõsõpäiv]]

[[wa:Mårdi]]
(to 1376 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Duchy of Wolgast]])
[[vls:Diesndag]]

[[yi:דינסטיק]]
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[[yo:Ọjọ́ Ìsẹ́gun]]

[[zh-yue:星期二]]
====Dukes====
[[cbk-zam:Martes]]

[[bat-smg:Ontradėinis]]
*1376-1415 [[Wartislaw VI]]
[[zh:星期二]]
*1394-1415 [[Wartislaw VII]]
[[sk:Utorok]]
*1415-1451 [[Barnim VIII]]
*1457-1478 [[Wartislaw IX]]
</div>

(1478-1531 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]])
(1531-1569 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Duchy of Wolgast]])

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*1569-1603 [[Bogislaw XIII]]
</div>

(from 1603 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin)|Duchy of Stettin]])

=== Duchy of Rügenwalde (Darłowo) ===

(to 1569 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin)|Duchy of Stettin]])

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====Dukes====

*1569-1603 [[Barnim X]]
*1603-1606 [[Bogislaw XIII]]
*1606-1617 [[George III, Duke of Pomerania|George III]] and [[Bogislaw XIV]]
*1617-1620 [[Bogislaw XIV]]
</div>

*from 1620 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin)|Duchy of Stettin]]

=== Duchy of Stolp (Słupsk) ===

(to ca 1190 part of the duchy of Pomerania)
(1190-1316 [[Duchy of Schlawe]] (part of [[Pomerelia]]))
(1316-1368 part of [[Duchy of Wolgast]])

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====Dukes====

*1368-1373 [[Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw V]]
*1374-1377 [[Casimir IV of Pomerania|Casimir IV]]
*1377-1395 [[Wartislaw VII]]
*1395-1402 [[Bogislaw VIII]] i [[Barnim V]]
*1402-1403 [[Barnim V]]
*1403-1418 [[Bogislaw VIII]]
*1418-1446 [[Bogislaw IX]]
*1449-1459 [[Casimir of Pomerania|Casimir I]]
</div>

(from 1459 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Duchy of Wolgast]])

=== Duchy of Stargard ===

(to 1377 part of [[Duchy of Stolp]])

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====Dukes====

*1377-1402 [[Bogislaw VIII]] (Stolp) and [[Barnim V]] (Traburg)
*1402-1418 [[Bogislaw VIII]]
*1418-1446 [[Bogislaw IX]]
</div>

(from 1459 to [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Duchy of Wolgast]])

== Duchy of Sławno/Schlawe ==

Descendants of Ratibor I (Ratiboride sideline of the Griffin [[House of Pomerania]]) ruled this duchy, that comprised the [[Sławno]] (Schlawe) and [[Słupsk]] (Stolp) area (thus also known as lands of (''Länder'') ''Schlawe-Stolp'') until 1227. Thereafter, the area was an object of competition between the Dukes of Pomerania, Pomerelia, Rügen and [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]. Upon the extinction of Ratibor's dynasty, most of the territory was inherited by the dukes of Pomerania, who thus gained yet more recognition for their being dukes of all Pomerania. For four centuries, they used the title Duke of Pomerania, and the territories they ruled became established as Pomerania to outsiders, Pomerelia being perceived as a separate duchy with its own name.

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====Dukes====

*1121-1156 [[Ratibor I]] (from 1147/8 also duke of Pomerania)
</div>

(to ca 1190 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]])

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*1190-1223 Bogislaw
*1223-1227 [[Ratibor II]]
</div>

In 1227, Stolp came to [[Pomerelia]], Schlawe to Pomerania. In 1238-1316 both became part of Pomerelia, ruled by an autonomously acting dynasty of castellans, the '''Swenzones''' ({{lang-de|Swenzonen}}, entering history in 1257 with Swenzo the Elder). In 1316, the area became part of the [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Duchy of Wolgast]] as [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Stolp (Słupsk)|Duchy of Stolp]].

== [[Rani (Slavic tribe)#Principality of Rügen|Principality of Rügen]] ==

{{main|Rani (Slavic tribe)}}

The island of [[Rügen]] and the adjactend mainland was conquered by [[Denmark]] in 1168, as was the Duchy of Pomerania in the 1180s, and the local ruler founded a dynasty of lords (princes, dukes, often without recognized higher title just lords) of Rügen, vassals of Danish kings. In 1325 the [[Principality of Rügen]] fell to the Duchy of Pomerania after two wars for Rügen inheritance with [[Mecklenburg]].

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====Dukes (House of Wizlaw)====

1168-1325 feudal fief of Denmark under local rulers:
*1162-1170 [[Tezlaw of Rügen|Tezlaw]]
*1170-1217 [[Jaromar I, Prince of Rügen|Jaromar I]]
*1218-1249 [[Wizlaw I of Rügen|Wizlaw I]]
*1249-1260 [[Jaromar II of Rügen|Jaromar II]]
*1260-1302 [[Wizlaw II of Rügen|Wizlaw II]]
*1303-1325 [[Wizlaw III of Rügen|Wizlaw III]]
</div>

From [[1325]] '''Duchy of Wolgast-Rügen''' or '''Rügen-Barth''':

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====Dukes (House of Pomerania)====

*1325-1326 [[Wartislaw IV]]
*1326-1368 [[Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw V]], [[Wartislaw V]], [[Barnim IV]]
*1368-1372 [[Wartislaw VI]], [[Bogislaw VI]]
*1372-1394 [[Wartislaw VI]]
*1394-1415 [[Wartislaw VIII]]
*1415-1432/6 [[Swantibor II, Duke of Pomerania|Swantibor II]]
*1432/6-1451 [[Barnim VIII]]
*1451-1457 [[Wartislaw IX]]
*1457-1478 [[Wartislaw X]]
</div>

from 1474 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Wolgast|Duchy of Wolgast]]
from 1478 part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerania|Duchy of Pomerania]]

== Duchy of [[Pomerelia]]==

[[Image:POL województwo pomorskie COA.svg|100px|thumb|right|The [[Pomerelia]]n [[Griffin]]]]

The [[Samborides]] ruling Pomerelia gradually evolved into independent dukes, who ruled the duchy until 1294. At various times they were [[vassals]] of Poland and [[Denmark]]. The duchy was temporarily partitioned into the principalities of [[Gdańsk]], [[Białogard]], [[Świecie]], and [[Lubieszewo]]-[[Tczew]].

While the Duchy of Pomerania had been incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire, Eastern Pomerania (Pomerelia or [[Gdańsk Pomerania]]) was controlled by the [[Teutonic Knights]] and the [[Royal Prussia|Kingdom of Poland]]. Predominantly inhabited by [[Kashubians]], [[Poles]], and a German minority, the territory was annexed from Poland by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] during the [[Partitions of Poland]].

After 997 the first time mention is made of the area in the 'Vita [[St. Adalbert]]'


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====Dukes====

* ca. 960 — [[Wisław of Gdansk|Wisław]], duke of Gdańsk, assumed marriage to a [[Piast]] duchess
* ca. 979 supposed subjugated by [[Mieszko I of Poland]], no records
* ca. 995 or 997 conquest by [[Boleslaw I]] of [[Poland]], under emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] and before Boleslaw's death Pomerania freed itself of Poland again
* ca. 1046 [[Siemosyl of Pomerania|Siemosyl]], First actual record of Pomerania- duke at imperial diet
* ca. 1060–1106 [[Swietobor I of Pomerania]] (Świętobór I), duke of Gdańsk Pomerania
*1109,1113-1121 [[Swantopolk I of Pomerania]] (Świętopełk I)
*1121-1155 part of [[Poland]]
*1155-1178 [[Subisław I, Duke of Pomerelia|Subisław I]]
*1178-1207 [[Sambor I, Duke of Pomerelia|Sambor I]]
*1207–1217 [[Mestwin I of Pomerania]] (Mściwój I), duke of Gdańsk Pomerania
</div>

1220-1271 divided into duchies of:
*[[#Duchy of Gdansk (Danzig)|Gdańsk (Danzig)]]
*[[#Duchy of Bialogarda/Belgard|Białogarda (Belgard)]]
*[[#Duchy of Lubiszewo (Lübschau)|Lubieszewo (Lübschau)]]
*[[#Duchy of Swiecie (Schwetz)|Świecie (Schwetz)]] (see below)

<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 15px;background: #ffefff; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">

*1271–1294 [[Mestwin II of Pomerania|Mestwin II]] (Mściwój II) of Pomerania, duke of Gdańsk Pomerania
</div>

Further history:
*1294-1296 Part of [[Poland]] ([[Great Poland]])
*1296-1299 Part of [[Kujavia]]
*1299-1308 Part of [[Poland]]
*1308-1466 Part of the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights]]
*1454-1466 13-years war between Poland and Teutonic Order
*1466-1772 Part of [[Royal Prussia]] within the [[Polish Kingdom]] as [[Pomeranian voivodship]] (województwo pomorskie)
*1772-1919 [[West Prussia]] (Westpreussen, part of [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and [[German Empire]])
*[[1808]] [[August 10]] - [[1820]] [[August 14]] [[François Joseph Lefebvre]] was created Duc de Danzig by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] after taking The fortress of Danzig ([[1807]] [[May 25]])

=== Duchy of Białogarda (Belgard a.d.Leba) ===

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====Dukes====

*[[1207]] [[Subislaw II, Duke of Pomerelia|Subislaw II]]
*[[1215]]/[[1229]]-[[1257]] [[Ratibor, Duke of Pomerelia|Ratibor]]
</div>

*from [[1257]] part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania)|Duchy of Pomerelia]]

=== Duchy of Gdańsk (Danzig) ===
*to [[1215]] part of [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerelia|Duchy of Pomerelia]]

<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 15px;background: #ffefff; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">

====Dukes====

*[[1215]]-[[1266]] [[Swantipolk II of Pomerania]] (Świętopełk II Wielki)
*[[1266]]-[[1271]] [[Wartislaw II of Pomerelia|Wartislaw II]]
</div>

*from 1271 part of the [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerelia|Duchy of Pomerelia]]

=== Duchy of Lubiszewo (Lübschau) ===

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====Dukes====

*1178-1200/1207 [[Grzymislaw II]]
*1215/1228-1266/1278 [[Sambor II]]
</div>

*from 1266/1278 part of the [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerelia|Duchy of Pomerelia]]

=== Duchy of Świecie (Schwetz) ===
*to 1178 part of Pomerelia

<div style="width: 100%; border: #005896 1px solid; padding: 5px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 15px;background: #ffefff; margin-bottom: 0.4em;">

====Dukes====

*1178-1200/1207 [[Grzymislaw II]]
*1215/1223-1229/1230 [[Wartislaw I of Schwetz]]
*1229-1255/1266 [[Swantopolk II]] (Świętopełk II Wielki)
*1255/12661271 [[Mestwin II]]
</div>

*from 1271 part of united [[Dukes of Pomerania#Duchy of Pomerelia|Duchy of Pomerelia]]

== Further reading ==
*Gerard Labuda (ed.), "Historia Pomorza", vol. 1-4, Poznan-Torun 1969-2003
*Edmund Kopicki, "Tabele dynastyczne", "Wykazy panujacych", in: "Katalog podstawowych monet i banknotow Polski oraz ziem z historycznie z Polska zwiazanych", vol. IX, part I
*Zugmunt Boras, "Ksiazeta Pomorza Zachdniego", Poznan 1969, 1978, 1996
*Casimir Kozlowski, George Podralski, "Poczet Ksiazat Pomorza Zachdniego", KAW, Szczecin 1985
*L. Badkowski, W.Samp. "Poczet ksiazat Pomorza Gdanskiego", Gdansk 1974
*B. Sliwinski, "Poczet ksiazaat gdanskich", Gdansk 1997
*Wojciech Myslenicki, "Pomorscy sprzymierzenscy Jagiellonczylow", Wyd. Poznanskie, Poznan 1979
*J. Spors, "Podzialy administracyjne Pomorza Gdanskiego i Slawiensko-Slupksiego od XII do poczatkow XIV w", Slupsk 1983
*K. Slaski, "Podzialy terytorialne Pomorza w XII-XII w.", Poznan 1960
*Edward Rymar, Krewni i powinowaci ksiazat pomorskich w zrodłach sredniowiecznych (XII-początek XVI w.), Materialy Zachodniopomorskie, vol. XXXI
*[http://kaszuby.bytow.pl/radde/BogislawX.html]

[[Category:Pomerania]]
[[Category:Dukes of Pomerania]]
[[Category:German nobility]]
[[Category:Lists of nobility of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Middle Ages]]
[[Category:History of Germany]]
[[Category:History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]

[[de:Liste der Herzöge von Pommern]]
[[fr:Liste des ducs de Poméranie]]
[[nl:Lijst van hertogen van Pommeren]]
[[pl:Książęta pomorscy]]

Revision as of 05:29, 11 June 2008

Pomerania is a geographical region in northern Poland and Germany, on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. In a wider sense, it extends to the Vistula River in the east and the Recknitz River in the west. However, the name Pomerania often refers only to the historical duchy (later province) of Pomerania, which until 1630 was ruled by members of the House of Pomerania (Griffins, Greifen), thus excluding the eastern regions of Pomerelia, which until 1296 were ruled by members of the Samboriden (also House of Sobieslaw or Subislaw). Regional rulers in various parts of Pomerania were generally known as Herzog (German) or książę (Polish), which in their case can generally be translated as duke.

Overview

Main article: History of Pomerania

10th and 11th century - Dukes of the Slavic Pomeranian tribes

During the early Middle Ages, Pomerania was settled by West Slavic tribes, with Veleti, later Liutizian tribes dwelling west and Pomeranian tribes dwelling east of the Oder river. Little is known about the organisation and administration of the Pomeranians. As Polish dukes tried several times to subdue and mission parts of the Pomeranian settlement area, there are spare records of dukes in this area, but no records about the extension of their duchies or any dynastic relations.

The first written record of any local Pomeranian ruler is the 1046 mention of Zemuzil (in Polish literature also called Siemomysł) at an imperial meeting. Another chronicle written in 1113 by Gallus Anonymus mentions several dukes of Pomerania: Swantibor, Gniewomir, and an unnamed duke besieged in Kołobrzeg (Kolberg).

File:800px-Administrative division of pomerania and hist ducal residences.PNG
Location of the residence cities of the Dukes of Pomerania (blue) and Pomerelia (ocre) within the modern borders of Pomerania

12th and 13th century

In the 12th century, Poland, the Holy Roman Empire's Duchy of Saxony and Denmark conquered Pomerania, ending the tribal era. In three military campaigns of 1116, 1119, and 1121, most of Pomerania was conquered by the Polish duke Boleslaus III.

Pomerelian duchies (1116-1294) - Samborides

Pomerelia with Gdańsk (Danzig) was put under Polish control, ruled by the Samborides dynasty until 1294.

Duchy of Pomerania (1121-1630) and Schlawe-Stolp (1121-1227) - House of Pomerania

In Pomerania proper, Polish influence vanished in the next decade. The Stolp (Słupsk) and (Schlawe (Sławno) areas (lands of (Länder) Schlawe-Stolp )were ruled by Ratibor I and his descendants (Ratiboriden sideline of the Griffin House of Pomerania) until the Danish occupation of Schlawe and extinction of the line in 1227.

The western areas, stretching from Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) to Stettin (Szczecin) were ruled by Ratibor's brother Wartislaw I and his descendants (House of Pomerania, also called Griffins) until the 1630s. Wartislaw managed to conquer vast territories west of the Oder river, an area inhabited by Liutizian tribes weakened by past warfare, and included these territories into his Duchy of Pomerania. This duchy was in the 12th and 13th centuries centered around the strongholds of Stettin and Demmin and co-ruled from there by Wartislaws successors. After the 1147 Wendish crusade and the 1164 Battle of Verchen, the duchy joined Henry the Lion's Duchy of Saxony, and in 1181 the dukes took their duchy as a fief from the Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa. The duchy remained in the Empire, although Denmark managed to take control of the southern Baltic including the Duchy of Pomerania from the 1180s until the 1227 Battle of Bornhöved.

From the 13th century, the duchy was set under pressure by its southern neighbor, the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In the 1236 Treaty of Kremmen and the 1250 Treaty of Landin, the duchy lost its western and southern areas (from Circipania to Uckermark) to Brandenburg and the dukes had to accept Brandenburg inheritance of the duchy.

Principality of Rügen (1168-1325) - House of Wizlaw

Main article: Rani (Slavic tribe)

The island of Rügen and the surrounding areas between the Recknitz, Peene and Ryck rivers were the settlement area of the West Slavic Rani (or Rujani) tribe, that was subdued by a Danish and Saxon expedition in 1168. The Griffin dukes of Pomerania aided this expedition as they were Saxon vassals at this time. After the successful expedition, the local Rani dynasty (known in German as Wizlawiden, that is the House of Wizlaw) became Princes of Rügen in a now Danish principality. In the 1180s, the Griffins were sent by the Holy Roman Emperor to take the principality for the empire, yet, Denmark turned out to succeed in the conflict and subdued most of the Southern Baltic instead. The border between Pomerania-Demmin and Rügen varied and was subject to ongoing conflict. In 1325, the last prince of Rügen, Wizlaw III, died without male heirs and the principality was claimed by both Mecklenburg and the Duchy of Pomerania. After the following two wars for Rügen inheritance, Rügen was integrated into the Duchy of Pomerania.

14th to 17th century - Growth and partitions of the Griffin duchy

The Duchy of Pomerania (yellow) in 1400, P.-Stettin and P.-Wolgast are indicated; purple: Diocese of Cammin (BM. Cammin) and the Teutonic Order state; orange: Margraviate of Brandenburg; pink: duchies of Mecklenburg

After the last duke of Demmin had died in 1264, and the 1236 territorial losses left Demmin at the westernmost edge of the Duchy of Pomerania, Wolgast arose as the new residence besides Stettin. In the course of the 14th century, Pomerania succeded in the wars for Rügen inheritance, expanding the duchy northwest to Barth. In the East, the duchy gained control over the Schlawe-Stolp and later also the Lauenburg (Lebork) and Bütow (Bytow) areas. In 1531, when Reformation reached Pomerania, the Diocese of Cammin areas around Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) came under control of the dukes, too. In the Thirty Years War, Sweden occupied Pomerania. The 1637 death of the last Griffin duke Bogislaw XIV and the 1648 Peace of Westphalia marked the end of the duchy. Farther Pomerania came to Brandenburg and Hither or Western Pomerania to Sweden, both later making up the Prussian Province of Pomerania.


Duchy of Pomerania

The Pomeranian Griffin

Wartislaw I was the first definite known member of the House of Pomerania, which ruled the duchy, with its extended territories, until 1637 when the ducal dynasty went extinct in the male line. They became vassals of Saxony (1164), and the Holy Roman Empire (1181). The duchy was temporarily partitioned into the petty principalities of Stettin, Wolgast, Barth, Rügenwalde, Demmin, Stolp, and Stargard.

In the 12th to 14th centuries, the Duchy of Pomerania was gradually Germanized and settled with Germans during the Ostsiedlung. Later, the western part became known as Hither Pomerania (Vorpommern) and the eastern part Further Pomerania (Hinterpommern). After the death of Duke Bogislaw XIV, the duchy was partitioned into Swedish Pomerania (Vorpommern) and a Brandenburg-Prussian Province of Pomerania (Hinterpommern, in 1720 and 1815 Vorpommern, too). The rulers of Brandenburg-Prussia, later Kings of Prussia and Emperors of Germany still used the title "Duke of Pomerania" until 1918.

Dukes

From 1155, the duchy was co-ruled by the dukes of Stettin and Demmin.

After Wartislaw III died heirless in 1264, Barnim I became sole duke of the whole duchy. After Barnim's death, the duchy was to be ruled by his sons Barnim II, Otto I and Bogislaw IV. The first years, Bogislaw, being the eldest, ruled in place of his too young brothers, too. In 1295, after Barnim's death, the duchy was partitioned in a northern duchy (Wolgast, ruled by Bogislaw), and a southern duchy (Stettin, ruled by Otto).

After 200 years of partition, the duchy was reunited for a short period when all her parts were inherited by Bogislaw X.

Partitioned in Stettin, Barth, Wolgast and Rügenwalde

(from 1637 western part of Pomerania inc. Stettin to Sweden: Swedish Pomerania) (1637-1657 counties of Lauenburg/Lebork and Bütow/Bytow to Poland, next to Brandenburg) (from 1648 eastern part of Pomerania to Brandenburg)

Duchy of Demmin

(to 1156 part of Duchy of Pomerania)

Dukes

After the 1236 loss of most of Circipania (to Mecklenburg) and the Stargard area (the latter Mecklenburg-Strelitz, to Brandenburg) and Wartislaw III's death, Pomerania-Demmin was 1264 inherited and incorporated into the Duchy of Stettin

Duchy of Stettin (Szczecin)

(to 1160 part of the Duchy of Pomerania)

Dukes

(from 1625 part of united Duchy of Pomerania)

Duchy of Wolgast

In 1295, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided roughly by the Peene and Ihna rivers, with the areas north of these rivers ruled by Bogislaw IV became Pomerania-Wolgast, whereas Otto I received Pomerania-Stettin south of these rivers.

Dukes

(from 1625 part of united Duchy of Pomerania)

Duchy of Barth

(to 1376 part of Duchy of Wolgast)

Dukes

(1478-1531 part of Duchy of Pomerania) (1531-1569 part of Duchy of Wolgast)

(from 1603 part of Duchy of Stettin)

Duchy of Rügenwalde (Darłowo)

(to 1569 part of Duchy of Stettin)

Dukes

Duchy of Stolp (Słupsk)

(to ca 1190 part of the duchy of Pomerania) (1190-1316 Duchy of Schlawe (part of Pomerelia)) (1316-1368 part of Duchy of Wolgast)

Dukes

(from 1459 part of Duchy of Wolgast)

Duchy of Stargard

(to 1377 part of Duchy of Stolp)

Dukes

(from 1459 to Duchy of Wolgast)

Duchy of Sławno/Schlawe

Descendants of Ratibor I (Ratiboride sideline of the Griffin House of Pomerania) ruled this duchy, that comprised the Sławno (Schlawe) and Słupsk (Stolp) area (thus also known as lands of (Länder) Schlawe-Stolp) until 1227. Thereafter, the area was an object of competition between the Dukes of Pomerania, Pomerelia, Rügen and Brandenburg. Upon the extinction of Ratibor's dynasty, most of the territory was inherited by the dukes of Pomerania, who thus gained yet more recognition for their being dukes of all Pomerania. For four centuries, they used the title Duke of Pomerania, and the territories they ruled became established as Pomerania to outsiders, Pomerelia being perceived as a separate duchy with its own name.

Dukes

  • 1121-1156 Ratibor I (from 1147/8 also duke of Pomerania)

(to ca 1190 part of Duchy of Pomerania)

In 1227, Stolp came to Pomerelia, Schlawe to Pomerania. In 1238-1316 both became part of Pomerelia, ruled by an autonomously acting dynasty of castellans, the Swenzones (German: Swenzonen, entering history in 1257 with Swenzo the Elder). In 1316, the area became part of the Duchy of Wolgast as Duchy of Stolp.

Principality of Rügen

Main article: Rani (Slavic tribe)

The island of Rügen and the adjactend mainland was conquered by Denmark in 1168, as was the Duchy of Pomerania in the 1180s, and the local ruler founded a dynasty of lords (princes, dukes, often without recognized higher title just lords) of Rügen, vassals of Danish kings. In 1325 the Principality of Rügen fell to the Duchy of Pomerania after two wars for Rügen inheritance with Mecklenburg.

Dukes (House of Wizlaw)

1168-1325 feudal fief of Denmark under local rulers:

From 1325 Duchy of Wolgast-Rügen or Rügen-Barth:

Dukes (House of Pomerania)

from 1474 part of Duchy of Wolgast from 1478 part of Duchy of Pomerania

Duchy of Pomerelia

The Pomerelian Griffin

The Samborides ruling Pomerelia gradually evolved into independent dukes, who ruled the duchy until 1294. At various times they were vassals of Poland and Denmark. The duchy was temporarily partitioned into the principalities of Gdańsk, Białogard, Świecie, and Lubieszewo-Tczew.

While the Duchy of Pomerania had been incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire, Eastern Pomerania (Pomerelia or Gdańsk Pomerania) was controlled by the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. Predominantly inhabited by Kashubians, Poles, and a German minority, the territory was annexed from Poland by the Kingdom of Prussia during the Partitions of Poland.

After 997 the first time mention is made of the area in the 'Vita St. Adalbert'


Dukes

1220-1271 divided into duchies of:

  • 1271–1294 Mestwin II (Mściwój II) of Pomerania, duke of Gdańsk Pomerania

Further history:

Duchy of Białogarda (Belgard a.d.Leba)

Duchy of Gdańsk (Danzig)

Dukes

Duchy of Lubiszewo (Lübschau)

Dukes

Duchy of Świecie (Schwetz)

  • to 1178 part of Pomerelia

Dukes

Further reading

  • Gerard Labuda (ed.), "Historia Pomorza", vol. 1-4, Poznan-Torun 1969-2003
  • Edmund Kopicki, "Tabele dynastyczne", "Wykazy panujacych", in: "Katalog podstawowych monet i banknotow Polski oraz ziem z historycznie z Polska zwiazanych", vol. IX, part I
  • Zugmunt Boras, "Ksiazeta Pomorza Zachdniego", Poznan 1969, 1978, 1996
  • Casimir Kozlowski, George Podralski, "Poczet Ksiazat Pomorza Zachdniego", KAW, Szczecin 1985
  • L. Badkowski, W.Samp. "Poczet ksiazat Pomorza Gdanskiego", Gdansk 1974
  • B. Sliwinski, "Poczet ksiazaat gdanskich", Gdansk 1997
  • Wojciech Myslenicki, "Pomorscy sprzymierzenscy Jagiellonczylow", Wyd. Poznanskie, Poznan 1979
  • J. Spors, "Podzialy administracyjne Pomorza Gdanskiego i Slawiensko-Slupksiego od XII do poczatkow XIV w", Slupsk 1983
  • K. Slaski, "Podzialy terytorialne Pomorza w XII-XII w.", Poznan 1960
  • Edward Rymar, Krewni i powinowaci ksiazat pomorskich w zrodłach sredniowiecznych (XII-początek XVI w.), Materialy Zachodniopomorskie, vol. XXXI
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